
Class. 
Book. 




iit 



tS'P 



THE SHEEP 



BY 



DR. WILLIAM A. RUSHWORTH, 

Late Sheep Inspector, Larimer Co., Colorado. 
Inspector Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agricluture, Etc., Etc. 



A historici'l and statistical description of SJieep and their pro-^ 

duct' . The fattening of Sheep. Their diseases^ with 

prescriptions for scientific treatment. The respective 

' rf eds of Sheep and their fine points. Govern- 

nent inspectio7i, etc., with other valuable 

information. 

Including Numerous Illustrations; 

ALSO 
AN APPENDIX CONT.AINING 

SHEEP BREEDERS' DIRECTORY. 



THE BUFFALO REVIEW CO. 

Publishers, 

1899. 



1 WCJ <JOfIES RECEIVED. 



'^-^w- 



. C' <*^6 « 



51097 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year IS"*"), by 

WM. A. RUSHWORTH, 
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Wasliinyton. 



iccowD cone 



preface* 



The present work was undertaken by the author from the 
belief that at this time a short and concise treatise on the sheep 
in general, and more particularly the diseases of the sheep, would 
prove acceptable to the veterinary student, and perhaps assist the 
theep-owner in combatting some of the conditions affecting his 
stock, especially if the same was written in plain language with 
the least possible use of technical terms. In the parts of the 
work dealing with the anatomical structure and digestive arrange- 
ment endeavor has been made to merely make mention of and 
explain those parts, and their uses, which are most often involved 
in the diseases of the system. 

The author desires to express his sincere thanks to many of 
the secretaries of the different sheep societies of America, who 
furnished him data concerning their respective breeds, and to 
whom he is indebted for many valuable electrotypes of prize- 
winning animals. 

In the part of the work relating to disease, the classification 
follows the parts involved. All specific diseases have been rele- 
gated to one chapter, and those due to parasitic invasion are also 
treated separately. 

The laws and regulations governing the importation, ex- 
portation and inter-state shipments of live stock, sheep more 
especially, are given in full in a chapter devoted to that purpose; 
as with the exception of the Inspectors of the Department of 
Agriculture and those specially engaged in enforcing the laws. 



IV. PEEFACE. 

few persons are familiar with the process, or really appreciate 
the use and benefits which they derive from such legislation. 

The author, in compiling this short treatise, has obtained 
much information from many noted authorities, credit to whom 
is given in the pages of this work; especially is he under great 
obligations to Dr. A. S. Alexander, Professor of Hygiene and 
Breeding at the Chicago Veterinary College, for much valuable 
information, and whose able assistance and ability used in editing 
this work has made it possible for it now to be presented to the 
general reader. 

THE AUTHOR. 



Chapters* 



CHAPTER I— Sheep. Their Origin and Early History. 
CHAPTER II— The Prominent Breeds of Sheep. 
H- -Long-OToolcd Breeds. 

1. The Leicester and Border Leicester. 

2. The Cotswokl. 

3. The Lincoln. 

4. The Rommey Marsh, or Kentish Long-wooled. 

B—Zbc Middle-Olooled Breeds. 

1. The Sonthdown. 

2. The Shropshires. 

3. The Hampshire Down. 

4. The Oxfordshire Down. 

5. The Dorset Horned. 
G. The Suffolk Down. 

C— 8bort-5Clooled Breeds. 

1. The Spanish Merino. 

2. Rambonillet. 

3. Delaine ^Merino. 
D— Mountain Breeds. 

1. The Che^not. 

2. The Herd wick. 
CHAPTER III— The Wool Industry. 
CHAPTER IV— Feeding and Fattening. 
CHAPTER Y— The Anatomical Structure. 



VI. CHAPTEES. 

CHAPTER VI— The Digestive System. 
CHAPTER VII — (a) Rumination, how performed. 

(b) The Intestinal Organs. 

(c) The Genito-Urinary System, 
CHAPTER VIII— Mating and Selection. 
CHAPTER IX— A Study of Disease in general. 
CHAPTER X — Diseases of the Brain and Xen^ous System. 
CHAPTER XI— Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 
CHAPTER XII— Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 
CHAPTER XIII— Diseases of the Urinary System. 
CHAPTER XIV — Parasitic Diseases; due to Internal Parasites. 
CHAPTER XA"— Parasitic Diseases of the Skin. 
CHAPTER XVI— Specific Diseases. 

CHAPTER XVTI — Operative Surgery and Diseases of the Eye. 
CHAPTER XVIII— Local Xon-Contagious Diseases. 
CHAPTER XIX — Parturition and Diseases incidental thereto. 
CHAPTER XX — Medical Treatment in General, agents used, 

their therapeutic actions and doses. 
CHAPTER XXI— Inspection of Sheep— Federal and State. 



Synopsis of Chapters. 



CHAPTER I— SHEEP. Their origin and early history. 
The White Sheep of Asia. Rocky Mountain Sheep. The Mns- 
inon of Africa. First domestication ver}' remote and uncertain. 
Sheep of the Bible. Sheep the forerunners of and aid to the 
civilization of man. Adaption to climatic conditions. Sheep 
husbandry a most honorable calling among the ancients. The 
Sheep of Greece, Italy and Spain. Spanish Wool. First weav- 
ers of wool. Origin of English breeds of Sheep, very early. 
Their advent in America. The Llama. Importations to United 
States. Growing demand. Xow is the time to embark in Sheep 
raising. 

CHAPTER II— THE PROMINENT BREEDS OF 
SHEEP. Long-wooled breeds. The Leicester and Border Lei- 
cester. The Cotswold. The Lincoln. The Rommey Marsh, or 
Kentish Long-wooled. The middle-wooled breeds. The South- 
down. The Shropshires. The Hampshire Down. The Oxford- 
shire Down. The Dorset Horned. The Suffolk Down. Short- 
^vooled breeds. The Spanish Merino. Rambouillet. Delaine 
^ferino. Mountain breeds. The Cheviot. The Hcrdwick. 

CHAPTER III— THE "WOOL INDUSTRY. Cloth 
manufacture dates back to earliest Bible history. Romans first 
established factories in England. pinning universal under the 
Saxon Monarchy. History of ancient woolen factories. The 
Spinster. Wars of the Crusades. Wool and national wealth 
takes the place of money. The fine goods of Holland. Spain 



VIII. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. 

taxes the wuoleu iiuliistry out of the coiintrv, ami it goes to Eng- 
land, and among her greatest industries. Xature of wool fila- 
ments. Secreting glands, the yolk, felting of wool. Discovery 
of the character of wool filaments. Processes of manufacture. 
( 'loth. "Worsteds. Carpet wools. Points to consider in selec- 
tion of wool. Strength, fineness, curl, thickness, closure, bad 
qualities of. Constitutional and hereditary defects in slieep. 
Stripy wool, toppiness, felty wool, cloudy wool, broad-topped, 
l)reak in wool. Exportation statistics and tables. 

CHAPTER IV— FOOD OF THE SHEEP. Feeding 
large proportions of the business. Export trade. Crossing of 
mutton breeds. ]\Iethods of feeding. Desirability of large and 
small sheep for mutton. AVestern customs. Colorado and New 
Mexico. Alfalfa. Corn. Oats. Changing feed. Pock salt. 
Hot and cold weather. Pegularity in feeding. Cost of. Ship- 
ments east. Feeding in general — amount. Flow to keep sheep 
liealtliy. How to produce fat. Waste of tissues. Other ani- 
mals. Canivora versus herbivora, carbon, etc. Proportions of 
flesh and blood. Analysis of mutton fat. Failure of some foods 
in producing. Importance of protein, casein, albumen. Tables 
showing quantities for proper feeding. The AVolff standard. 
Correct rations. Clean troughs. Proportions of food to fat pro- 
duced. Oil meal, corn, turnips, etc. Oxen and sheep as sheep 
mature. Offal diminished. Intestines of sheep. Feeding for 
home and foreign markets. The best feeders to buy. 

CHAPTER V— AXATOMICAL STRUCTURE. Tech- 
nical terms and their avoidance. Resemblance between the 
sheep and ox. Cells. Tissues. Solids. Fluids. Epithelial 
cells. Muscular tissue. Xerve tissue. Bone tissues. Bones, 
how jointed. Tendons. The brain and spinal cord. Glandular 
structure. Stomach. Heart. Veins. Circulation of the blood. 
Lacteals. Chyle. Intestines. Description of the bony structure.. 



SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. IX. 

Physiological coiiclitions. Inorganic salts. Long, hollow and flat 
bones. Spine. Ossification. The skull. The cranial cavity. 
Horned sheep. The parietal bones. Frontal, cerebrum, occipital 
and temporal bones. 

CHAPTER YI— THE DIGESTIVE SYSTE^I. How 

sheep feed. Conformation of the month, lips, teeth, jaws, 
fibrous pad, tooth growth and development, incisors, molar teeth, 
gums, cheeks, salivary glands and ducts. Great quantity of 
saliva produced. Swallowing food. Rumination. Complica- 
tion of the digestive organs. Their nervous energy. The eoso- 
phagus. Procession of the food. The first, second, third and 
fourth stomachs. How the weight of food is supported in the 
abdominal cavity. Compartments. Honeycomb formation. 
Mucus secretion and liquids of the stomach. The object of 
l^apillae, in third stomach. AVhy some sheep scour habitually. 
Only one opening to the omasum. The true stomach, where the 
gastric juice is secreted. Xature of gastric juice; its specific 
gravity. Shape of the fourth stomach; the difference between 
the mucous lining of it and other stomachs. The pylorus, how 
constructed. 

CHAPTER VII— (a) RUMIXATIOX, how performed. 
Food deposited in rumen. 

When rumination commences, sheep generally lies down. 
Change of position of food in rumen. Liquid portion of food 
passes to reticulum. How food is returned from the stomach to 
the mouth. The oesophagus has a double duty to perform. 
Dry condition of third stomach. The stomach proper. Stom- 
ach employed by laml)s when existing solely off the ewe's milk. 
Development of first, second and third stomachs. Food con- 
verted into chyme. 

(b) THE INTESTI^^AL ORGAXS. The pyloric open- 
ing permits passage of chyme from abomasum to intestines. 



X. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTEES. 

How return of chyme from intestines to abomasiim is prevented. 
Classification of intestines, tlie large and small; difference in ap- 
pearance. Small intestines arbitrarily divided into tliree sub- 
divisions. Glands in the duodenum. Entry of ducts from 
pancreas and liver. Formation of small intestines. Divisions of 
large intestines. Shape of caecum, valve at juncture of ileum 
and caecum. Use of caecum; how important. Various dimen- 
sions of the colon. The faeces changed into pellets. Manifold 
functions of the liver; importance of bile secretion. Sugar 
manufactured in liver gains access to the circulation. External 
appearance of the liver; its intimate structure. Examination of 
a lobule. The blood from which the bile is elaborated. Rumin- 
ants have a reservoir for the reception of the bile; anatomical 
difference as compared with the horse. Functions of the bile. 
Definition of secretion and excretion. Pancreatic juice; its ac- 
tivity. Specific action of pancreatic juice on fatty matter. 

(c) THE GEXITO-URIXARY SYSTEM. Urine sep- 
arated from blood. Appearance of kidney. Direction of ureter; 
mode of effecting entrance to bladder. Important part in the 
animal economy played by the kidneys. Extent of mi'cous 
membrane lining renal basin. Minute tubes in structure of kid- 
neys; their uses. Properties of the urine. Separation of m'ca. 
AVhat produces uraemic poisoning. Extent of urethra in the 
ram. 

THE GENERATIVE ORGAXS. Those of the male. 
The semen, its uses, and where elaborated. Dispos-ition of peri- 
toneum in scrotal sac. What constitutes congenital hernia. 
How the semen is expelled from the vesiculae seminales; where 
deposited. Wonderful procreative power of rams. How vermi- 
form appendage is frequently injured. 

THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE FEMALE; 

where situated. Their uses. Where the germ ovum is located. 



SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. XI. 

Situation of womb. Termination of uterus; its projection into 
vaginal cavity. Vaginal cavity lined with mucous membrane. 
The ovum is vivified. Period of time required before birth of 
lamb takes place. 

CHAPTER YIII— MATIXG AND SELECTIOX. 

Qualities to be considered. The influence of the male. Na- 
ture's laws tend to fix external conformation by the sire. Points 
sought for by breeders. Signs of good qualities. What consti- 
tutes a good quality. Points sought after in breeding. Distri- 
bution of flesh. Judicious cross-breeding. Long-wooled breeds 
improved by Leicester cross. Cross-breeding experimental. In- 
and-in breeding. Objectionable in application to the human 
family. Advantages of in-breeding as applied to animals. 
Breeding with a view to improvement. Best qualities become 
concentrated in one family. Inheritance of the good qualities of 
in-bred ancestors. Stock to be preserved pure. Selection. 
AVeeding undesirable ewes from the flock. Drafted ewes unfit 
to perpetuate their kind. Selection of rams. Breeding for 
wool. Breeding for mutton. Breeding for both wool and mut- 
ton. Faulty conformation of ram, evidence of weakness in 
chain of ancestry. Particular class desired by the breeder. 
Making drafts from the flock. Drafts tend to strengthen ap- 
pearance and value of flock. Undesirable ewes. How bad 
points may be overcome in breeding. Condition of ew^es before 
being served by the ram. The best shape to conceive. Lamb- 
ing season materially shortened. 

CHAPTER IX— A STUDY OF DISEASE IX GEX- 
ERAL. Definition of health. What is disease? Symptoms 
of disease. Dry condition of the fleece. Unnatural posi- 
tions. Diseases of sheep numerous and frequently fatal. 
Excessive development of digestive organs of the sheep. 
Sheep unfitted for laborious exercise. Its energy and vital- 



XTI. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. 

ity tend to weaken as sheep become better bred. Small 
proportion of blood in the sheep as compared to other ani- 
mals. Combustion depends on exertion. Tissue waste. Large 
amount of vascularity unneeded in the sheep. Specific diseases 
few as compared to some other classes of animals. Sheep 
slaughtered before reaching maturity. Examination of sheep. 
Proper methods of control. Xot to be held by the wool. How 
to catch ewes. Use of the crook. How to lift the sheep. Vari- 
ous operations. Trifling derangements liable to become serious. 
Diseases affecting digestive organs more numerous than any 
others. Herding in flocks facilitates spread of infectious diseases. 
Enzootic diseases. Bleeding; how performed. Effects of purga- 
tive drenches; how assisted. Bleeding from the jugular vein. 
Amount of blood to be drawn. Hoav to bleed from the cheek 
v?in. The saphena vein, its location and how operated on. 
Ligature. Difficulty in bleeding fat sheep. Definition of the 
pulse. Xumber of pulse beats per minute. "Where to take the 
pulse in the sheep. Temperature not a reliable sign to go by in 
the sheep. Effects of shearing on the temperature. The gait of 
the animal to be taken into consideration in diagnosing diseases. 
Other signs. Incorrect diet and lack of hygienic surroundings 
fertile causes of disease. Prevention of disease more profitable 
than medication. 

CHAPTER X— DISEASES OE THE BRAIX AXD 
XERVOL^S SYSTEM. XerviDus system of lower animals not 
so sensitive as that of the human. Divisions of the nervous sys- 
tem, phenomena peculiar to themselves. When the brain is in- 
volved in the disease. In cases of transverse paralysis. Dis- 
ease of the spinal cord. Localized parts only paralized. Injury 
to corticle portion of the brain. Injuries to deeper portions; 
what they effect. May be great derangement of function with- 
out perceptible alteration of structure. Frenzy, encephalitis, or 



SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTEES. XIII. 

cerebritis its causes. Predisposing influences. Affects lambs 
more frequently than grown sheep. The symptoms of cerebritis^ 
violent actions on part of affected subjects. ]\rore marked in 
lambs than old sheep. Treatment for Cerebritis. The post- 
mortem appearances. Apoplexy, frequently caused from ple- 
thora; more cases among sheep than cattle; why? Symp- 
toms. Affected animals generally die before aid can be ex- 
tended them. This condition is easier to prevent than to treat. 
Epilepsy, its causes, reflex irritation due to parasites; its 
symptoms and treatment, irydrocephalus, the nature of. Rare 
disease among adult sheep. Treatment always unsatisfactory. 
Louping-ill, Tremblings, Mad-staggers, etc. A remarkable dis- 
ease, its pathology and supposed causes. Great loss caused from 
louping-ill. Symptoms and treatment. Simple Paralysis, Palsy, 
occurs in ewes after difficult parturition. Occurs in other sheep 
also. Its causes. Symptoms and treatment. Paralysis in newly- 
born lambs. Simple treatment therefor. 

CHAPTER XI— DISEASES OF THE RESPIRA- 
TORY ORGAXS. Less frequent and numerous than those of 
digestive system. Pleurisy a common affection of sheep. Sheep 
early shorn liable to pleurisy. Xasal catarrh frequently 
affects sheep. Exists in three forms. Symptoms of nasal 
catarrh. Its treatment. 'Weakness subsequent to attacks of 
catarrh hard to overcome. Its prevention. Sore-throat, also 
called laryngitis. Symptom?. Treatment. Operation of 
tracheotomy. Bronchitis; adult sheep suffer severely from this 
affection. The atmosphere as a cause of bronchitis. Symptoms 
of bronchitis. ]\Iethods of detection. Treatment, hygienic 
surroundings a necessity. Inflammation of the lungs; of com- 
mon occurrence. Symptoms and treatment. Pleurisy due 
often to sudden changes in temperature. It frequently follows 
dipping. Symptoms and treatment of pleurisy. 



XIV. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. 

CHAPTER XII— DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE 

SYSTEM. Generally arise from errors of diet. Concentrated 
foods dangerons. Diseases of the digestive system of sheep very 
niimerons. Aphtha, sore-month, frequently fatal. Affects suck- 
ing lambs. Ewes become inoculated from their young. Cause of 
disease unknown. Symptoms and treatment. Obstruction of the 
gullet may occur in the pharynx. Symptoms dependant also on 
derangement of pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves. Treat- 
ment, entirely operative. Methods. The trocar, and its uses. 
Bloat, also called Hoven or Blasting, not a disease; due to fer- 
mentation of contents of rumen. Symptoms and treatment. Loss 
of Cud, not a disease, but a condition. Impaction of the Om- 
asum, often due to pasture containing astringent herbs. Impac- 
tion of the Rumen, a mechanical distention of the organ. AVheat 
produces this condition. Fatal terminations frequent. Symp- 
toms, dintingulshed from bloat by examining left flank. Treat- 
ment, both medicinal and operative. Intestinal obstructions, 
Wool-balls, Stony Concretions, Calculi, Rupture, Hernia, 
Strangulation, Stricture, Volvulus, Intus-susception. Impaction 
of the fourth stomach of lambs, due to milk curdling. Colic, a 
rare affection among sheep. Inflammation of the Bowels. Xot 
common in sheep. Diarrhoea results usually from mismanage- 
ment. May be a symptom of some other condition. May be due 
to any of many different causes. Diarrhoea of Lambs, White 
Skit, virtually due to constipation. The Green Skit, due to ex- 
posure and dietetic errors. Treatment for diarrhoea in adult 
sheep, also for white and green skit. Dysentery, frequently 
fatal; of a typhoid character. Finding. Flies and maggots at- 
tack the hind quarters. Remove wool and keep parts clean. 
Make affected animals comfortable, give good hygienic surround- 
ings. Constipation, rectal injections beneficial. Imperforate 
Anus, a surgical operation necessary. Hemorrhoids, Piles, pile 
ointments. Peritonitis, a rare disease in sheep, may result in old 



SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTEKS. XV. 

slieep from debility. Diseases of the Liver, size of liver as com- 
pared with that of other animals. Only two, non-parasitic in 
origin, considered in this chapter. Hepatitis, Jaundice Icterus. 
CHAPTER XIII— DISEASES OE THE UIIIXAEY 
SYSTEM. Surplus of nitrogen in the system. Urea. Kidneys. 
Ureters. Bladder. Urethra. Acid urine. Alkaline urine. 
Litmus paper. Urine tests. Sabulous deposits. Xephritis, never 
reported as an original lesion. Renal Calculi, generally the 
causes of urinary diseases in sheep. L^rethral Calculus, liable to 
cause rupture of the bladder. Treatment operative; liable in 
cases of rams to injure their procreative qualities. 

CHAPTER XIV— PARASITIC DISEASES DUE TO 
IXTERXAL PARASITES. Parasites, living animal organ- 
isms. . Entozoa. Ectozoa. Parasitic disease of the brain. 
Sturdy. Gid. Coenurus cerebralis. Hydatid cysts. Disease 
resembling gid. Operation for gid not always successful. Dogs 
and their relation to gid. Parasitic diarrhoea, a serious com- 
plaint. Taenia expansa. Observers quoted. Description of 
parasite causing the disease. Parasitic gastric catarrh. Occurs 
as an epizootic. Xodular disease; first recognized in Washing- 
ton, D. C, hj Dr. D. E. Salmon, Parasitic nasal catarrh, due 
to oestrus ovis. Surgical treatment for removal of larvae. 
Parasitic bronchitis. Hoose. Husk. Snots. A destructive 
affection. Strongylus filaria, strongylus refescens. Xature of 
the disease. Methods of introduction. How they arrive in the 
bronchial tubes. Treatment, both preventive and curative. 
The Rot has caused more loss to flock-owners than all other dis- 
eases. Virulent in Egypt. Distoma hepaticum. "Wonderful 
life cycle of parasite. Duration of the disease. Post-mortem 
appearances. Description of fluke. Preventive treatment. 

CHAPTER XV— PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE 
SKIX. Scabies causes great losses to the wool-growers. Life 



XVI. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTEES. 

history of scab parasites. Gerlacli's table of scab mite multi- 
plication. The Common Scab. The Head Scab. Examina- 
tion of sheep for scab. Methods of infection. Xew Mexican 
lambs, their liability to scabies. Dipping. Hand-dressing for 
:scab. Dipping plant. Lime and sulphur dip. Sheep Tick. 
Melophagus Ovinus. Lice. Peculiar appearance of the wool 
of sheep affected with lice. The Fly. Lucellia Marcellaria. 
Cause of maggot. 

CHAPTER XVI— SPECIFIC DISEASES. Germs. 
Classification of germs. Methods of introduction into animal 
economy. Germs the cause of all specific diseases. Period of 
incubation. Braxy. Anthrax Fever. Treatment preventive. 
AVool-sorters' disease. Black-leg. Quarter-ill. Quarantine of 
infected pastures. Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Infectious 
Aphtha. Eczema Epizootica. Tetanus — lock-jaw. As seen fol- 
lowing parturition. Use of tetanus anti-toxin. Erysipelas. 
Actinomycosis — due to a fungus — occurs in the human, cattle, 
swine, and rarely in the dog. Sheep Pox. Variola Ovina. 
Tuberculosis very rare in sheep. Rabies. Hydrophobia. Post- 
mortem appearances. Symptoms of rabies in the dog. Blood 
Diseases. Red Water. Sanguineous Ascites. Anaemia. 
Rheumatism. Pining. Vinquish. 

CHAPTER XVII— OPERATIVE SURGERY AXD 

DISEASES OF THE EYE. Castration. Methods of 
■operation. Covered operation for scrotal hernia. Trapping. 
Tying or lashing. Bistournage. Docking. Spaying. Frac- 
tures. Simple. Compound. Comminuted. Wounds, incised, 
punctured, lacerated, or torn, contused or bruised. Bruises. 
Strains. Sprains. Abscess. What constitutes a tumor. Over- 
growths of tissue. Homologous and heterologous tumors. Meth- 
ods of growth. Vascularity. Malignant and benign tumors. 
-Causes of tumor formation. Cohnheim's tlieorv. Parasitic 



SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. XVII. 

origin. Cvstic tumors. Treatment of tumors. Goitre. Struma. 
Real, fibrous, varicose, cystic bronchocele. Treatment of goitre. 
Diseases of the Eye. Simple Ophthalmia. Simple. Specific 
Amaurosis. Gutta-serena. Glass-Eye. Fungus liematodes. 
Opacity of the Cornea. "Wounds of the Eye. 



^o' 



CHAPTER XVIII— LOCAL XOIS^-COXTAGIOFS 

DISEASES. Eczema, different forms of. Erythema. Cellu- 
litis Prurigo. Impetigo larvalis. Foot-Rot. Paronychia In- 
terdigitalis. "VVet pastures conducive to this condition. Differ- 
ences between foot-rot and foot-and-mouth disease. Foot baths. 
Fungoid growths. Inflammation of Inter-Digital Canal. 

CHAPTER XIX— PARTURITIOX AXD DISEASES 
IXCIDEXTAL THERETO. Xormal Parturition. Period of 
Gestation. Womb contractions. Prolonged parturition, causes. 
Rigidity of os uteri. Obliteration of the os. Torsion of the 
uterus. Mal-presentations. Monstrosities. Conditions liable to 
occur incidental to Parturition. Retention of Foetal Mem- 
branes. Inversion of the Womb. Prolapsus Uteri. Inversion 
of the Vagina. Inflammation of the Vagina. Vaginitis In- 
flammation of the Womb. Metritis. Malignant Parturient 
Fever. Garget. Mammitis or Mastitis. Cracked Teats. 
Founder. Parturient Laminitis. Asphixia. Bleeding from the 
TTmbilicus. Umbilical Hemorrhage. Inflammation of the Um- 
bilical Cord. Xavel-Ill. Retention of the Meconium. Imper- 
forate Anus. Cyanosis. Abortion. 

CHAPTER XX— MEDICAL TREATMEXT IX GEX- 
ERAL, AGEXTS USED, THEIR THERAPEUTIC AC- 
TIOXS AXD DOSES. Medicinal treatment of sheep. Singly 
and in flocks. Drugs having a nauseous taste. Violent poisons. 
Vis medicatrix naturae. Medicinal agents. Definition. Thera- 
peutic action. Astringents. Alteratives. Anti-spasmodics. 



XVIII. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. 

Anaesthetics. Anthelmintics. Ant-Acids. Anodynes. Anti- 
septics. Cathartics. Carminatives. Cholagogues Diuretics. 
Diaphoretics. Hypnotics. Vermifuges. Vermicides. Tonics. 
Doses for sheep and lamb. Fluid measure. Weight measure. 
Symbols. Drug tables. 

CHAPTEK XXI— INSPECTION OF SHEEP, FED- 
ERAL AND STATE. Commencement of live-stock inspection 
in the United States dates back about twenty years. Method of 
inspection. Condemnation of carcasses unfit for human con- 
sumption. Sheep imported from other countries. Canada and 
South American republics excepted. Quarantine regulations. 
Special regulations concerning Canadian imports of live stock. 
Official Canadian veterinarian's certificate required. Sheep for 
immediate slaughter do not require certificate. Duration of 
quarantine exacted on importations of live-stock from Europe. 
Sheep scab guarded against. Regulations concerning the ex- 
portation of sheep abroad, notably to England. Inter-state 
shipments; regulations concerning the same. Movement of 
Western range sheep to Eastern feeding grounds; their liability 
to carry the infection of scab. State Inspection. Western and 
IMiddle West States adopt legislation for their own protec- 
tion. Chas. Gresswell, M. R. C. V. S., opinions on inspection 
of live-stock in general. Resrulations of the State of Colorado 
concerning the transportation of sheep into or across that State. 
Other States adopting similar legislation. 



CHAPTER I. 



Sheep, 

Tlieir Origin and Ilistorv. It is beyond qnestion impossi- 
ble to know, or even surmise, tbe actual origin of the domestic 
sheep. It appears very doubtful whether there exists any con- 
nection between them and the Argali, or white sheep of Asia, 
and the ]\Iusmon of South Europe and Africa or the Eocky 
JMountain sheep of Xorth America; even should this connection 
be believed in, they must have been domesticated in the very 
remote past, tlieir habits materially changing before any records 
appear in the most ancient histories we can command. We 
find on consulting the Bible that sheep are spoken of in its 
earlier passages, and that Abel chose sheep-herding as his 
vocation, while Cain tilled the soil, and that the jealousy 
resulting from Abel's offering of a firstling of his flock for 
sacrifice, resulted in the first murder o-f which there is any 
record. Before agriculture was practiced to any great extent, 
when the population of the earth was comparatively small, sheep 
husbandry was universally followed, their natural disposition 
and constitution rendering them capable of adaptation to differ- 
ent climates and conditions, furnishing food and clothing to 
their possessors, affording a profitable investment to the shep- 
herd, the most ancient and honorable calling of man. AVe find 
sheep preceeding civilization of the different parts of the world. 
Ancient Greece for many years was the sole possessor of this 
valuable animal in Europe; its introduction to Italy following 
the foundation of the Roman Empire; the Roman Conquests 
extended their use to the conquered territories, Spain especially 
affording- them an abundance of pasture, and to Spain the honor 



20 SHEEP, OKIGIN AND HISTOKY. 

belongs of developing and improving their condition, so that even 
in the time of the Eomans, Spanish wool was celebrated for its 
quality, which pre-eminence it retained up to the commence- 
ment of the present ccntnry. In ancient times sheep skins 
were used for clothing, but as civilization progressed, we find 
manufactured cloths taking the place of skins. This necessitated 
the improvement of the fleece by careful breeding and selection. 
In Ancient Eome fine wools were made a study, the fineness of 
the fleece was cultivated to an extraordinary extent; the, sheep 
were clothed to insure a delicacy of the wool filaments; the 
fleece being combed to prevent matting of the wool, the skin 
being oiled and moistened with wine. Pliny, a Roman writer, 
states that the best wool was that of Apulia on the Adriatic 
Sea; the excessive care bestowed on these sheep predisposed to 
constitutionally weaken them, rendering them liable to disease; 
and with the fall of the Roman Empire these choice breeds 
were broken up and lost, and while a few fine-wooled sheep can 
still be found in Italy, they are badly formed and very inferior 
to their ancient progenitors. 

The history of the sheep in England dates back to the ear- 
liest records. "We find that the Romans considered the British 
wool as an object of luxury in the Capitol of the Empire. Dur- 
ing the Roman occupation of Britain, a wool factory was estab- 
lished at Winchester, the fabrics of which became a subject of 
favorable comment to the historians of Rome, and while the 
origin of the difi^erent English breeds of sheep is altogether 
shrouded in mystery, we know that certain breeds have occu- 
pied stated localities as far back as the earliest records, and 
from these localities we are enabled to trace the different classes 
of English sheep, ascertaining their sources of improvement, and 
the evolution of the recognized mutton breeds of the present 
day. 

The origin of sheep in Xorth America dates back to the 



SHEEP, ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 21 

conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards in the fourteenth centurv.. 
Previous to their advent in the Xew AVorld, the nearest ap- 
proach to the species was the Ihima, found in South America, 
when Pizarro conquered Peru, and so far as is known even this 
animal was not found north of Central America. After Mexico 
was parcelled out among the conquerors and colonization was 
started, the necessity of stocking the grants caused the exporta- 
tion of large numbers of live stock from Spain to Xorth America, 
and as the western broncho can be traced as a lineal descendant 
of the fiery barb, ridden by the Spanish cavaliers, so can the 
]\rexican sheep be traced back to the silky-fleeced Merino of 
Castille. The care of the converts under the supervision of the 
priests, and the pastoral duties of the different missions which 
included raising of live stock and agricultural pursuits in 
general, as much as the welfare of the souls of the converted 
Indians, was responsible for the rapid increase of the flocks and 
herds and their extension to other parts of the continent, notably 
Xew Mexico and California. AVhile Spain is to be credited 
with being the source from which the Southern and Western 
sheep in this country originated, we find also that in the year 
1600 sheep were imported by the early settlers of the Xew 
England States from England and Holland, and that prior to 
the "War of Independence many importations were made, the 
housewives in those days being expert with the spinning wheel. 
Imported cloth fetching a high price, sheep were bred for the 
wool they produced, the clip being spun and converted into cloth 
at home for the use of the members of the family. Erom the 
commencement of tliis century up to the present time the im- 
portations have been many and good, the best breeds of all 
foreign countries having been freely drawn from, the imports 
embracing all the recognized breeds from the Spanish Merino 
even to the Persian sheep, and increasing in number until at 
the present time the annual importations amount to many thou- 



22 SHEEP. ORIGIX AND HISTOEY. 

sands for breeding purposes alone. "While tlie importations for 
breeding purposes have been large, the number of sheep in the 
United States has decreased rather than increased in the last 
twenty years, which at first glance appears remarkable when 
the increasing consumption of mutton as a food is taken into 
consideration, and it can only be accounted for by the decrease 
in the price of wool, which made the handling of large herds 
of wool sheep unprofitable to the flock owner. 

We find that in 1ST9 there were all told in the United 
States 38,123,000 sheep, and that in 1884 the top of the ladder 
was reached, there being at that time 50,026,626 in the country. 
From then the decline in numbers gradually progressed till in 
1895 there were all told only 42,204,064 head, and at the 
present time, 1899, the estimates only call for 39,114,453, a 
most remarkable decrease since 1884; and when the increase in 
population and increasing popularity of mutton as an article of 
diet for the home market, as well as the growing demand from 
abroad is taken into account, that there should be a decrease in 
numbers since 1879 of nearly half a million head, and from 
1884 to 1898 of a decrease of 11,512,173 head, makes the fact 
become all the more surprising. It would certainly appear 
reasonable that now is the time to embark in sheep husbandry, 
the demand for feeders increasing every year. Every year new 
feeding grounds are springing up in the AVest till at the present 
time the breeding and feeding of sheep has risen to be the most 
profitable branch of stock-raising in which the farmer can 
en<2;a2;e. 



CHAPTER II, 



Che prominent Breeds of 8beep. 

In describing the diflferent breeds of sheep we shall classify 
them according to their fleece, as long, middle or short-wooled. 
The long-wooled breeds are white-faced, somewhat coarse in flesh 
and not so active as the shorter-wooled species. The long- 
wooled breeds of sheep are English by origin. AVe find belong- 
ing to this class the Lincoln, Kent, Cotswold, Leicester; also the 
Devon long-wooled breeds. The first place on the list nndonbt- 
edly belongs to the Leicester, it being the first breed improved by 
skilfnl selection and crossing. 



Leicesters and Border Leicesters. 

THE LEICESTER SHEEP appears to have been a native 
of Leicestershire and adjoining counties. Eor a considerable 
period before it came under the genius of Bakewell, to whom be- 
longs the honor of being the pioneer in the field of improvement 
of all kinds of live stock. This man, who was an English farmer 
li\ing at Dishley, Loughborough, Leicestershire. He recognized 
the fact that the properties of parents may be transmitted to their 
offspring until the type will finally become fixed. He was also 
endowed with the gift of discernment, in being able to tell by an 
animal's exterior and quality whether or not it possessed the 
properties he desired to perpetuate. About 1755 Bakewell com- 
menced on the improvement of the Leicester sheep, the result 
being the fo. "an animal somewhat smaller than the 

original type, r and deeper, more symetrical and better 

adapted for f nening, combined with an earlier maturity. The 
old Leicester ' ■'■ ' ■>,: • a coarse, large sheep, with an abundant 




■ r ,\i,.'^n 




LEICESTERS AND BOEDEli LEICESTERS. 25 

fleece, but in the selection of smaller and more compact animals, 
necessary for the improvement in carcass, unfortunately the 
fleece diminished in weight proportionately to the decrease in 
size of carcass. The Leicester sheep as improved by Bakewell 
may be described as a white-faced, hornless sheep, covered with a 
fleece abont seven inches in length, having a lashy wool, ter- 
minated with a short twisted curl. The points of the Leicester 
are: Head, hornless, long, small, tapering towards the muzzle; 
lips and nostrils black; nose slightly narrow and Eoman, giving 
the face a wedge-shaped appearance; face is covered with thin, 
white hairs; forehead covered with wool; ears thin, rather long 
and mobile and directed backward; a black speck on face, and 
ears not being uncommon; eye large and prominent; neck short, 
level with the back and broad at its base where it leaves the chest, 
gradually tapering towards the head, being particularly fine at 
the articulation of the head and neck, the neck appearing to ])ro- 
ject straight from the chest, so that there is almost one continued 
horizontal line from the rump to the poll. The breast is deep, 
broad and full; shoulders upright and wide across the tops, giv- 
ing a great thickness through the heart; well filled up behind the 
shoulders, making the girth large; ribs are well sprung; loins 
wide; hips level; quarters long and straight; barrel round; ribbed 
well home; no irregularity on the line of the back or the belly. 
The bone is fine, the legs being small, standing wide apart; no 
looseness of the skin about them, and are comparatively free of 
wool; the fleece is fine and curly and free from black hairs; firm 
flesh; springy pelt and pink skin. In general form, the carcass 
is rectangular, with legs set well on, hocks straight, pasterns good 
and neat feet. All. these various points were only obtained bj 
paying long, continued attention to the individual pecularities, 
selecting the best to breed from, always bearing in mind that it 
is far easier to perpetuate a defect than to fix an improvement. 
The LEICESTER fattens best when about a vear or a vcar 



■2& LEICESTEPvS AIS'D BOEDER LEICESTERS. 

and a half old, the carcass then weighing about 80 to 85 pounds. 
Tliey are an excellent sheep for crossing purposes, reproducing 
their wonderful carcasses even when crossed on very inferior 
stock. 

The pure-bred Leicester is liable to lay on fat very thickly, 
which is to their disadvantage, the demand for fat mutton hav- 
ing ceased. There are few breeds, however, which have not 
been improved by an admixture of the Leicester blood, Xotably 
have the Sonthdowns, Cotswolds, Lincolns and Hampshire 
I)owns. It may be as well to mention here the breed known as 
Border Leicester. This is now recognized as an independent 
breed, rivalling in its value and distribution the original Bake- 
well Leicester, from which it is descended. The breed originated 
about 1863, when a ^Ir. George Cully visited Dishley, forming 
an intimate friendship with Mr. Bakewell, he obtained Leicester 
rams, and by crossing them on a long-wooled breed, called the 
Teeswaters, in time established a flock of Leicesters. The Cully 
stock is looked upon as the origin of the Border Leicester. 
Bams from their flock were hired by breeders both English and 
Scotch, wd'io often paid as high as $500 for the use of a ram for 
one season. 

The difference between the Leicester and Border Leicester 
is chiefly observed in the head, that of the Border Leicester being 
white, nose slightly Boman, full muzzle, wide nostrils, and erect 
ears. The head is clean and free from wool, while the English 
Leicester has a tuft of wool on its head, also having wool in the 
shanks. The head of the English Leicester instead of being 
clear white, has a blul?h white tinge; the carcass also is not so 
long or large as the Border Leicester. 

Fault has been found with the Leicester ewe on account of 
its predisposition to get too fat, especially when on good soil. 
This has been partially overcome by crossing with the Cheviot, 
whicdi produces a hardier sheep, and not so liable to over-fatten. 



THE COTSWOLD. 27 

Che Cotswold Breed, 

This is a very ancient breed. AVe find favorable mention is 
made of the Cotswolds by the very early writers. Speed, writ- 
ing nearly 250 years ago, says that the wool from this breed 
rivalled that of Spain. It has been claimed that they even were 
the origin of the Spanish Merino, it being a historical fact that 
Edward TV. permitted the exportation of a number of this breed 
to Spain, where they increased and spread rapidly, but, as before 
stated in the chapter on the "origin of sheep," Spanish wool was 
noted long before this for its fineness of fibre. AVe also find writ- 
ers in the time of Queen Elizabeth , speaking about the long- 
wooled Cotswold, which would go far to prove that the breed has 
always been so, and that they were never originally short-wooled. 
The COTSWOLD is a large, hornless sheep, with a long and 
abundant fleece. The ewes are good nurses and very prolific. The 
Cotswold of to-day contains a considerable strain of the Leicester, 
•which has tended to rather diminish the size and shorten the 
fleece, but they have retained the hardihood of the Cotswold, and 
are good rustlers and should cross well on the native stock of 
this country. 

Description of the Cotswold. 

Legs and face white, with occasional dashes of brown or 
gray, showing traces of the original stock. The head is strong 
and massive, without horns, and having a heavy forelock of 
wool; the neck and fore-quarters are strong and square; the 
brisket fairly prominent; the hind quarters are square, full and 
broad; the ribs well sprung, making a round barrel; the flanks 
are deep; the legs close but not long; the bone fairly heavy. 
Their general appearance is attractive, indicating a hardy, vigor- 
ous animal. They are shaped to fatten easily, making them a 
prime mutton breed. The fleece is close upon the back, and 




ft 
05 



THE LINCOLX, 29 

long, someti::ies being nine inches in length; is well waved and 
soft. The Cotswold has assisted materially in establishing sev- 
eral of the present crossbreeds, notably the Oxford Downs and 
Shropshires in England, and the Cotswold Merino in Germany. 
Its availability of adaptation to varions climates and conditions 
and the general iisefnl character of its fleece in woolen manu- 
facture makes it one of the most valuable breeds we possess at 
the present time. 

Che Lincoln Sbccp. 

This is another famous breed of English sheep, and may 
almost be said to be a manvifactured breed, owing as it does its 
present perfection and size to systematic and judicious crossing 
of the old Lincoln sheep with other breeds, notably the improved 
Leicester. THE OLD LIXCOLIST was a large coarse sheep, 
with flat sides and hollow flanks, large legs and feet. Their 
fleece averaged between ten and twelve pounds, almost touching 
the ground, and was very oily. They fattened slowly, and made 
much fat internally. 

THE XEW LK^COLN is, as before stated, the product of 
Leicester crosses upon the original breed, the result being a largo 
sheep; in fact, the largest of any in the British Isles. The flesh 
is firm; wool extraordinarily long; fleece very heavy, a ram's clip 
often weighing between twenty-five and thirty pounds; the wool 
is bright, and lustrous when shorn. "While some breeders con- 
sider that the Lincolns as a mutton breed are inferior to the 
Downs, every one admits that for crossing on the common or 
native stock of the American Continent they are "second to 
none." H. A. Danniels, Secretary of the N'ational Lincoln Sheep 
Breeders' Association, writes concerning their early importations 
to this country as follows: "Among the first importers of this 
breed to Canada were John Geary of London, "WilliamAValker of 








oK 



•a g 

o 

a. a. 

-o o 



* ,2 



<S) 



Is 

Is 

O 3 

4 ^ 






» o 




32 THE LINCOLN. 

Ilderton, and J. T. Gibson of Denfield, also last, but not least, 
William Oliver of Avonbank. The first Lincolns brought to the 
United States were from the above importations, and the first 
lireeders were G. S. Allen of Portland, Mich., and Kobert 
Knight of Marlette, Mich. J. J. England of Cairo was one of 
the early breeders, buying largely in Canada, and in '94 made a 




Cbampton. Lincolnshire Gvce, shown at J^evc South OTales, Hustralia, 1898. 

direct importation from England. The writer started a flock 
about this time, viz., 1880, buying the first lot of Robert Knight, 
later making purchases in Canada, having brought over of Cana- 
dian and English bred five bunches. 

"The National Association was organized in 1891 with nine 
members, and now is composed of 112 of the best Lincoln 
breeders in Xorth America. "We have 5,000 Lincolns regis- 



THE LINCOLN. 33 

tered, the association having now attained its ninth year, and i* 
still growing." 

Standard and Scale of points of Lincoln Sheep. 

Constitution — Body deep, back wide and straight; 
wide and full in the thigh ; bright, large eyes ; skin 
soft and of a pink color 25 points- 
Size — Matured rams not less than 250 pounds, when 
in good condition. Matured ewes not less than 

20j0 pounds. . 10 points 

Appearance — Good carriage and symmetry of form. .10 points 
Body — Well proportioned, good bone and length; 
broad hind quarters; legs standing well apart; 

breast wide and deep 15 points 

Head — Should be covered with wool to the ears; tuft 
on forehead; eyes expressive; ears fair length; 

dotted or mottled in color." 10 points 

Neck — Medium length; good muscle; Avell set on body 5 points 
Legs — Broad and set well apart; good shape; color 
white, but some black spots do not dis- 
qualify; wooled to the knees 10 points 

Fleece — Of even length and quality over body; not 

less than eight inches long for one year's growth . . 10 points 
Quality of Wool — Rather fine, long wool; strong, 

lustrous fiber; no tendency to cot 5 points 

Total 100 points 



Cbe Romney JMarsh, or Kentish Long-Cdooled. 

This sheep belongs to one of the old breeds which grazed on 
the marsh lands of the coast of Kent, England, taking their name 
from the locality called Romney Marsh, a low-lying strip of land 




B 

o 



THE EOMNEY MARSH. 35- 

not exceeding fourteen miles in length by ten miles in breadth. 
The soil being a heavy rich clay, was adapted to the growth of 
a large breed of sheep, and we find the Romney Marsh compet- 
ing with the Lincoln for weight of carcass. 

The unimproved breed is described as having had flat sides, 
big bellies, narrow chests and large heads, and were evidently 
more useful than good-looking; but by the judicious infusion of 
improved Leicester blood, and years of careful selection, they 
have attained a place of favor in the estimation of sheep breeders 
which they certainly merit. They are especially adapted to low- 
lying soils. 

In general appearance they resemble the Lincoln, being 
white-faced, hornless; the wool is of long staple and heavy. The 
first importations of the breed to America are supposed to have 
been in the early settlement of Massachusetts, evidently being 
the unimproved breed. Latterly the Eomney Marsh are spring- 
ing into favor, and doubtless in a short time an association will be 
formed in the I"^nited States to record correct pedigrees, etc., 
and establish the breed in its proper place among the others of 
this countrv. 



jVIiddk-QIookd Breeds* 



Che Southdown. 

Also called the Sussex. This breed of sheep trace back 
with a long line of pure descent to a period prior to the reign 
of "William the Conqueror. It is beyond a doubt one of the 
purest and most unmixed breeds in England, holding a position 
in the esteem of breeders second to none. This noted breed has 
reached its present slate of perfection by unceasing attention on 
the part of breeders, perpetuating the purity and perfection of 







i u 



o 

<;-• 
3 
O 

(S) 



THE SOUTHDOWN. 37 

the original ancestors. As far back as 1776, a Mr. Alford 
Young comments on their fine coat, but criticizes the thin chine, 
low fore-end and rising back bones. The aim in improving this 
breed has been to amend these defects, and in accomplishing 
this the improvement has produced a readier disposition to fatten, 
with a heavier carcass, while they still retain their character for 
hardiness and good rustling qualities. One of the great points 
of excellence in these sheep, as compared with many others, 
is that they can stand bad weather, with a correspondingly 
less loss of flesh, and being good travelers, are adapted 
for use on the ^Yestern plains. There is no reliable data 
concerning the first importations of this breed to America. We 
have, however, every reason to believe that some w^ere brought 
here by the first settlers in the New England States, and as early 
as 1648 some ewes were bought by Gov. Winthrop; also that 
they were known in Virginia as remote as 1688 there is no 
doubt, as we find Mr. John Clayton of that period mentioning 
them, and praising their mutton qualities. These of course were 
from the old and unimproved breed, whic'h have from time im- 
mermorial been renowned for their mutton qualities, the present 
improvement being due to the efforts of such men as Ellman, 
Drake, and Jonas Webb of England, who, like Bakewell, in 
breeding Leicesters, made certain points of excellence their aim 
in breeding. We find that in 1803 A. D. Rose imported a small 
fl.ock of Southdowns to his estate at Fayette, ]^. Y. 

Later, in 1824-1828, John H. Powell of Philadelphia, Pa., 
and Erancis Rotch of New York made importations, supposed to 
have been obtained from tlie Ellman flock of England. Still 
later we find Samuel Thorne and L. G. Morris, both of Xew 
York, made importations from the best flocks of England, and 
by 1863 Mr. Thome's flock counted descendants from fourteen 
different importations, principally from the flock of Mr, Jonas 
Webb of Babraham, Cambridgeshire, Eng. In 1844 Mr. Jesse 



THE SOUTHDOWN. 39 

A. Pickrell of Sangamon Co., Illinois, imported a ram and two 
ewes; and in the same year Mr. J. T. King of Warren, Ohio, 
began to breed Southdowns with stock imported by Mr. J. M. 
Hesless of Trumbull Co., Ohio. In the year 1848 Mr. J. C. 
Taylor of New Jersey commenced breeding Southdowns, and 
established a flock which was entirely descended from the cele- 
brated Webb stock. Mr. E. Scott of Kentucky was also noted 
for his efforts in forwarding the claims of the Southdowns, 
Gen. C. M. Clay, White Hall, Ky., commenced breeding South- 
downs in 1855, and by constantly introducing blood by the best 
rams obtainable, and only breeding to his own ewes, he obtained 
sheep of great excellence, increasing the amount of wool, and 
almost doubling the size of the carcass. In 1857 the Illinois Im- 
porting Co. made an importation of thirteen head from the flock 
of Jonas Webb. Again in 1861 Hon. John Wentworth of Chi- 
cago, 111., made importations of Southdowns, and by intelligent 
selection and a long term of years so successfully improved his 
flock that it is hard to obtain a better foundation for a flock to- 
day than from those descended from the Summits farm. In 
1875 the Xortli Elkhorn Importing Co. of Kentucky made im- 
portations, and in 1876 sixteen rams and twenty-three ewes were 
imported from the Walsingham flocks of England. 

On May 1st, 1882, at Springfield, 111., the American South- 
down Breeders' Association sprung into being, its aim being the 
collection, revision, preservation and publication of the history 
and pedigrees of pure-bred Southdown sheep. The aim of the 
Association has been to encourage and aid breeders. of South- 
down sheep, taking care that none but worthy claims should be 
advanced to their credit, and also that none but worthy sheep 
should be recorded. The following is" the standard of excellence 
adopted by the American Southdown Breeders' Association, and 
which is accepted both in this country and in England as a cor- 
rect guidance for determining the true type of the Southdown: 



40 THE SOUTHDOWN. 

Standard of excellence for Southdown Sheep, 

Hdoptcd by the Hmerican Southdown Hssociation. 

Head medium in size and hornless, fine, carried well up, the 
forehead or face well covered with wool, especially be- 
tween the ears and on the cheeks, and in the ewe 

slightly dished 5 

Lips and under jaw fine and thin 1 

Ears rather small, tolerably wide apart, covered with fine 
hair, and carried with a lively back and forth move- 
ment 2 

Eyes full and bright 3 

Face a uniform tint of brown, or gray, or mouse color 3 

Neck short, fine at the head, but nicely tapering, and broad 

and straight on top at the shoulders 4 

Shoulders broad and full, smoothly joining the neck with the 

back 5 

Breast wide, deep, and projecting w^ell forward, the forelegs 

standing wide apart 5 

Back and loin broad and straight from shoulders to rump. . . 7 
Ribs well arched, extending far backward, the last projecting 

more than the others j. 6 

Rump broad, square and full, with tail well set up 6 

Hips wide, with little space between them and last ribs 6 

Thighs full and well let down in twist, the legs standing well 

apart fi 

Limbs short and fine in bone, and in color to agree with face. 3 
Forelegs well wooled and carrying mutton to the knees, but 

free from meat below 2 

Hind legs well filled wnth mutton and wooled to the hocks, 

neat and clean below 2 



THE SHEOPSHIEE. 41 

Belly straight and well covered with wool, the flank extend- 
ing so as to form a line parallel with the back or top 
line 5 

Fleece compact, the whole body well covered with moderately 

long and close wool, white in color, carrying some yolk. 12 

Form throughout smooth and symmetrical, with no coarse- 
ness in any part 9 

General appearance spirited and attractive, with a determined 
look, proud and firm step, indicating constitutional vigor 
and thorough breeding 8 



100 



Cbe Shropshire Breed* 

The Shropshire is undoubtedly a cross-bred animal, and evi- 
dences a striking example of the perfection that may be obtained 
by judicious crossing of various breeds. The original breed was 
horned, and it is believed that the first attempt at improvement 
was to abolish these useless appendages. There is good reason 
to believe that this was effected by a Southdown cross. The 
original stock were called Morfe Common sheep, deriving their 
name from the locality to which they were indigenous, if such a 
term could be used. They were a black-faced^ brown or spotted- 
faced sheep; horned; not subject to scab, or rot, producing only 
about forty-four to fifty pounds of mutton to a carcass, clipping 
nearly two pounds of fine wool to the fleece. These sheep were 
crossed with the Southdown and afterwards with the Cotswold 
and Leicesters, the crossing and re-crossing, combined with care- 
ful selection, yielding the uniformity sought for and obtained, 
thus establishing the present superior breed. Since 1874 further 
crossing has been considered unnecessary, the results obtained 
prior to that time having produced a distinct and separate breed. 
The Shropshire sheep are hardy, thrive well on moderate keep 



THE SHKOPSHIRE. 43 

ami fatten quickly, these qualities rendering them invaluable for 
orossing on the common native sheep. 

"VVe find that a few Shropshire sheep were imported to this 
eountrv in 1833, becoming popular wherever known. In 1875 
a Mr. H. C. Chaffee of Tippecanoe City, Ohio, imported quite a 
number, other importations following fast. In 1883 about 
4,000 were imported, and in 1884 5,000 more. 

In the year 1884 the Shropshire Registry Association was 
established, and at the present time (1899) there are recorded in 
the registery of the Association over 100,000 individual pure- 
bred registered Shropshires. Shropshire sheep have gained in 
popularity every year, their fecundity, hardiness and ability to 
adapt themselves to different climates and conditions being un- 
excelled by any other breed. 

points of 6xccUcticc 

f*or pure-Bred Shropshire Sheep, Recorded, or GUgible to Registry in 
the Hmerican Shropshire Registry Hssociation Record. 

General Appearance — Attractive, indicating breeding 
and quality, with stylish carriage and a symmetri- 
cal form covered with a dense fleece 25 points 

Constitution — Robust as indicated by width and d^3th 
of chest, strength and formation of neck, and by 
bold active movement 10 points 

Size — In breeding condition when fully matured. 
Rams should weigh not less than 180 to 225 
pounds, and ewes not less than 125 to 170 pounds. 10 points 

Fleece and Skin — Fleece of good length, dense, elastic 
to touch, medium fine, free from black fibre, 
slightly crimped, with evenness of texture 
throughout; scrotum of rams well covered with 
wool. Skin light cherry color, clear and free 
from dark spots 15 points 



-V\ 




E 



O 

>- 



THE HAMPSHIEE DOWN. 45 

Body — "Well proportioned, with shoulders well placed, 
fitting smoothly upon the chest, which should be 
deep and wide, broad and straight back, thick loins 
well covered with firm flesh; hind-quarters well 
finished; twist deep and full 20 points 

Head and Neck — Head, short, broad between the ears 
and eyes, bold and masculine in rams, without 
horns, well covered with wool, ears short and 
erect, eyes bright, color of face and ears dark- 
brown. Xeck of medium length, strong and mus- 
cular (especially in rams), symmertically joined 
to head and shoulders 15 points 

Legs — Well set apart, broad, short, straight, color dark- 
brown and well wooled; pastern strong and up- 
right 5 points 

100 



Che Rampebire Down. 

The Hampshire Down of to-day in no manner resembles the 
old Hampshire from which it is supposed to be descended. 

The old Hampshire had probably existed on the Downs of 
Hampshire in the time of the Roman occupation of Britain, and 
doubtless its fleece helped furnish the supply for the wool factory 
established by the Romans at Winchester. 

They were a large, long-horned sheep, with fine, short wool. 
The rams were noted for their large, bony, unsightly heads. 

The present improved Ilampshires are supposed to have 
originated from a cross between the old Wiltshire horned-sheep 
as well as the Berkshire Knot and the Southdown. About 1820 
a Mr. John Twynam used improved Cotswold rams on Hamp- 
shire ewes, obtaining an animal which combined the qualities of 
tlie old Wiltshire, Southdown, and Cotswold. As we find the 




B 



THE HAMPSHIRE DOWN. 47 

name of one man generally figuring in the building up of a par- 
ticular breed, so we find that the Hampshire Downs owe their 
present excellence in a great manner to a Mr. Humphrey of Oak 
Ash, "Wantage, Eng., who by careful crossing with the largest 
and best fleshed of the improved Southdowns, succeeded in pro- 
ducing a sheep of perfect form, with a strong constitution, and 
carrying a useful and valuable fleece. All the praise, however, 
does not belong to Mr. Humphrey, as among the careful breed- 
ers of this particular breed tlie names of Mr. Rawlence of Bul- 
bridge, Mr. Stephen King, Mr. William King, Mr. Moore, Mr. 
Edward Waters, Mr. Frank Budd, and some others, are divided 
the honors of bringing this breed to its present state of perfec- 
tion and excellence. 

The Hampshire sheep were first imported into the United 
States a short time before the War of the Rebellion, the first im- 
portation being made to Virginia. In 1855 Thomas Messenger 
of Great Neck, Long Island, imported a small flock of these sheep 
from England. In 1881 Henry Metcalf of Canandaigua, N. Y., 
imported the ram "Shepherds' Pride." Since this time the im- 
portations have increased in frequency, the Hampshires obtain- 
ing their just deserts in becoming more popular year by year. 

The imported Hampshire Down vies with the Oxfordshire 
Down for being the heaviest of the Down breeds. They mature 
early. The fact that the Hampshire ram lambs are sold for ser- 
vice at seven and eight months would go to prove this assertion. 

The ram lamb should have a black face, surmounted by 
white fleece; a dark tinge round the poll not being desirable, and 
will materially reduce the value of the animal possessing it. 
The ears must not be mottled, but should be semi-transparent, 
resembling a bat's wing. The shanks should be a rich brown, 
almost black color, free from mottled appearance; the nose of the 
ram should be thick, the head being large, with a slightly Roman 
profile; the neck is long and well set on; shoulders sloping; deep 



r- 




THE HAMPSHIEE DOWX. 49 

in the brisket; ribs well sprung; back straight; broad across the 
loin; the quarters are long and broad; the hams round and heavy. 
The ears are characteristic of the breed. They are thin and mo- 
bile, falling outwards slightly, giving the appearance of great 
width of poll. The head is w^ll covered with wool between the 
ears and on the cheeks. The wool is medium length, and of 
strong fibre. Mature rams weigh up to 300 pounds and ewes a 
trifle over 200. 

As a race of sheep they possess constitutional vigor; mature 
early; the lambs possess excellent fattening qualities. The ram 
is endowed with remarkable prepotency, indelibly leaving his 
mark on his offspring, making him a valuable animal to cross on 
common ewes. 

We print here the standard of excellence for Hampshire 
Downs as recognized by the Hampshire Down Breeders' Associa- 
tion of America : 

Standard of GxceUcncc. 

Head — Moderately large, but not coarse; well covered with 
wool on forehead and cheeks. 

Xostrils — Wide. 

Color (head and legs) — Dark-brown or black. 

Eyes — Prominent and lustrous. 

Ears — Moderately long and thin, and dark-brown or black 
color. 

Legs — "Well under- outside of body, straight, with good size 
of bone, black. 

Xeck — A regular taper from shoulders to head, without 
any hollow in front of shoulders, set high up on body. 

Shoulders — Sloping, full, and not higher than the line of 
back and neck. 

Chest — Deep and full in the heart place, with breast prom- 
inent and full. 

Back — Straight, with full spring of rib. 



50 OXFORDSHIRE DOWN. 

Loin — AViJc and straight, without depression in front of 
hips. 

Quarters — Long from hips to rump, without sloping, and 
deep in thigli. Broad in liips and rump, with full hams. Inside 
of thighs full. 

Scale of points. 

Head — Size and shape, 5; ears and eyes, 3; color, 5; legs 

and feet, 2 15 

Xeck, shoulders and breast — Xeek, 5; shoulders, 10; chest 

and breast, 15 30 

Body — Back and loin, 15 ; rib, 5 20 

Quarters — Length, 10; width, 10; twist, 5 25 

Wool — Forehead and cheeks, 2; belly, well covered, 3; qual- 
ity, 5 10 

Total 100 



Oxfordshire Down, 

This popular breed of sheep originated shortly prior to 1833 
as the result of crossing Cotswold rams on Hampshire Down 
ewes. A Mr. Samuel Druce of Eynsham, Oxon, England, was 
the first to establish the new breed, his aim being to produce a 
sheep with the frame of the long wool and the quality of the 
Down. The Hampshire at this time w^as not that of the present 
improved type, but the old stock, said to be a loosely made, big- 
headed sheep, which a few years afterwards underwent improve- 
ment at the hands of Mr. Humphrey. About this time a nuni- 
l)er of breeders became interested in the cross instigated by Mr. 
Druce, and w-e find that Mr. Gillet of Southleigh, Mr. Twyn- 
liam, and a Mr. Blake practising this method. As the number 
of breeders of this particular class increased, the opportunities 



3. 





o 


LJ 




-<' 


o 


!> 


1 




u. 


C 


? 


"-- 


i 


1 1 


3 


■^^ 


1 


a 

^,>, 




2 






O 


ri 


^ 




3 


I 


s. 


{ 




<;>. 






O 






|i 


.(A 




^» 




^ 







'f.f^' 




52 OXFOEDSHIEE DOWN. 

of better selection advanced. It became possible by this means 
to produce a distinct breed of a uniform shape and character. 

Prior to 1859 they were known as Down-Cotswolds — Mr. 
Druce calling them his half-breeds. When the breed was still 
in its embryonic stage, the records show that a considerable 
amount of promiscuous crossing took place before a type was 
linally fixed. 

Mr. C. T. Eead states: "The owner formerly divided his 
Hock into three parts, putting a half-breed ram to the ewes 
which were about right — a Cotswold to the smaller ones, and a 
Down to the coarser sheep," — and we also find that several breed- 
ers used Cotswold rams on Southdown ewes, thus infusing the 
blood of the improved Southdown in the new breed. As already 
stated, they were named Oxford Downs in 1859, and have un- 
doubtedly been bred pure ever since that date. They obtained 
recognition as a distinct breed in 1862, the Royal Agricultural 
Society, at the Battersea meeting, offering prizes for Oxfordshire 
Downs, recognizing the fact that short-wooled sheep, not South- 
downs, was not a proper classification of the middle-wooled 
breeds of sheep of the British Isles. 

The first importation of Down-Cotswolds to America was 
made in 1846 by Mr. Clayton Reybold of Delaware City, Del., 
and in 1853 William C. Rives sent to A^irginia one ram and five 
ewes, a Mr. Fay introducing them into Massachusetts about the 
same time, obtaining them from the same flock in England as 
those obtained by Mr. Rives. Careful breeding and selection 
has given them that uniformity of character, the lack of which 
was freely criticised in the early lifetime of the breed, till since 
1870 the type has become firmly fixed, specimens of the breed 
being found in almost every part of Europe, South Africa, Aus- 
tralia, Xorth and South America. 



54 THE DORSET. 

Cbc Dorset, 

This is the oldest known breed of English sheep, having 
been preserved nnmixed from a very remote period, and are cer- 
tainly the best of all the horned breeds. The Dorset has some 
very valuable traits, the chief of which is fecundity and the 
ability to breed at an early season. Dorset ewes take the ram in 
April, and yean in September. The lambs are then fit for the 
Christmas market. The ewes make excellent nurses, frequently 
bearing twins, and will rear a greater number of lambs than any 
other breed of sheep. The Dorset horned-sheep is somewhat 
larger than the Southdown; longer in the legs; face and legs 
white, and the horns of both sexes of moderate size; their frame 
is more compact, the barrel rounder, and they are by no means 
bad feeders. Mr. M. A. Cooper, Secretary of the Dorset Horn 
Breeders' Association of America, writes about the breed as fol- 
lows: "Dorsets were first introduced into America in 1885, but 
little interest being taken in the breed until about 1890 to 1891, 
when a few breeders in America united and formed an associa- 
tion. Since 1891 importations have been made every year, till 
at present they have been introduced into twenty-eight of the 
different States. Two very large importations were made in 
1897. The Dorsets are popular with breeders generally, the de- 
mand exceeding the supply. The Dorset ewes are more correct 
in their shape than many of the improved breeds, being straight 
in the carcass, deep in the body, the rump large and round, the 
leg full and well let down toward the shank. Losses in lambing 
and barreness in ewes are rare; 150 to 160 lambs may usually be 
calculated for every 100 ewes. The rams are being extensively 
used in the Western States for crossing purposes. The demand 
for Dorsets increase every year, as their merits become known 
to the flock master." The Dorsets are hardy, very quiet and 
docile, readily adapting themselves to changes in surrounding-^. 
and conditioxis. 



56 THE SUFFOLK. 

Che Suffolk. 

This is one of the few remaining breeds of Down sheep 
"which grazed on the chalk hills of England, from Norfolk and 
Suffolk to Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hampshire, Bucks, Berks, Wilts 
and Devonshires, all of which counties possess an underlying 
chalk formation. The origin of this breed were the old Nor- 
folks, of which mention is made by Arthur Young in 1797, who 
states that " their mutton for the table was superior in grain, 
flavor, quality and color of gravy." The first improvement was 
made by crossing improved Southdown rams. This, however, 
was supposedly prior to 1850, since which time it is claimed they 
have been bred pure, without any outside admixture of blood. 

The Suffolk Sheep Society of England lay down the follow- 
ing points as necessary attributes of this breed: 

Head hornless; face black and long; muzzle reasonably fine, 
especially in ewes (a small quantity of clear white wool on the 
forehead not objected to) ; ears medium length, black and of fine 
texture; eyes bright and full; neck moderately long and well set; 
shoulder broad and oblique; chest deep and wude; back and loin 
long, level and well covered; tail broad and well set up; ribs 
long and well sprung, with a full flank; legs and feet straight and 
black, with fine and flat bone; wooled to knees and hocks, clean 
below ; fore legs set well apart ; hind legs well filled with mutton ; 
belly well covered with wool; fieece moderately short, close, fine 
fibre, wdthout tendency to mat or felt together, and not shading 
off into dark wool or hair; the skin fine, soft and pink. The 
first importation of Suffolk sheep to the United States was in 
1888, made by Mr. M. B. Streeter of Brooklyn, N. Y., the first 
President of the American Suffolk Flock Registry Association. 
In 1890 the Iowa Suffolk Sheep Company of Atlantic, Iowa, im- 
ported quite a number, subsequent importations both in this 
•country and Canada following fast, till at the present writing 



38 THE SUFFOLK. 

they are becoming well known, and have established themselves 
as an important addition to the recognized breeds of sheep on the 
American Continent. They are a hardy, healthy sheep, suitable 
for ranging on the "Western prairies, and their comparative free- 
dom from foot-rot favors their trial on some of the marshy soils 
of the Eastern and Middle States. 

The following is the scale of points adopted by the Ameri- 
can Suffolk Flock Registry Association : 

Scale of points for Suffolk Sheep. 

General Appearance — Pleasing outline; good carriage, and 

symmetry of development. Points 7 

General Form — Large in size; inclined to long in body; me- 
dium strength of bone; somewhat cylindrical in shape, 
and straight above, below and in the rear 15 

Head — Medium in size, inclining to be long and covered 
with fine, short, glossy, black hair to the junction with 
the neck; a small quantity of clean, white wool on the 
forehead is not objected to, muzzle moderately fine, 
especially in the ewes; eyes bright and full; ears of 
medium length and fineness 10 

!N'eck — Moderately long and well set, and blending well with 

the body with some crest in the lambs 5 

Pore-Quarters — Well developed; breast wide, deep and full; 
brisket, broad; cliest, capacious with good heart girth; 
shoulders, broad, oblique and well filled in the neck vein 
and crops; withers, broad; arm, well developed 15 

Parrel — Roomy; back, straight, broad and well fleshed 
throughout its entire length ; ribs, well sprung and mod- 
erately deep; fore and hind flanks, full and deep 15 

Hind Quarters — Pong, deep and full; tail, broad and well set 

up; buttock, broad; twist, full; thigh, broad and full. . . 15 



THE MEEINO. 59- 

Feet and Legs — Straiglit, of medium length with flat bone; 
bare of wool below the knee and hock, glossy black in 
color and set well apart S 

Fleece — Moderately short with close fine lustrous fibre, and 
without tendency to mat or felt together, or to shade off 
into dark or gray wool or hair, especially about the neck 
and tail. The fleece should cover the whole body ex- 
cept the head and the legs below the knee and hock; 
and the skin underneath it should be fair, soft and of a 
pink color 10 



Total 100 



Che Sbort-CKooled Breeds, 



Che JMerino. 

The home of this ancient and famous breed appears to have 
been in Spain, from whence they were imported into France, 
England, Germany, the United States of America and Australia. 
They are the only truly short or fine-w'ooled breed, and as raised 
in Spain, were distinctly a wool sheep. We cannot do better 
here than print verbatim an article written by Mr. E. IST. Ball, 
Secretary of the Michigan Merino Sheep Breeders' Association, 
which fully covers the history of the breed and its first importa- 
tions to this country: 

*'The ancestors of the American Merino, called by some 
at this late date Spanish Merino, Vermont Merino, etc., were 
imported to the United States from Spain. The true origin of 
the sheep and the country from which they erainated is some- 
what uncertain, but at an early day fine-wool sheep of excellent 
quality were transported from Syria to Greece, from Greece to 
Italy, and from Italy to Spain. 



THE MERIXO. 61 

At a very early period ^liletn?, a Grecian colony in Syria, 
■was celebrated for its woolen fabrics, and historians lead iis to 
believe that not only the woolen goods but also the sheep that 
produced the wool were carried into Greece itself. 

708 B. C, Tarentum, in Italy, was settled by the Greeks, 
and of this prosperous settlement mention is made of the produc- 
tion and manufacture of its excellent w^ool. The Tarentine 
sheep were unexcelled for their fine wool. Dr. Perry notes that 
the Spanish Merino and the ancient Italian race seem to have 
certain qualities common to both. It was a marked character- 
istic of these sheep that the rams had horns and the ewes had 
none, and this is believed to be the only breed of short-wooled 
sheep in Europe presenting this distinguishing characteristic. 

Morrell states that about the beginning of the Christian 
era, the sheep of Italy surpassed all others in the fineness of their 
fleeces, and according to Pliny 'the best wools are those of Apulia, 
which are of a very short staple.' 

Youatt says of the sheep of Spain that they were probably 
imported from Italy. They were the Tarentine breed and had 
gradually spread to the w^estern extremity of Europe. 

These sheep once introduced and established never after- 
ward were aliens to the country of Spain. In the eighth cen- 
tury the Saracens and Moors conquered a portion of Spain, which 
abounded in flocks and herds. These people were enterprising, 
and under their management the sheep increased in number and 
popularity, and to such an extent had grown the wool industry 
of Spain and so renowned her woolen fabrics that in the 
thirteenth century 16,000 looms were in operation in Seville 
alone, but later, when the Moors were expelled from Spain, the 
looms of Seville dwindled to sixty, and Spain was importing 
wool. In 1576 she exported to Bruges 40,000 sacks, each sell- 
ing for no less than $45. Others of finer quality w^ere shipped 
to Italy at the price of $112.50 per sack. For centuries the 



THE MEKIXO. 63 

Merino sheep of Spain contributed largely to the support of the 
Government. 

The Spanish Merino was of two divisions, transhiimantes, 
or migratorv flocks, and Estantes, or stationary flocks. The 
Transhnmantes were divided into two classes, Leonese and 
Sorian. Of all the sheep of Spain those of Leon were superior 
in form, quantity and quality of fleece. 

At the beginning of this century Dr. R. R. Livingston, 
many years a -resident of Spain, says of this class of sheep there 
were about four or five million distributed as follows: 

The Duke of Infantadoes' flock 40,000 

The Countes del Compo de Alonse Xegretti 30,000 

The Paular Convent 30,000 

The Escurial Convent 30,000 

The Convent of Gaudaloup 30,000 

The Marques Perales 30,000 

The Duke of Bejar 30,000 

Ten flocks belonging to sundry persons 200,000 

All other flocks in the Kingdom 3,800,000 

As to the very first importation from Spain to the United 
States there seems to be a difference of opinion. One says in 
1793 Mr. William Foster of Boston, Mass., imported two ewes 
and a ram smuggled through the port of Cadiz. These Mr. 
Foster gave to Mr. Andrew Craigue of Cambridge, who, not 
knowing their value, killed and ate them. Another says the first 
importations was by AVilliam Porter of Boston in 1798 of two 
ewes and a ram. These he gave to Mr. Andrew Craigue of 
Cambridge, who, not knowing their value, killed and ate them. 
One thing seems pretty certain, the first importations of Spanish 
Merino sheep into the ITnited States disappeared as mutton, and 
were of no account from a breeding standpoint, but beyond a 
donbt the mutton was good. In 1801 Seth Adams imported a 



64 



THE MERINO. 



pair of Merino sheep that were taken to his farm in Zanesville, 
O. In 1801 a Merino ram, "Don Pedro," was imported, being 
one of four selected, the others having died, at the request of 
Mr. Dupont de Nemoues by M. Delessert of Paris, who was at 
the head of a commission to select in Spain on behalf of the 
French Government a flock of 4,000 Merino sheep. 




Champion )^Iertno Swe, Daisy. Shown at JHcw South CElales, Hustralia, 1898. 

The first importation of value was on the 10th of April, 
1802. Colonel David Humphreys shipped at Lisbon seventy- 
five ewes and twenty-five rams — pure Spanish Merinos one and 
two years old, and after a voyage of fifty days landed seventy 
ewes and twenty-one rams in the United States, which were taken 
to his farm at Derby, Conn. The larger portion of the ewes 



THE MEKINO. 65- 

were retained in one flock, but a portion of the rams were sold to 
neighboring farmers for improvement of their flocks. In 1803 
Dr. James Meares of Philadelphia imported two ewes and two 
rams. 

1809 "William Jarvis procured 200 Mermos of the Eoyal 
Escnrial flock by special favor, and these, no doubt, were the 
only Escurials ever imported. In 1810 Mr. Jarvis procured 
1,400 Spanish Merinos of the Paular flock. These sheep were 
from true Transhumantes, from the best flocks, and were un- 
doubtedly among the best sheep imported into the United States. 

Mr. Jarvis imported approximately 1,400 Paulars, 1,700 
Aguirres, 200 Escurials, 130 jSTegrettis, and about 200 Mont- 
arcas — 3,630 in all. 

In 1810 Gen. E. H. Derby made a shipment which re- 
sulted in landing 300 to 400 Merinos. In the same year, 1810^ 
Peck and Atwater of Xew Haven, Conn., imported a flock, and 
in January, 1811, Heaton & Co. of Xew Haven, Conn., landed 
a cargo which were taken to Connecticut. 

From these early importations the Spanish Merino fast 
became scattered throughout the Eastern portion of the United 
States. The improvement has been steady until the original 
Spanish Merino is lost sight of in the more perfected animal, 
known as the American Merino, reared in a large number o£ 
States from the far East to the extreme West, and there is not a 
State in the Union where sheep are bred that the stamp of the 
American Merino is not seen, and exports have reached to Aus- 
tralia, Africa, and South America." 

In the management of Merino flocks in Spain great care is 
exercised to promote the growth and prevent injury to the fleece 
from any cause whatever. They are constantly under the care 
of shepherds, who house them whenever it rains, and are always 
stabled at night. The average amount of fibres to the square 
inch of skin surface is from 40,000 to 48,000, far in excess of the 



66 THE EAMBOUILLET' 

number of any other breed. The length of the wool varies from 
one to four inches. As a general description we find the Merino 
is of fair size; head handsome; decorated with horns, the head 
short around ears and well covered with wool. The horns 
are open and wide, well turned and marked with fine transverse 
Avrinkles. The nose is short and may be pink in color, but a 
darker shade is preferable. The neck is short but full and gains 
character from the heavy folds of skin which adorn both males 
and females. The shoulders should be very wide over the tops, 
the body long, ribs deep and well sprung. The legs are short, 
the hocks incline to be cat-hammed. Folds of skin are gathered 
round the base of the tail which, from their disposition, are 
called the rose. The wool must grow over the whole body down 
to the claws, and wool fibres are often seen growing out of the 
clefts of the hoof. 



Cbc RatnbouiUct^ 

The origin of the French Merino dates back to 1721, when 
some ewes were imported from Spain into France. This impor- 
tation was followed by another about 1750, and in 1776 M. Tru- 
daine, the French Minister, imported another flock. In 1785 
Louis XVI., King of France, who owned an estate called Ram- 
bouillet, established there an experimental farm and obtained 
permission to purchase' and export from Spain a flock of pure- 
bred Merinos, which he placed on this estate. This importation 
was made from the fines); flocks of Spain, being selected from the 
flocks known as the Serales, Paular, Xegretti, Escurial, Alcola, 
San Juan, Portaga Iranda and Salezar. Of this importation 360 
head, composed of forty-one rams, 318 ewes and seven wethers, 
arrived safely at Rambouillet, although thirty-five of the ewes 
and gixtv lambs succumbed to foot-rot soon after their arrival. 



?^ 
3 

— s, 



is'' 

■OH 
O 3 

c •* 

j; ai 3, 



=?'o 



-t'^M 




/ 
\ 



JfA 



IS 



S 



2,2 

3aa' 



« -.hi.'i . J. 



68 THE EAMBOUILLET' 

The Ramboiullet flock, after surviving many vicissitudes 
during the French Revolution and subsequent reconstruction 
period, was the subject of close attention and care on the part of 
the French authorities, an exact record being kept and every 
means taken to insure its well-being. About 1534 several of the 
English mutton breeds were imported into France. The cross 
of those on Merinos being favorably thought of by the French 
agriculturists induced the management of the Rambouillet flock 
to increase the size of their sheep, the increase being obtained 
solely by selection and feeding, thus maintaining the purity of 
the breed. In 1850, continuing these methods, the Ram- 
bouillets had become large in carcass, but less robust in constitu- 
tion, accompanied also with a diminution of the fleece. To over- 
come the last two defects a return to original conditions became 
necessary, the Negretti type becoming the favorite, till in 1867, 
the flock improved in regard to the production of wool, and be- 
came able to support itself exclusively on pasture, and endure 
the hardships incidental to weather changes and dry seasons, for 
which the high feeding and long continued pampering had 
.almost ruined it. . 

The first importation of Rambouillets to the United States 
was made by D. C. Collins of Hartford, Conn., in 1840, who 
succeeded in obtaining two rams and twenty ewes. Later, in 
1846, a Mr. John A. Taintor secured two rams and seven ewes 
from the Gilbert flock; these were also brought to Connecticut, 
subsequently being purchased by A. L. Bingham of Cornwall, 
Yt. These first importations did not prove popular, however, 
and it was not till some years later that this particular class of 
Merino found favor among the fiock-owners of this country. 

The Rambouillet Association was organized in March, 1890, 
the list of members and number of animals recorded increasing 
year by year. 



THE DELAINE MEEIXO. 69 

Delaine JMerino. 

Is supposed to have sprung from an importation of In- 
fantados, imported about 1810 by R. W. Meade, part of which 
in 1820 or 1821 passed into the hands of a Mr. Alexander Reed. 
Later several parties purchased sheep from Mr. Reed, and these 
then became the base for that particular type called the Delaine. 

These were a small sheep originally, but by good feeding 
and careful selection they soon developed into large-framed, 
black-topped sheep, with an abundant fleece. 

The mating of the Dickinson Merino with the Meade sheep 
appears to have been the origin of the new Delaine, and while 
no one or two individuals can claim to have been the ancestor of 
this particular class, as the breeders made selection from all the 
best Merino flocks which had been imported from Spain, there 
appears to be no doubt that to the Meade or Dickinson stock the 
chief credit is due. 

In 1882 an association was formed to record all such ani- 
mals as were eligible to registry in the Register of the Associa- 
tion, only sheep designated as belonging to the Victor-Beale De- 
laine Merino were to be admitted to registration. 

]\rature rams should weigh not less than 150 pounds and the 
ewes not less than 100 pounds. 

Scale of points as given by the Delaine Merino Sheep 
Breeders Association is as follows: 

Constitution 10 points 

Heavy round the heart 6 points 

Short heavy neck 6 points 

Good dewlap 5 points 

Broad back 8 points 

Well sprung ribs 5 points 

Short legs 6 points 



70 THE CHEVIOT. 

Heavy bone 8 points 

Small, sharp foot 10 points 

Length of staple, one year's growth three inches. ... 8 points 

Density of fleece 8 points 

Darkish coat on top 5 points 

Opening up white 5 points 

Good flow of white oil 5 points 

Good crimp in staple 5 points 

Perfection 100 points 



JMountain Breeds. 



Of these breeds we shall only take special notice of two, 
viz., the Cheviot and the Herdwick, — the first named breed 
claiming more particnlar notice, importations of them having 
been freely made to the United States. The Herdwick can be 
taken as a type of other, monntain breeds, of which there are 
c[nite a number, dift'ering only one from the other in name, 
possessing, all more or less, the same general characteristics. 



Che Cheviot, 

Takes its name from the hills which it has grazed over for a 
period of centuries. They are a hardy sheep, fitted to thrive on 
scanty pastures, and contend with the climatic changes so 
prevalent in their native hills. Beyond a donbt their present 
existence has largely been due to the law of "survival of the 
fittest," they being the one breed out of many others which fre- 
quented the same district which withstood the test of time, not 
only having held their own, but spreading out, obtaining foot- 
hold in manv localities other than their native hills. 



72 THE HEEDWICK. 

They are a white-faced, hornless sheep, carrying a fine, short 
fleece. Like the majority of mountain sheep, they are liable to 
be light in the fore-quarter. 

Their designation as Cheviots appears to have been given 
them in 1792 by Sir John Sinclair. They were termed long 
sheep (meaning length of body) in contradistinction to the black- 
faced or short sheep — a breed more especially to be met with in 
the North of Scotland, the stronghold of the Cheviot being in 
the South. The first improvement of the original stock appears 
to have been about 1755 or 1756, by the judicious admixture of 
Lincoln blood; they have also been greatly benefited, as have 
many other of the prominent breeds of to-day, by crossing 
with the improved Leicester However, experience has proven 
that to maintain the characteristic hardiness of the race, it is 
necessary to breed them pure. As a mountain sheep they are 
unexcelled, and should prove valuable to withstand the hard- 
ships of the Western mountain ranges. 



Che Rerdwich* 

Is a native of the Xorth of England Lake Region, grazing over 
the beautiful mountain districts of Westmoreland and Cumber- 
land. It has become famous throughout the North of England 
more on account of the delicate flavor of its mutton th^n for its 
wool-growing qualities. 

Tradition places the origin of this breed at the time of the 
defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, stating that a Spanish 
vessel, in trying to escape, ran aground on the coast of Cumber- 
land, and that "forty small sheep managed to save themselves 
from the wreck, swimming ashore at Drigg, and were claimed as 
jetsam and flotsam by the lord of the manor." Eor the last 300 
years they have held their own in the district, being peculiarly 
adapted to their mountain ranges. 



THE HERDVVICK. 73 

In general appearance the Herdvvick is a small sheep, carry- 
ing a heavy fleece, which is disposed to be heavy on the top of 
the shoulder; the wool grows well down to the knees and hocks, 
the poll and belly being well covered. The head is broad, nose 
Roman, the nostrils are wide, jaws deep; the eyes are prominent 
and lively; the ears are fine and white. The faces and legs of 
lambs when first dropped are black, a few white hairs, however, 
being visible at the tips of the ears, and also in some cases round 
the feet. The white hairs gradually increase till at three year? 
of age the white predominate, some being perfectly white, others 
a steelish grey. 

The rams generally are horned, the horns starting well at 
the back of the head, and curled. The hoofs should be white. 

There are no records to show that any of this breed have 
been imported to America, and it is doubtful whether they 
would prove a useful addition to the stock of the country, being 
small in size, and carrying a poor quality of wool. Their only 
recommendation is their inherent hardy constitution to overcome 
the above mentioned disadvantages. 




famous Xmportcd Collie, Cleveland perfection, sired by South- 

jsort perfection. Xmported and owned bjp Robert 

S. OXest, Cleveland, Ohio. 



CHAPTER III. 



Cbc CClool Industry. 

The manufacture of woolen goods dates back to Bible his- 
tory. As stated in the introductory chapter of this work, the 
Romans introduced the arts of weaving and spinning wool and 
established a factory for the same at Winchester, England, soon 
after their conquest of that country. Under the Saxon mon- 
archy following the Roman exodus from Britain, we find that 
wool spinning became universally followed in all households, 
and so high was the art esteemed that princesses and noble ladies 
'learned to spin, and from the habit being universally followed 
by the female members of the families the word spinster for un- 
married ladies has been handed down to the present time. In 
the time of the Wars of the Crusades, and even later, we find 
that wool reprsented the national wealth, frequently being used 
to supplement the limited coinage of those times. It was ac- 
cepted in payment of ransoms and as collateral security for the 
sinews of war. Later Holland excelled all other countries in the 
manufacture of woolen goods up to the time of its conquest by 
Spain, Then the industry suffered from the tyrannical imposts 
of the governing power, which finally drove the artizans to seek 
other lands. England afforded many of these exiles protection, 
and to this source is directly traceable her superiority in the art 
of woolen manufactures, which to a certain extent she retains 
up to the present day. 

Wool, unlike hair, grows in a spiral form, is softer and more 
pliable, due to a fatty secretion issuing from the glands situated 
in the cutis vera or true skin, which supplies the yolk of the 



76 THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 

fleece, preventing injury to the wool fibres from cotting or felt- 
ing from the constant friction while upon the sheep's back. 

Wool resembles hair, in that each filament is a minute tube 
filled with pulp, covered externally by a scaly covering formed 
by flat cells, the edges of which over-lapping each other, give the 
filament a serrated appearance when examined under a 
high magnifying power, to which also the wool owes its felting 
properties and its adaptation for clothing purposes. The felting 
property and other qualities of different wools have long been 
known by practical experience, but that felting was due to the 
serrated edges of the individual wool filaments is a comparatively 
recent discovery which was made in 1795 by a Mr. Monge in 
France, and later, but independently, by a Mr. Youatt in Eng- 
land. Different wools were found to possess a greater or a less 
number of serrations to the inch in length, the felting property 
depending on the increase or decrease of the serrations. It was" 
found that in Merino wool (Saxony) the serrations ran as high as 
2,700 to the inch, in the English SouthdoM'n 2,050, and in the 
Leicester 1,850. 

Fine wool, possessing a greater number of serrations and 
growing in a spiral form, being superior in its felting properties 
to the coarser goods. 

Wool when it is to be manufactured first undergoes the pro- 
cess termed carding. The card is an instrument which breaks 
the wool, dividing it i^to a multitude of fragments, which from 
its spiral form are left in a curved state. When pressure and 
moisture are applied the serrated and curved filaments intertwine 
and lock together. This is termed felting. After wool is 
carded it is spun and woven into cloth, being oiled during this 
process. Following this it is treated with Fuller's earth to ex- 
tract the oil, the moisture and pressure which are now applied 
calling out its felting properties and giving the cloth a close and 
dense appearance. 



THE \YOOL INDUSTKY. 77 

"Wool for worsteds is treated very differently. Instead of 
being carded, it is combed. This consists in combing it out 
smooth and then spinning it, giving it a looser appearance, thus 
accounting for the more open texture which carpets possess as 
compared to cloth or carded goods. Eaw wool passes through 
eleven different stages before the manufacture is completed, viz: 
Sorting, washing, drying, plucking, combing, breaking, drawing,, 
roving, spinning, reeling and weaving. 

Wool is generally classed as long or short, being graded as 
superfine, fine, medium and coarse. The same fleece will be- 
made up of wool of the various degrees of fineness, it being the 
business of the wool stapler or sorter to separate these various 
qualities and prepare them for manufacture. The fleece is un- 
rolled; the wool sorter then selects the fine locks from the coarse; 
the finest wool is selected from the neck, shoulders and sides; 
the next best from the upper part of the legs and thighs, extend- 
ing to the haunch and tail; the inferior wool being distributed on 
the upper part of the neck, throat, belly, breast and part of the 
legs. The stapler then divides the finest wool into ten lots,. 
classed according to the degree of fineness, commencing with the 
pick lock, then the prime, the choice, the super, the head, the 
downrights, the seconds, the abb, the liA^er, and lastly the breech 
wool. These are the divisions which are found to exist in a 
single fleece. On the sheep's back the following points are 
taken into consideration : 

1. Strength of fibre. 

2. Fineness. 

3. Curl. 

4. Thickness. 

5. Closure of the fleece. 



78 THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 

1. THE STKEXGTH OF FIBRE. This is indicated by 
the amount of yolk in the fleece. AVhen this is small in quan- 
tity the fil)re becomes dry and brittle in character. 

2. FIXEXESS. The wool shonld be fine in quality all 
over the carcass, the diameter of the filaments jooo fo j^gg of an 
inch in thickness. 

3. CURL. This is the waved appearance of the wool 
fibi'es. These waves should be uniform and numerous through- 
out the length of the fibre. 

4. TlIICTvXESS. This means the closeness of the fibres 
upon the skin, which varies according to the breed, those of the 
pure-bred ]\rerino being as many as 48,000 to the square inch of 
skin surface. 

5. CLOSURE OF FLEECE. This is important. A 
well-closed fleece renders the wool impervious to dust and dirt, 
which would be injurious to the quality of the staple. The clos- 
ure^ is formed by the matting together of the free ends of the 
wool fibres through the viscid properties of the yolk. This 
gummy substance gathers the dust, which forms a black coating 
to the fleece, making a crusty covering, which when lightly 
pressed upon feels elastic to the touch. The bad qualities of a 
fleece mav be enumerated as follows: 



1. 


Stripy or watery wooL 


o 


Toppiness. 


o 
O. 


Fclty wool. 


4. 


Llemp. 


5. 


Cloudy wool. 


r,. 


Broad-topped wool. 


>- 


Break. 



1 . STRIPY OR AV ATER Y WOOL is generally found in 
or near the shoulder, where the best wool should be. This wool 



THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 79 

is called stripy on account of the straiglitness of the fibres, the 
natural waves or curves being absent, when pressed between the 
fingers it appears lifeless; devoid of elasticity; more like cotton 
than wool. This staple is only fit for very inferior goods, and 
sheep with this defect should not be bred from. 

2. TOPPIXESS. This is where the tops of the wool 
fibres do not join together evenly to effect a perfect closure of the 
fleece. This defect frequently causes a matting together of the 
ends of the points of the wool, making when the wool is worked, 
a quantity of noils, causing waste. This may be due to uneven 
growth in the early life of the lamb, in which case, after the first 
shearing, it will not be liable to recur. "When present in old 
sheep it indicates a defect in the animal's breeding. 

3. FELTY AVOOL. This is caused by an absence of 
yolk in the wool, which allows the wool fibres to felt on the 
sheep's back. It may be due to exposure to wet weather long 
continued or more frequently to a low condition from poor feed, 
or chronic ill health. Sheep possessing felty wool as a constitu- 
tional defect should not be bred from. 

4. HEMP consists of hairs interspersed among the wool 
fibres. It may be detected on the face and forearm, and in rams 
on the scrotum. "Whenever it is found in these localities it will 
be present throughout the whole fleece. These hairs being 
white and not taking the dye, injure the fleece for the manu- 
facture of dress goods and fine cloih to such an extent that a 
fleece so affected is reduced by value one-half. Sheep with this 
defect should be sold to the butcher, as they are worthless for 
breeding for wool, the defect being hereditary. 

5. CLOUDY "WOOL is a condition where the fibres ad- 
here together from the skin to the points of the wool, but not to 
such an extent as to be termed felty. A flossiness is apparent at 
the bottom of the staple which, in combing, is removed, while in 



'SO THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 

carding wools this is not so objectionable; in combing wools the 
£oss is thrown out, and becomes waste. This defect is also 
hereditary. Sheep so affected should not be bred from. 

6. BROAD-TOPPED WOOL is a very serious defect. 
It consists of an interlacing of the fibres, which are split, the 
top appearing even; but the surface is divided into broad masses, 
or, as they are commonly termed, "tops," and on endeavoring to 
part the wool, it will be found felted together, tearing apart with 
difficulty. Broad-topped wool is dead, deficient in yolk, break- 
ing off in the process of manufacture, causing a very great loss of 
material. This affection is also hereditary, and should preclude 
the animal from breeding. 

7. BREAK m WOOL renders the fleece worthless 
as far as combing is concerned, and no matter how fine the staple 
may be as regards quality it can only be used to manufacture 
the class of goods which are made from inferior wool. A 
breachy staple when stretched out for examination will be found 
to part with great ease down the middle or in some other part, 
.showing a weak place in the wool. On examining the fibres 
microscopically at this spot they will be found of a dead, stripy 
appearance. This defect being present in the staple, makes it 
impossible to sort, and causes the entire fleece to be classed as in- 
ferior in quality. This is a common defect, and is generally due 
to mismanagement in feeding or exposure or any other cause 
affecting the condition or health of the sheep. The weak spot 
in the fibre is carried forward as the wool grows. If the cause 
is removed, however, the wool may regain its normal condition. 
To avoid this trouble the flock should be fed and watered regu- 
larly, and shielded from undue exposure, as a check for a short 
time is a frequent cause of this serious trouble. 

Another cause, and the most general one for break in the 
wool, is the use of caustic solutions in sheep dips, especially the 



THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 81 

lime and sulphur preparation. It is a fact that the majority of 
the wool clip from the Western States, namely, Colorado, Xew 
Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming and Utah, is seriously depreciated 
in value from the fleece containing this defect, and it has been 
argued more particularly at Farmers' Society meetings in the 
East by certain local authorities that it was due to the alkali dust 
robbing the fleece of its natural yolk. This idea is erroneous, 
however, a properly topped fleece containing the normal amount 
of yolk will not permit the entry of foreign substances, whether 
it be dirt, sand or alkali dust ; but the mere fact of dipping sheep 
in the solution above mentioned, which robs it of its power of 
self-protection, is almost wholly responsible for this defect in 
Western fleeces. This is easily shown. Sheepmen who use 
standard preparations Avhich contain mineral or vegetable oils 
and which do not exert caustic properties on the wool fibres, do 
not experience this difficulty in the fleece. 

Mr. H. W. Smart of Ogden, Utah, who runs between 
50,000 and 55,000 sheep on the range annually, in talking to the 
writer on the subject of dips made this statement: "We have 
had to fight the scab year after year, and have used lime and sul- 
phur because it was cheap. There is no doubt that it is in- 
jurious to the sheep, causing break in the wool, besides exerting 
a cauterising effect of the skin, and we are continually experi- 
menting with and are on the lookout for something to take its 
place which will not be too expensive." If Mr. Smart was to 
take into consideration the amount of money which he loses an- 
nually from this defect in his wool clip from the use of the above 
named solution, he could well afford to use some preparations 
which are known to be effective, and which do not cause this de- 
fect in the fleece, even though it cost him five cents per head to 
dip his sheep. 

While the production of wool in the United States has stead- 
ily increased from year to year, the supply has never been suffi- 



82 THE WOOL IXDUSTliY. 

cient for the home demand. We find in 1850 there were, all 
told, 21,723,220 head of sheep in the United States, according 
to statistics of the Agricultural Department. In January, 1897, 
the total number amounted to 36,818,643 — an increase since 
1850 of 15,095,423. But when the corresponding increase in 
the population of the country is taken into account, we find that 
the sheep supply falls far short of keeping pace with the growth 
of the population. 

On next page we print a table showing the amount of wool 
imports into the United States from 1893 to 1898, inclusive, as 
compared with 1838. 

The exportation of wool from this country being of such 
small amount it is only necessary to state that the total exporta- 
tion for the year ending June 30, 1896, amounts to only 855,950 
pounds. Tlie above figures being correct, it becomes apparent 
that so far as wool is concerned, there is no probability for some 
years to come to fear an over-production. The sheep industry 
is steadily on the rise, with prospects of higher prices for wool, 
and an increasina vearlv demand for feeders. 







O 


cd 


td 


H 


3: 


'^, 


-1 


—, 


> 


r; 


-H 


-3 


a: 


- 


■r 


^ 








■i 


■n 




-t 


^ 


-I 


T 


1 


u 


3 


= n re 


T 


X 


r. 


o 

E 


3" 

n 

o 

c 


r 
> 


5' 

> 
r 


-I 

fii 

5' 


3" 


= ' 


e 

3 
U 


-• W 

^ 2 

5' 


i. ^' i" 
s- p- >? 

5 5- 


^ i S ^. 

S' ^ s = 


o 
% 

2 » 

O Ti 






3 


■n 


> 












:£ 


W 














•n 




>i 


^ 












3. 


c 










V X 






5' 

en 




o' 


3 

a. 












3 -5 










n. 

a 












































































n 






































a 




































o 
d 


,_, 


































z 


tU 





































00 


i^ 


-^ 


:;! 


-i 




-^ 


— 


- 


— 


— ' 


'i 


c 


•^ 




t- 




en 


3 


lo 




^ 






X 


•a 








^ 


<u 














ti 


j^ 


:j' 


o 




X 








M 










^ 




o 


o 


.^ 


^ 


*.^ 




iJ 








^i 




X 


o 




o 


9R 




































o» 


£2 




M 


X 


2 " 


^ 




o 


M 


c 








X 






vO 


o> 






o 


^ 




^T 


T: 












o 




?^ 




1.J 


to 












-I 








"■ 




c 








X 






































•fl 




































o 




































d 


t-t 


































•z 


JO 


ja. 


ro 


o 


~t 




5 




- 


;^ 


- 


2 


^ 


5 


- 


X 





en 


rfk- 








^ 




M 


31 


31 


X 






S2 


X 


^ 








s^ 


to 


J5 


--T 






Jl 




£. 


t. o o 


a (X 


c 






03 




£^ 


31 


35 




J5 





u 






^ 


X 






» 








































00 


GO 




s 


O'bl CO 00. O GC CC QC 


^ 


31 


c 


_n 


s; 


X 


o 








J! 


^ 


O 


^ 


X 




^ o 


5 


J; oi 




s 


w 


CX> 




-n 







-1 


j: 


3 






X 






y. o 




-o 






































't 









































































d 




































Z 


Ol 



































5" 




"-' 


£k 


^ 




3 




-* 


X 


H-* 


— ' 


^ 










*. 


■o 


£ 








J 




.= CI "in 




tc 


^ 






S 


z^ 


■o 








» 




-- (56 O 5. 






£> 


31 






-^ 


o 


"• 


^1 


— 


^i 


3> 


-1 


X 


..O lO Ol 


^ i/T Ol ^ 


O 




^ 


c;» 


SS 


-I 


^ 




=> 


O 


-I 


- Ol 31 W 








<l 




5 


?; 


Ci 


£:k 


o 


o 


^ 


31 


g 


i 31 Is3 iS 


c b 


X 


ji 




4^ 


o» 




o 


3i 




^ 








-J 


X 




X 


-I CD 


£.. 


X 


























• 












o 
d 


IZ 


































!Z 


o 





































05 


Ol 


JO 


h5 


-J 


» 


O 


>3 


O 


^ O 


X 


X 


^ 


o 




^ 


03 


S 


"4 


£ 


o 


» 


DC 








^ CD 




X 


Lo 


I& 


K 




W 


Oi 




J5 


j^ 




-J 












X 




^ 


^ 








































<£> 


rf^ 


ND 


» 


» 


N3 


£- 


X 


^ 


X 


-* Ol 


^ 


o "w 




^ 


o 






Ji 




-J 


M 








-n <I o; 




X 




c 


s 


tJl 


cr. 




J3 




*J 





X 






£> 


X 




" 




" 


31 




























. 












►13 




































O 




































d 




































Z 


o 


K^ 


DO 


3 


J" 




^ 


■X 


.5 


j 


^ p 


wl 


_., 




r^ 


J 


a 






































o 


^I 


O 


.J 


£k 




..n 






-1 


— CD 






D 


,; 


c 






N3 


J,' 


X 




_g 






^ 




31 S 








-3 








Ol 




3» 


j3 


M 




» 




i. 


Cl 








J 


5 




^I 


s 


.£k. 


i 


31 

2 


J§ 




i 




» 


-I 


g 


3? 


p 


1^ 


g 


M 


S 






o 








M 






3> 






.D 




X 






s 





> 

H 
w 

W 
o 

l-l 
lO 

P 

GC! 
<!0 

2" 

?32 



da 

H 

°2 
■ D 

tn 

K 
CO 

o 

d 

•5 





(C 




3 




P 


0^ 












5^ 


■-1 


00 




S 


< 










ii 


3 

n 






S 





lo 





lO 




n 


Ol 


t> 


o 












jo 


M 


05 




IS 


<J 


Ot 


P 












(5 






ti 





00 I 

o '1 

CCi| ^ 

> 

B 

o 

oo; J5 

o 
o 
c 



00 2 

o 
H 

a 

B 

!'^ 

00 w 

" > 

B 

B 
50 
O 



M 


lO 

c 




>- 


p 




^I 






•-0 












Kj 


";1 


M 


hi 


'*, 












on 


Ol 


<1 

P 




oi 


c 
ft 
















IC 







i_i B 



CHAPTER IV. 



f^ecding and fattening. 

It is only of recent years tliat the industry of feeding sheep 
in this country for the liome and export trade has assumed large 
proportions. Formerly the sheep were valued more for the wool 
they produced than their mutton qualities, but as wool depreci- 
ated in value and the people at large became educated to the 
value of mutton as an article of diet, chiefly through the crossing 
of valuable foreign mutton breeds on the native stock, the matter 
of feeding sheep to meet the demand claimed the attention of 
the flock-owners, until at the present time sheep feeding has be- 
come of almost as much importance as wool growing. It is our 
aim here to show the various methods in feeding adopted in 
different parts of the country, which, necessarily, have to vary 
to suit different localities and conditions. Naturally the atten- 
tion of feeders is called to consider what particular breed has 
the most aptitude to make flesh and fat, also wdiat particular 
class will fetch the highest price on the market he is feeding for. 
For instance, a feeder expecting to supply the export trade will 
feed onlv such animals that have a laro-e carcass, the demand 
abroad being for large mutton, while that which brings the top 
price at home is the medium size to small of frame when prime. 

Again the majority of feeders in this country are not breed- 
ers, but rely chiefly on the supply from the AVestern States and 
territories for their stock to feed. That being the case, it re- 
mains to be seen what is considered the best class of sheep to 
feed. 

Of late years the common lambs from Xew Mexico and 
Southern Colorado have sprung much into favor, their points of 



FEEDING AND FATTENING. 85 

advantage being their ability to fatten quickly, adapt themselves 
to different climates, and being small in carcass, rarely weighing 
over ninety-five pounds when prime, they fetch the top market 
price, being eagerly bought by the butcher on account of the 
small amount of waste in killing, white fat and finely flavored 
mutton. 

These sheep are generally bought by a commission buyer, 
who distributes them around to his customers. As soon as they 
arrive at the feeding pens they are given all the hay (alfalfa if 
obtainable) they will eat. Then after the first week they are 
put on ration of oats, commencing with a small quantity, which 
is gradually increased imtil at the end of the fourth week they 
are eating about a pound per day to the head. Corn then is 
gradually introduced with the oats, the feed of oats being cut 
down a» the corn is substituted until the sheep are on corn only, 
eating about one-half pound a head per day at the end of the 
sixth week. From now on the corn is slowly increased till full 
feed is reached, which means just what they will clean up with- 
out leaving any in the feeding trough?. It is a good plan once 
a week, every Saturday for instance, to substitute oats for the 
corn. The sheep will be found to relish the change and come 
back to their corn next day with a renewed desire for it. 

Eock salt should be kept in the pens at all times. They 
should be watered twice a day, excepting in very cold weather, 
when once will be sufficient. This should always be prior to 
feeding. The feeding should be done at regular hours. For 
instance, if a pen is fed at 4 o'clock P. M. one day, it should be 
fed at the same time or as near that time as possible every day. 
Regularitv in feedino- will be found vcrv essential to success. 
This is the general method of feeding Mexican lambs in the 
Western States, where no sheds are required, where the air is 
dry and climate uniform. During the last year a number of 
Mexican lambs have been imported into the Eastern States to 



86 FEEDING AND FATTENING. 

feed, especially in Ohio and ^lichigan and even as far East as 
New York, and it is a qnestion whether the same success will 
crown the efforts of the Eastern feeders, the climate being 
diametrically opposite to that of the Western States, sheds being 
a necessity and higher priced feed having to be taken into con- 
sideration. 

On the feeding of Sheep in General. 

A certain amount of food is required to enable an animal to 
live and remain in health. This is termed the necessary ration 
■of food. Should this be diminished the animal will fail in 
flesh, and in time die; vice versa, if more than the necessary 
ration be fed than is requisite to repair the natural waste of the 
animal body it will gain flesh, or give an increase, if a female, in 
the milk supply or wool. 

A full-grown sheep takes 3 1-3 per cent, of its weight in 
hay per day to keep in ordinary condition. Growing animals 
should be given all they will eat readily. Quietude and warmth 
greatly facilitate the process of fattening; that this is a fact is 
easily shown. Motion increases waste of tissue, causing an in- 
creased respiration to supply the extra amount of oxygen needed; 
the excess of oxygen requires an increased amount of carbon, 
which is virtually wasted, whereas it should be expended in pro- 
ducing fat. Cold operates in a like manner, an extra supply of 
oxygen and carbon being required to produce extra combustion 
to restore the loss in temperature. Among herbivorous animals, 
to which class of course the sheep belong, the carbon required 
for the warmth of the system and respiratory process is in 
greater part supplied by the food the animal consumes, while in 
carnivorous or meat-eating animals it is chiefly supplied from 
the waste of the tissues of the animal economy. With carniv- 
ora, the whole of the food consumed can be converted into flesh, 
while with herbivora, only a portion is capable of being assim- 



FEEDING AND FATTENING. 8T 

ilated. A simple analysis of the blood and flesh can be esti- 
mated as follows: I'or simplicity, we will take 10,000 parts 
instead of 100, which will avoid the use of decimals, making it 
more intelligible to the general reader. 

In 10.000 parts of flesh and blood we find: 

Carbon 5.182 5.195 

Hydrogen 757 717 

Nitrogen 1.501 1.507 

Oxvgen 2.137 2.139 

Ash 423 442 

10.000 10.000 

It will be apparent by comparing these figures that but a 
slight difference between the two exists, and that the proportion 
of carbon and nitrogen in both is practically the same. These 
are the proportions in which these two elements unite in the 
tissues of the body. 

Xitrogen always will be found in the elements composing 
muscle structure, commonly called flesh. Any food devoid of 
nitrogen being valuless in nutritious properties. The difference 
between flesh and fat can be said to consist in the absence of 
nitrogen in the latter. 

An analysis of mutton fat, taking 10.000 parts again, can 
be estimated as follows: 

Carbon 7.900 

Hvdrogen 1.170 

Oxygen 930 

10.000 
So it will be apparent that articles of food, such as oil, but- 
ter, starch, sugar, etc., which are devoid of nitrogen, while they 
increase the development of fat, fail entirely to nourish the 
tissues, and so would in time fail to support life. 



88 FEEDING AND FATTENING. 

Before giving a table of feeding stuffs, it will be as well to 
briefly explain the terms used. For instance, our analysis of the 
blood and tissues was found to contain carbon, hydrogen, nitro- 
gen, oxygen and ash, and the value of a foodstuff will depend on 
the proportion of the above elements which it may contain. 
The oxygen and hydrogen will be taken into the animal body in 
the form of water. AVater (all feeding-stuffs contain water), 
the amount varying from eight to fifteen pounds per 100 pounds 
of dry materials such as hay, straw, or grain to sixty to eighty 
pounds in ensilage, and ninety pounds in such roots as turnips, 
etc. 

Materials containing nitrogen are classed as 

Protein. These furnish materials for the creation of 
muscle-fibre, blood, skin, tendons, nerves, hair, horn, wool and 
the constituents of milk, known as casein and albumen, thus 
conclusively showing that protein is one of the most important 
constituents of feeding-stuffs. 

Ash is the residue from the combustible part of any feed- 
ing-stuff, and is found chiefly to consist of potash, soda, iron, 
lime, magnesia, chlorine and carbonic, sulphuric and phosphoric 
acids. It is largely responsible for the formation and building 
up of the bones of the body, the excess of ash being voided in the 
manure. 

Carbo-hydrates are free from nitrogen and are classed un- 
der the head of nitrogen-free, extract. They include fat pro- 
ducers, such as starch, sugar, gums, oils, etc., and form an im- 
portant part of all feeding stuffs. Carbo-hydrates form the 
larger part of all vegetable foods. They are either stored up as 
fat or consumed in the body to produce heat ^nd energy. 

A certain quantity of food being required to repair the 
waste of the animal economy, as has been stated heretofore, is 
termed the necessarv ration. An excess of this ration means a 



FEEDING AND FATTENING. 



so- 



corresponding gain in flesh, or fat, milk or wool, etc., while a 
diminution would mean a wasting or starving of the constituent 
parts of the body and finally death. In trying to ascertain the 
food-requirements of the sheep we cannot do better than print 
Wolff's tables for the same: 

per Day and per T>eacL 



Growing 

Sheep. 

Age. 


Average 
Live 

Weight 
per Head, 
Pounds. 


Digestible Food Materials. 


Total Or- 
ganic Matter 
Pounds. 




Carbo- y . 
P,„teio. «Sf P-"^«. 


Fuel Value, 
Calorics. 


5 to 6 mo. 
6-8 " 
8 "11 " 
11" 15" 
15 " 20" 


56 
67 
75 

82 
85 


.18 
.17 
.16 
.14 
.12 


.87 
.85 
.85 
.89 
.88 


.045 
.040 
.037 
.032 
.025 


1.6 
1.7 
1.7 

1.8 
1.9 


2143 
2066 
2035 
2067 
1966 



By calculating the daily ration of the sheep, assuming that the 
food consists of clover, hay, corn-silage, wheat bran, whole corn, 
barley or oats. 

We find that the Wolff standard for growing sheep between 
the ages of six to eight months calls for protein .17, carbo- 
hydrates .85 of lb. and ,040 of a pound or 40-1000 of a pound 
of fat, which would produce 2,066 calories of heat. 

In 100 lbs. of clover hay, corn-silage, wheat bran, whole 
corn, barley and oats, etc., the following proportion of dry mat- 
ter and digestible food ingredients will be found: 



Food Stuff 



Dry 
Matter 



Protein 



Carbo 
Hydrates 



Red clover 84.7 

Corn-silage 20.9 

Alfalfa ! 91.6 

Corn grains \ 89.1 

Barley , 89.1 

89.0 
88.5 
9.5 
11.4 
90.8 



Oats 

Wheat bran... 

Turnips 

lluta-bagas... 
Linseed meal. 



6.58 
0.56 

10.58 
7.92 
8.69 
9.25 

12.01 
.81 
.88 

28.76 



35.35 
11.79 
37.33 
66.69 
64.83 
48.34 
41.23 
6.46 
7.74 
32.81 



Fat 



1.66 
0.65 
1.38 
4.28 
1.60 
4.18 
2.87 
.11 
.11 
7.03 



Fuel 
Value. 



84.995 

25,714 

94,936 

156,836 

143,490 

124,757 

111,138 

13.986 

16,497 

144,313 



■90 



FEEDING AND FATTENING. 



The foregoing table gives an analysis of the food values per 
100 lbs. of the common stuffs used for fattening sheep in this 
conntrj. The method to obtain the necessary ration of corn and 
hay or alfalfa, oats, corn and linseed meal or any other mixture 
to compare with AVolff's table is as follows: 

for eight to eleven jvionths old Lamb, Cbrce JNIontbs feeding. 



Eation. 


Total 

Dry 

Matter. 


Digestible 
Portein. 

.317 
.039 
.020 
.071 


Digestible 
Carbon- 
Hydrates. 

1.110 
.333 
.120 
.032 


Digestible 
Fat. 


Fuel 
Value. 


3 lbs. alfalfa hay... 
1-2 lb. corn 


2.7480 
.4405 
.2225 
.2270 


.041 
.021 
.0104 
.017 


2848.08 
784 18 


1-4 lb. oats 

l-41b. linseed meal. 


311.11 
360.77 


Total 

Wolff standard, 


3.680 
1.7 


.447 
.16 


1.595 .0894 
.85 .037 


4304.14 
2035. 



The above ration is not given as a correct ration, but as a 
comparison in food values, as taken with Wolff's feeding stand- 
ard. It will be readily seen that there is an excess in total of 
dry matter of almost two-thirds, an excess of proteids of nearly 
the same amount, .an excess of carbo-hydrates by one-half, a 
practical similarity in digestible fats, and twice the amount of 
fuel value. Taking Wolff's standard as correct, the ration 
should be changed by reducing the amount of alfalfa hay, and 
corn till the amount of digestible proteids and carbo-hydrates 
compare as near as possible with the standard. It is, however, 
impossible to give any exact ration which would be suitable to 
any and all feeding sheep or lambs. The amount consumed 
is governed by the individual idiosyncrasy of the animal, the 
main point in feeding all animals being regularity as regards 
time for feeding grain, giving just what the sheep can clean up 
readily, dry quarters, and quietude. 

The value of a feeding table is that it shows intelligent 
feeders the relative difference between certain foodstuffs as fat 



FEEDING AND FATTENING. 9r 

and flesli producers, enabling them to intelligently increase the 
feed as needed, so as to ensure desired results. 

food and Increase. 

Sheep fattening on corn with good hay, or alfalfa, com- 
bined with some roots or other succulent food, will consume on 
an average of fifteen pounds of the dry substance of the mixed 
food per 100 pounds of the live weight per week, and should 
yield over a considerable period of time one part of increase in 
live weight for about nine parts of the dry substance of their 
food. The food being of extra good quality, sheep may give a 
maximum amount of increase for a given amount of total dry 
substance of food, provided the latter contain as much as five 
parts of total non-nitrogenous to one of the nitrogenous com- 
pounds. Cereals contain on an average rather more than six 
parts of total non-nitrogenous to one of nitrogenous compounds 
— the leguminous seeds, such as peas and beans, often not more 
than two parts to one. 

Oil meal and corn contain rather more than six-sevenths of 
their weight of dry substance. Turnips and ruta-bagas contain 
from one-twelfth to one-ninth, and potatoes about one-fourth of 
their weight of dry substance. With as much as five or six parts 
of total non-nitrogenous to one of nitrogenous compounds in the 
dry substance of the fattening food for sheep the increase will 
probably be very fat. In the earlier stages of feeding it is de- 
sirable to have a lower proportion of total non-nitrogenous to 
nitrogenous compounds. 

Che proportion of parts. 

Tn proportion to their weight, sheep yield rather more in- 
ternal loose fat than oxen. In relation to their weight oxen 
contain considerably more of stomachs and contents than sheep. 
Oxen and sheep are proportionately equal in the other internal 



•92 FEEDING AND FATTENING. 

organs, sucli as the heart, aorta, lungs, windpipe, liver, gall- 
bladder and contents; they also are proportionately equal so far 
as blood is concerned. 

As sheep mature and fatten, the internal offal parts increase 
in actual weight, but decrease in proportion to the weight of the 
animal. The loose fat alone of the internal offal parts in- 
creases in actual weight in proportion to the weight of the body. 
As sheep mature and fatten the total "offal" increases in actual 
weight but diminishes in proportion to the weight of the body. 

Fattened sheep (shorn) should yield about 58 per cent, 
carcass in fatted live weight; excessively fat sheep may yield 
64 per cent, or more. AVhen the fattening food of sheep 
contains less than about five parts of non-nitrogenous to one of 
nitrogenous compounds, the proportion of gross increase for a 
given amount of dry substance of the food, will not increase with 
the increased proportion of nitrogenous compounds, whilst the 
proportion of the carcass to the live weight will be somewhat 
less, the carcass being more fleshy and containing less fat. 
Sheep should '^tore up about ten parts of fat for every 100 parts 
of non-nitrogenous substance consumed. Sheep on a mixed 
fattening diet should give about nine parts dry increase, made 
up of about eight parts fat, eight-tenths to nine-tenths of a part 
nitrogenous substance, and about one-fifth of a part mineral 
matter for 100 parts dry substance consumed, demonstrating 
that nearly ninety parts of the consumed dry substance are ex- 
pired, perspired, or voided from the system. The stomachs and 
their contents constitute about seven and one-half per cent, of 
the entire weight of the body; the intestines and other contents 
amounting to about three and one-half per cent. 

Taking collectively the stomachs, small and large intestines 
and their respective contents, we find that the entire bodies of 
sheep yield an average of rather more than eleven per cent. 



FEEDING AND FATTENING. 93 

The rate of increase in actual weight as the sheep fattens is 
rather greater for the heart, aorta, lungs and widpipe, liver and 
gall-bladder, pancreas, spleen and blood than it is for the col- 
lective stomachs, intestines and their contents. A fat sheep or 
lamb fit to kill should contain about thirty per cent, of fat — a 
very fat sheep might contain considerably more. It must be 
thoroughly understood that in fattening sheep, the same as in 
fattening other animals, that heat is a food saver. Little exer- 
cise and warm quarters will effect a saving of a third in the cost 
of feeding. 



CHAPTER V. 



Hnatomical Structure of the Sheep. 

We shall not enter deeply into a consideration of the 
anatomy of the sheep, believing that the technical terms, while 
very necessary for the nse of scientific men, would only tend to 
confnse the. general reader. We will endeavor to simply ex 
plain the general structnre and internal organs and their uses, 
so that when describing symipioms of diseases, and after-death 
appearences, the parts mentioned can be readily understood. 

We find that the sheep, so far as its general make-up is 
concerned, resembles the ox very closely. The animal body is 
an aggregation of separate cells, each endowed with life and 
having a certain function to perform. The general make up of 
an animal is called tissue. Tissue of an animal body is a collec- 
tion of cells, together with their formed material, which is char- 
acterized by a special function. The formed material is that 
which surrounds the cells and is not vital in its properties. 

The animal body is composed of solids and fluids. The 
solids are the muscular, nervous, epithelial and connective 
tissues. They may be said to enter into the confonnation of 
the solids. There are, however, a few special tissues which it will 
not be worth our while to consider in this work. 

Epithelial cells are those having the special function of 
protecting the organs underlying them, they also have the func- 
tion of secretion and enter into nerve construction. They are 
alwavs found covering the surface of the body, and the interior 
of all cavities having communication Avith the exterior of the 
sv«tem. Connective tissue is a collection of cells with their 



AXATO^rrCAL STRUCTURE OF THF. SHEEP. 95 

formed material controlling the shape and framework of the 
body. Connective tissue is divided into three classes, 1 fibrous. 
2 cartilaginous, 3 bone. 

Muscular tissue is composed of a collection of cells wirh 
their formed material, having the function of contraction. • Of 
muscular tissue we have two varieties, namely, the voluntary 
and the involuntary. The voluntary muscular tissue is that 
which is under the control of the will, such as the muscle tissiu' 
of the legs, neck, tail, etc. Involuntary muscle tissue is that 
which is not under the control of the will of the animal, fur 
instance, the muscle structure of the heart, stomach, etc. Fat 
is formed in the animal body by the degeneration of the cells 
themselves. Adipose, or fatty tissue, is formed by the aggrega- 
tion of masses of degenerated cells held together by the formed 
material of those cells. 

Xervous tissue is composed of a collection of cells, endowed 
Avith the function of irritability. To support the various tissues 
and afford shape and support for them, we find the class of con- 
nective tissue called bone, being arranged to form a framework, 
or skeleton, to which all the various tissues are attached. In 
the sheep we find that the skeleton is composed of nearly two 
hundred separate bones of various sizes and shapes. The bones 
in order to permit movement, one over the other, are joined 
together by strong bands called ligaments, the motion of the 
limbs, head, and neck and other parts of the body being effected 
by the contraction of the various muscle structures, which are 
connected to the bones. The insertion of the muscle to the 
bone being by means of a tough fibrous structure, intimately con- 
nected with the muscle substance, and called the tendon. 

Muscles as a rule have two separate points of attachment, 
which are generally bones, the contraction of the muscles brings 
these points nearer together, so effecting motion. 



96 ANATOMICAL STEUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. 

Muscles are supplied with vessels of various kinds, such as 
arteries, to bring them blood for their nourishment; veins to 
carry away the worn out material, nerves to furnish sensation to 
the parts and communicate the mandates of the will. 

The nerves pass from the brain or spinal cord, and resem- 
ble a system of telegraph wires; one set of which receives sensa- 
tion and transmits it to the brain, the other which transmits the 
will from the brain to the muscles. The brain is a whitish, 
pulpy substance situated in a large cavity in the skeleton of the 
head, which extends from the forehead, above the eyes, to the 
base and back of the skull. The spinal cord is situated in the 
hollow found in the center of the bones of the back, generally 
called the vertebrae, and extends from the base of the skull, 
where it connects with the brain, to the center of the first bone 
of the tail. The body, viewed as a whole, can be divided into 
two cavities, that of the chest, in which the heart and lungs and 
various gland structures are situated, and that of the abdomen, 
where the stomachs, intestines and other organs necessary for the 
digestion of foods are located. 

The heart is the pump of the system, the lungs may be said 
to be the filter and sterilizer. The blood as it leaves the heart 
is forced by the heart's contraction to all the various parts of the 
body, carrying to those parts nourislmient and material to repair 
their continual waste. Having performed these functions it 
passes into minute vessels called capillaries, from thence into 
large ones called veins, and from there it is returned to the 
heart, only entering into a different cavity in that organ than 
that from which it started. From this cavity the blood is again 
expelled by the heart's contraction, passing to the lungs, there it 
is exposed to the air and takes up oxygen, throwing off the 
carbonic acid gas and effete matter which it had collected in 
its journey through the animal body; from the lungs it passes 
back to the heart, finally entering into the same cavity from 



ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 97 

Avliicli it was first expelled, only to be again pumped out and 
sent on its mission through the system. The abdomen contains, 
as has been mentioned, the stomachs, liver, intestines, kidneys, 
bladder, and other organs, where the functions of digestion are 
carried on, and where various fluids are manufactured for or 
excreted from the system. We find that the internal organs are 
not firmly fixed in the different cavities, but are suspended as 
it were from the roof of these chambers by a membrane, en- 
dowed with nerves and blood vessels, called respectively: the 
pericardium, as it envelopes the heart; the pleura, as it invests 
the lungs, and the peritoneum as it suspends and covers the stom- 
achs, liver, intestines, and other parts in the abdomen. The 
part of the peritoneum suspending the large and small intestines 
is called the mesentery, and contains within its folds nerves, 
blood vessels, and glands, connecting with the circulation of the 
blood supply of the absorbent glands of the bowels, called villi. 
These glands in the mesentery are called lacteals, they absorb 
the products of digestion, called the chyle, and convey it away 
to a duct or canal called the thoracic duct, which enters the cir- 
culation near the point of entrance of the venous blood to the 
heart. It is the chyle in the blood which furnishes nutriment 
to the various tissues, and is of vital importance in repairing the 
incessant waste of the tissues. We shall consider the functions 
of the liver and other organs of the body when describing the 
respiratory and digestive organs of the body. 

The Skeleton of the Sheep is an aggregation of bones possess- 
ing stability and firmness for the attachment of muscles, and the 
protection of the vital organs situated in the chest and ab- 
dominal cavities. 

Bones are composed of inorganic salts deposited in a basis 
of animal matter; to the former it owes its hardness and density, 
to the latter its elasticity and tenacity, the combination of the 
two rendering the tissue solid and elastic enough to prevent 



98 



ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 



breaking from any ordinary cause. The external surface of 
every bone is covered by a dense, tough, inelastic membrane 
called the periosteum, except where a tendon plays over the 
bone, or where one bone articulates with another, in which places 
^vill be found a layer of cartilage. 

The periosteum is firmly adherent to the bone, and is the 
bed in which the blood vessels and nerves supplying the bone 




Skeleton of the Sheep. 

are distributed. It becomes very painful when inflamed, on 
account of the pressure on the nerves, due to its inelasticity. 
It is the protecting life membrane of the bone it covers; any 
bone denuded of this covering will in all probability die, ex- 
foliate and decay. 

The long bones of the limbs contain a hollow cavity 
extending from one end of the bone to the other. This 
eavitv contains a substance called the marrow, which is a soft 



ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OP THE SHEEP. 99 

yellow fat, deposited in fibres of connective tissue. It nuiirishes 
the bone, preventing brittleness and dryness. Bones are classed 
as long, flat or irregular. Under the head of long bones are 
classed the bones of the limbs, which support and act as levers 
for the bony framework. Flat bones are found where the 
least possible motion is desired. They help to enclose cavities 
containing important organs, such as the brain; or the bones en- 
closing the cavity of the chest, where the heart and lungs are 
situated. Irregular bones include all not classed with the long 
and flat varieties. They are found in the spinal column, skull, 
and also in the limbs. They possess as a rule many angles, with 
surfaces for attachment of tendons and articulating surface. In 
proportion to their size they present a much greater mechanical 
strength than those of the other classes. 

Cbc Bones of the Head. 

The skull of the sheep articulates with the first cervical verte- 
brae from which it is suspended by its base. It is composed of 
a number of distinct and separate bones, which, as the animal be- 
comes advanced in age, ossify into one solid mass. The first ob- 
ject of the bones of the skull is to protect the brain from injury. 
For this purpose the skull surrounding the brain consists of two 
plates or tables, the outer tough and thick, the inner hard and 
brittle. The outer, being tough, yields slightly to resistance, 
diminishing concussion, while the latter, by its hardness, prevents 
the entrance of sharp bodies into the brain. The cranial cavity 
containing the brain is about one-third the size of the other parts 
of the skull, the other cavities being the mouth, for the entrance 
and masitication of food, and the nasal, for breathing and smell- 
ing purposes. 

The cranial cavity is formed by the union of nine distinct 
bones, cabled respectively 2 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 



100 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 

sphenoid, ethmoid, occipital. The frontal bones form the an- 
terior part between the eyes, called the forehead. The inner 
plate of these bones is separated from the outer, forming a 
cavity between them called the frontal sinns, which sinus is 
divided by a septum or ridge to afford support and strength to 
the part. 

The internal plate covers the anterior portion of the part 
of the brain called the cerebrum. In horned sheep this frontal 
sinus or cavity is considerably deeper than in others, affording 
greater protection for the brain, the horned sheep being naturally 
more pugnacious than its hornless brother, and with greater ad- 
vantages to do harm. In horned sheep the horns proceed on 
each side from the frontal bone, appearing to be prolongations 
of that bone. The two parietal bones are placed at the upper 
and middle part of the cranium, covering the middle parts, or 
lobes of the cerebellum, their internal surfaces closely corres- 
ponding to the external conformation of the cerebellum. 

The occipital bone is situated at the back or base of the 
skull. It is a single bone possessed of great strength. Its in- 
ternal surface covers the base of the brain called tlie cerebrum, 
the medulla oblongata, which may be classed as the connection 
between the brain and spinal cord, resting on its floor; the pos- 
terior part of the bone is smooth and round, to articulate with 
the first bone of the cervical vertebrae or neck, called the atlas. 
It has many external projections for the attachment of muscle 
tendons, giving motion of the head on the neck. 

The temporal bones forming the sides of the cranium are 
composed of two parts, one the squamous temporal and the 
other the petrous temporal, which in the sheep ace distinct and 
separate from each other. 

The squamous temporal is externally a convex plate, with a 
hooked projection arising from it. This projection assists in 
forming what is called the zygomatic arch. The squamous 



ANAT0:MICAL STEUCTUEE of the sheep. 101 

portion in its posterior part has a shallow cavity for the articula- 
tion of the lower jaw-bone. This cavity is shallow in herbivorous 
animals, snch as sheep, when compared with that in meat eating, 
or carnivorous animals. This is due to the different modes 
of mastication of the two classes, that of herbivora being a 
grinding lateral motion, only a shallow articulation is required, 
while in carnivora, which require to tear and rend their food 
necessitating opening the jav.'s very wide, the articulation is 
necessarily deep. 

The petrous portion of the bone is hard, flinty, apparently 
a solid convex figure. It is the receptacle, however, for the 
organ of hearing, and contains on its internal face orifices for the 
passage of the auditoiy nerve, with a corresponding larger one 
on its external face for the passage of sound. 

The inferior and middle parts of the cranium are formed 
principally by the sphenoid bone. This supports the middle 
lobes of the cerebrum, and has many holes in it for the passage 
of nerves and blood vessels. 

Anterior to and inferior to the cranial cavity we find an- 
other called the nasal, which is separated from the cranial by a 
bone called the ethmoid. This bone supports the anterior lobes 
of the cerebrum, and has passages through it for the exit of the 
olfactory nerves, Avhicli are those conve^ang the sense of smell 
to the brain. This is the bone which is punctured when oper- 
ating on "sturdy" or "giddy sheep," by passing a wire up the 
nasal cavity through the ethmoid and puncturing the sack con- 
taining the parasite in the cerebral part of the brain substance. 

The other bones of the head are those composing the part 
called the face, viz., the frontal, nasal, superior maxillary, 
lachrymal, anterior maxillary, palate bones, malar, and inferior 
maxillary. These bones are of various sizes and shapes, in- 
timately joined together, becoming blended almost into one 
solid tnns^J as the animal progresses in age. 



102 ANATOMICAL STEUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 

Cbe Bones of the Body. 

The backbone, or vertebrae, extends from the articulation of 
the first bone of the neck, called the atlas, to the last bone of the 
tail, termed the coccyx. 

The bones of the neck, or cervical vertebrae as thev are 
termed, are very irregular in shape, with a large channel in the 
center passing through all of them, and protected on all sides by 
the bodies of the separate vertebrae. It is in this channel that 
the spinal cord is situated, and through holes in the bodies of 
the vertebrae, called foramen, the spinal nerves pass to the 
different parts of the body. These bones all have large projec- 
tions from their superior surfaces and sides, which are respec- 
tively termed the superior and transverse processes. The super- 
ior increase in size become very large in the region of the 
shoulder, and then decrease as they approach the tail, while the 
transverse processes are small in the region of the neck and 
shoulder, increasing in length as they approach the loin, finally 
disappearing at the coccyx. 

These processes or spines are for the attachment of the 
various muscles, and from those of the neck we also find a yellow 
elastic ligament passing forward from the withers to the poll, 
which is mainly instrumental in supporting the head and neck. 
Attached to the side of the bodies of the vertebrae of the 
-lioulders and loin are long, flat bones, termed the ribs, 13 on 
each side, eight of which being attached directly to the chest- 
bone, called the sternum, are termed the true ribs, the other five 
are attached by a cartilage to the former, and are termed the 
false. The ribs should sprJng horizontally from tJie backbone 
describing an arch as they descend downward and slightly for- 
ward, increasing the rotundity of the frame, which gives the 
.inimal a greater surface for the deposition of flesli. The loins 
are formed by the strongest of the vertebrae, the transverse pro- 



AXATOMICAL STRUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. 103 

cesses at this point being' long and broad, they afford protection 
to the roof of the abdominal cavity. On their length depends 
rlie breadth of loin and a})ility for the animal to pnt on flesh at 
that part. 

Behind the loin we find that five of the vertebrae become 
ossified into one single bone of great strength, and perforated by 
nnmerous holes for the passage of spinal nerves. The spinal 
cord diminishes in size on entering this bone, terminating at its 
hind extremity in several nerves, which pass to the mnscles of 
the tail. The bones of the tail, called the coccyx, are not per- 
forated in their middle, are irregular in shape, and nnmerous. 
They simply give attachment to the tail mnscles. 

Cbc Bones of the fore Gxtrewities. 

The shoulder-blade, called the scapula, is a triangular- 
shaped bone, the base being situated uppermost. It has a spine 
or ridge running down its middle for muscle attachment. It is 
not very long in proportion to its width, being flat and slightly 
hollowed out on its inner face, where it is attached to the ribs 
by means of muscles. The forepart of the body being slung, 
as it were, between the fore extremities, concussion and injury is 
materially diminished and an additional flexibility is given to 
the body, wlich could not be obtained by a bony articulation. 

Articulating with the lower end of the shoulder blade we 
find a thick, irregularly-shaped long bone, termed the humerus, 
or upper arm bono. It projects downward and backwards, and 
articulates with the lower arm lione or radius. This bono in the 
sheep is short and strong. Back of the radius and running par- 
allel to it .and articulating with the knee-joint below and 
humerus above is situated the elbow-bone or ulna; below these 
ilie bones of the knee-joint are situated, and below these again i? 
the shank or metacarpus, composed of two bones, oue uf which. 



104 ANATOMICAL STKUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. 

is rudimentary. The principal metacarpal bone is furrowed 
throughout its entire length by a deep fissure, a trace of primi- 
tive separation of the bone in two pieces, the posterior face 
being also similarly marked. Below the metacarjous we find 
four bones or digits, two of which are perfect. Behind the 
articulation of the metacarpus and digits are two small bones 
called sesamoids, which serve as levers, over which tendons pass. 
The bone of the foot or os pedis is also double, and articulating, 
superiorly with pasterns, gives the conformity of cloven foot. 
The foot is formed by the coffin bones and navicular, two of 
each, surrounded by a horny box, as an outside protection to the 
sensitive parts overlying these bones. 

The lower and back part of the coffin bone is attached to an 
elastic pad of a fibrous nature, which by its elasticity minimizes 
the concussion consequent to the weight of the animal being 
suddenly thrown on the foot. This pad, resting on the hornv 
heels, supports the principal part of the animal's weight, very 
little being communicated to the toe of the foot. In sheep the 
crust of the foot is secreted by a vascular structure, the coronary 
substance which in the horse secretes the greater part of the 
crust, being absent in the sheep. The sole of the foot is 
secreted from the vascular membrane situated immediately 
above it, called the sensitive sole, there being a considerable 
thickness of this dense substance between the coffin bone and 
horny sole. This explains why, in sheep with foot rot, the foot 
can be so quickly restored, as when the horn is lost it is imme- 
diately replaced from the structure under it, and there is not the 
delay as in the horse, where the secretion is mainly formed from 
the coronary substance. 

The inside of the crust, between the toes or cleft of the foot, 
is much thinner than that portion on the outer side, and it is here 
that foot rot most frequently commences. The horny part of 
the foot consists of the crust, or outer shell, and sole. The crust 



ANATOMICAL STKUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. 105 

surrounds the sides and front of the foot, turning inwards at the 
toe, passing straight back to the heels. It is thin on its inner 
sides, getting thick at toe and outside of foot. The sole covers 
the bottom of the foot, the heels being jointly formed by the 
crust and sole. 

The heels are springy and soft. They support the principal 
part of the animal's weight, and are the part which suffer most 
when the sheep are compelled to travel far over hard ground. 
At the pastern joint where the foot becomes cleft a small open- 
ing can be detected, which is the entrance to what is tei*med the 




Xntcrungulatc Sinus of Sbccp. 

i»— Inner aspect of first phalanx. <J— Hoof or Claw. <r— Interung-ulate g-land. 
d — Orifice of its duct. 

interdigital canal. This enlarges, passing downwards and wind- 
ing around in a circular direction, terminating in a closed pouch, 
culled a cul-de-sac. The internal surface of this canal is lined 
with hair covered with a sebaceous secretion from glands open- 
ing into the canal. The use of this hair-lined canal is to pre- 
vent friction in the movements of the pastern joint, w^hich is so 
great in sheep" that without some such provision of nature the 
skin would be continually chafed, and it happens that when this 
part becomes dry from a lessening of normal secretion, or 



106 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 

through accumulations of drv sand, that an ulceration is set up, 
which often proves very difficult to cure. 

Il^bc Rind extremeties. 

The pelvis is composed of six separate bones in the young 
animal, which become ossified into a single one as the sheep ad- 
vances in age. The pelvis has two sides and a floor, and affords 
protection to the bladder and organs of generation; it lies in an 
inclined plane, projecting downwards and backwards, the 
inner surface of its superior projections articulating with the 
first transverse processes of the sacrum, passing backwards and 
downwards they converge inwards, forming an imperfect circle, 
their union forming a flat surface, called the floor of the pelvis. 
The posterior projections of the bones are called the ischiatio 
spines; the superior and interior projections forming the hips of 
the animal, these in well formed sheep being short and covered 
with flesh and fat. Just anterior to the ischatic spines will be 
noticed a deep cavity in which the head of the thigh bone, or 
femur, articidates. This bone has a round head, the form of 
articulation and depth of cavity in which its rests permitting a 
backward and forward motion, and to a certain extent rotary. 
We find that the femur extends downwards and forwards, that 
it is proportionately heavier in the sheep than in the horse, and 
it is thickly surrounded with flesh, which, when cut off the car- 
cass for sale, is termed the leg of mutton. 

Its lower end forms with the bone below and one placed in 
front of their union, the stifle joint, the bone in front of the joint 
l)eing called the patella, so situated as to act as a lever for the 
muscles of the anterior part of the hind limb. The bone below 
the femur is termed the lower thigh bone, or tibia, extending 
dowmwards and backwards from its articulation with the patella 
and femur. AVe find that in proportion to the horse it is not 



ANATOMICAL STEUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. 107 

SO long; it corresi^onds to the lower arm bone or radius of the 
fore extremities, and its inferior part forms with the bones im- 
mediately underneath the hock joint. 

The hock joint is composed of six bones arranged in layers, 
forming three distinct joints, the motion being confined to the 
upper layer the bones below, serving as buffers to minimize con- 
cussion, with the exception of the bone projecting upwards from 
the back of the joint, which is called the calcis, and acts as a 
lever for the powerful extensor muscles of the hind leg. 

The bones below the hock correspond with those below the 
knee joint in the fore extremity, and the description of them 
also applies to these. 

Che Nci'vous and Muscular System. 

The brain is a softish grey body, situated in the cranial 
cavity. It is the seat of the mind and sensation. Its size in the 
sheep as compared with man is small. The outer surface is 
covered v.'ith ridges, called convolutions, with a dividing furrow 
from before backwards, separating it into two halves called the 
right and left hemispheres. The anterior larger part of the 
brain is called the cerebrum, the middle and small part the cere- 
bellum, while the underlying posterior portion is called the 
medulla oblongata. Between the brain substance proper and 
the bones forming the cranial cavity we find a strong dense 
membrane closely attached to the bony structure, called the 
dura mater, immediately underlying which and attached to the 
brain substance, is another called the pia-mater, the space be- 
tween these two membranes being called the arachnoid space. 
The spinal cord is virtually a continuation of the brain extend- 
ing from the medidla oblongata througli the vertebrae aud 
terminating in the sacrum at the root of the tail. It is envel- 
oped by the same membranes disposed in the same manner as 



108 ANATOMICAL STRUCTUKE OF THE SHEEP. 

those of the brain. In form the spinal cord is cylindrical, com- 
posed of bundles of nerve fibres, with a fissure or canal passing 
through its center. 

AVe find that in sheep forty pair of nerves originate from 
the brain and spinal cord, ten arising from the brain, the balance 
being from the cord, are hence called spinal nerves. 

Xerves are an aggregation of nerve tubes, the tubes being 
composed of sections of nerve cells enveloped by a membrane 
called the sheath of Schwann. 

Of the cranial nerves the first pair are the olfactory, which 
conduct the sense of smell to the cerebrum, arising in the cere- 
brum they pass out of the cranial cavity through the ethmoid 
bone, to be distributed throughout the mucous membrane lining 
the nostrils. 

The second pair are termed the optic. They also originate 
in the cerebrum from opposite hemispheres, joining before leav- 
ing the skull, when the right nerve passes to the left eye, and 
the left to the right eye by a process termed decussation, taking 
an oblique course, they pierce the outer coats of the .eye and 
spread out over the retina, from whence impressions of objects 
are conveyed to the brain. The sense of taste is supplied by the 
fifth pair of nerves, that of hearing by the auditory, a portion of 
the seventh pair; the other cranial nerves conveying motion and 
sensation to the various parts of the head. 

Another nerve of the cranium which deserves special nn'n- 
tion, being the most important of them all, is the tenth pair, or 
pneumogastric, remarkable for its extent and for the multiplicity 
of the physiological uses ascribed to it, being distributed to the 
gullet, throat, lungs, bronchial tubes, windpipe, and stomach. 
It controls the motions and secretions of the organs to which it 
is distributed, having special power over the heart's action. 
Special nerves are termed compound nerves with a double func- 
tion and twofold oriain, convovinc; both sensation and motion. 



ANAT0:MICAL STEUCTURE of the sheep. 109 

They arise by numerous filaments from both the superior 
and inferior surfaces of the spinal cord, the filaments intertwine, 
and before they emerge through the dura mater, they join to- 
gether just anterior to their union, a sort of knot being formed 
on the upper nerve, which is termed a ganglion. This upper 
nerve is the one conveying sensation, while the lower is the nerve 
of motion, so these nerves, originating as they do, form different 
portions of the spinal cord, even after they join together. The 
intimate fibres convey, or rather own, different attributes, al- 
though all are bound together in one sheath. Lastly we shall 
mention the sympathetic nerve, it rivalling in importance the 
pneumogastric, which has already been described. 

The great sympathetic nerve is the nervous apparatus 
of the organs of vegetative life. It extends in the form of two 
long cords from the head to the tail, the two cords being situated 
immediately under the vertebral column to the tail, appearing 
to arise from a ganglion at the base of the brain, anterior to the 
commencement of the spinal cord. By its numerous branches 
it is connected with all the other nerves, and distributes branches 
to all the glands, blood vessels and lymphatics of the system, 
also the heart, lungs and digestive organs. It is the virtual life- 
of the organic system, influencing all functions of nutrition and 
secretion. 

The brain of the sheep is small when compared with that 
of other animals, the whole make-up of its nervous system being 
comparatively feebly developed. This fact has a considera1)le 
influence over the diseases which affect the animal, accounting 
for the fact that in so many debility quickly follows sickness; 
the sheep speedily succumbing to what at first appear to lie 
sliaht ailments. 



110 ANATOMICAL STKUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. 

r^bc Muscular System. 

Muscles are fibrous organs, possessing the property of con- 
traction under the influence of a stimulus. While the shape of 
the body depends to a great extent on the bony framework, there 
is a vast difl^erence between the appearance of the skeleton and 
the body itself. 

The muscles are the flesh of the animal, attached to and 
covering every part of the skeleton. 

The motion of any and all parts of the body is dependant on 
the contraction of the muscles attached to those parts. Muscles 
are attached to different bones. Their contraction drawing the 
parts together causes motion, thus limbs are bent, the head raised 
and lowered, and the slightest movement even of an eyelash 
controlled. 

Those which bend or flex the limbs are called flexor muscles, 
those extending the same being called extensor muscles 

Muscles vary in size from the large muscles of the loin and 
shoulder to those almost microscopical in size of the internal ear. 
Some are thick and bulky, others extremely short, others cylin- 
drical and of great length. Muscles are supplied with nerves, 
blood vessels and absorbents. The nerves in muscle tissue are 
those of motion and sensation; those of motion convey the man- 
dates of the will, thus causing motion; those of sensation com- 
municate the sense of feeling, being the medium both of pain 
and pleasure. Muscles are composed of bundles of muscle fibres, 
bound together by a cellular membrane. In sheep we find they 
are for the most part clothed in fat, and also that fat is deposited 
among the fibres. It is the ability of the animal to contain this 
fat and the abundancy of the adipose membrane surrounding it, 
which distinguishes a good sheep from one of an inferior breed, 
giving to the former the soft and elastic feel to the hand, even 
wlion tlie animal is in yinov flesh. 



ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. ' 111 

A sheep of good breeding' has large muscles, especially in 
the region of the loins, bnttoek and shoulders, while the head 
should be lean and small. The flexor and extensor muscles are 
interlaced with tendonous fibres, and are not so palatable as those 
from the loins and buttocks. It will be unnecessary to make in- 
dividual mention of any particular muscle or group of muscles, 
the subject would be too yast for a work of this kind, and unin- 
telligible to the general reader. 



CHAPTER VI. 



Che Digestive System* 

AVe fiiul that tlic slieep can, owing to the conformation of 
its nioutli and appendages, the lips, thrive on scanty pasture, 
where an ox or otlier animal would have to struggle for exist- 
ence. The lips being covered by hair, are protected from in- 
jury against the ground, in which they come in close contact 
when the animal is feeding. We find on examination that the 
upper lip is cleft, and that the two when together tend to form a 
point, enabling the animal to virtually crop the grass on a level 
with the surface of the ground. 

"Cbc "Ccctb. 

These are the agents by which mastication of the food is 
carried on. They are hard organs, bony in appearance, firmly 
implanted in the jaws, and projecting into the interior of the 
mouth. 

The incisor teeth, or nippers, are in the sheep as well as in 
other ruminating animals situated upon the lower jaw, the 
ujiper jaw with which they come in contact during mastica- 
tion being covered by a dense fibrous pad. We find that the in- 
cisors, unlike the back or molar teeth, are not firmly embedded 
in the lower jaw, but possess a certain degree of mobility (some- 
times being mistaken for a diseased condition); this, however, is 
necessary in order to prevent their injuring the fibrous pad of 
the upper jaw, against which they press. 

The Incisor Teeth are eight in number when the mouth 
is perfect, or full, as it is termed, "We find that the lamb when 



THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 113 

first dropped lias two incisor teeth, and that two more are shortly 
in evidence. In fourteen days time after birth two more arc 
erupted, making six then in all, and by three weeks after birth 
two more become visible, giving the lamb eight incisor teeth. 
This is not by any means without exception, as frequently lambs 
are dropped with all eight incisors in evidence. These are the 
temporary or milk teeth, and as the animal progresses in age 
they drop out, and are replaced by the permanent teeth. For 
instance, when the lamb gets to be between one year and one 
year and a half old the two central incisors are replaced by two 
larger and stronger teeth, the lamb then being called a yearling. 

By two years the tooth on either side of the centrals under- 
goes the same transformation, and are succeeded the following 
year or year and a half by those adjoining, so that in three and 
a half years the sheep has six permanent teeth, and between 
four and four and one-half years the last two temporary incisors 
disappear to be replaced by permanent ones, the sheep then 
being; said to be full mouthed. "While the above is substantially 
correct and can be counted on as a general rule, yet sometimes 
permanent teeth appear much earlier, and at others their appear- 
ance may be protracted to a later period. After the sheep 
possesses a full mouth the teeth rarely remain perfect for any 
length of time, some of them becoming broken or lost. They are 
then said to be broken mouthed. In appearance the incisor 
teeth are chisel shaped, rather resembling the human incisors, 
they are curved, being convex in front and concave behind, the 
Avhole of the crown being covered with enamel. 

The Molar Teeth are twenty-four in number, twelve on 
each jaw. They are firmly implanted in the jaw bones, being also 
covered with enamel on their face. These faces are very irregular, 
to enable them to grind tough and unyielding substances, sucdi 
as corn and drv ffrass. On the sides of the base of the visibh' 



114 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

portion of tlie molars tlie giuiis are situated, which, in coninion 
^vith the other parts of the month, are eoA-ered by mucons mem- 
brane, in some parts a firm dense material being interposed 
between this membrane and the bone. 

The sides of the month cavitv are formed by the cheeks, 
made np of powerfnl muscles, covered internally by mncons 
membrane and externally by the skin, they form the greater part 
of the bulk of the face and are the agents which control the 
grinding motion of the lower jaw. The lips serve for the pre- 
hension or gathering of both the solid and liquid food, retaining 
it in the mouth after its introduction therein, and preventing the 
escape of the saliva; they are furnished with nerves of feeling, 
and are composed of muscles externally covered by the skin, 
the inside surface being covered by mucous membrane, they 
possess the powers of motion and sensation to a considerable 
degree. The mouth is plentifully supplied with a watery, 
slightly alkaline fluid termed the saliva. This is secreted by 
tlu'ee pairs of glands, collectively termed the salivary glands. 
There is a slight flow of saliva from these glands into the mouth 
at all times, which is considerably increased during mastication. 

The largest pair of these glands is known as the parotid, 
situated at the base of each ear, extending downward in a line 
with the jugular vein, they connect with the mouth cavity by 
means of a duct, which opens into the mouth about the level of 
the fourth molar. This is known as Steno's duct, and some- 
times becomes enlarged, forming a fluctuating tumor at the side 
of the face, due to obstruction from inflammation and obliter- 
ation of it, from injury, where it lies close to the surface in the 
meshes of the masseter muscle, passing upwards over the lower 
jaw. The next largest pair is knowm as the submaxillary. They 
are situated under the jaws, their ducts opening into the mouth 
by projecting elevated points or barbs placed near the fraenum 



THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 115 

of the tongiu'. The other pair of ghmds is eaUe(l the s\th- 
lingual, placed umhn- the tongue, they communicate with tlic 
mouth close to the opening duct from the submaxillary. In addi- 
tion to these we find other small glands connected with the 
cheek and floor of the mouth, all of which assist in secreting 
fluid to lubricate the bolus of food and perform the first stage of 
digestion. Herbivorous animals secrete considerably more 
saliva than the carnivora, which is rendered necessary by the 
hard and woody nature of the food the animal is called upon to 
consume. Situated on the floor of the mouth, and principally 
filling that cavity, a pointed, rough, elongated body is found, 
termed the tongue. This is principally muscular in structure 
and very flexible. It is the special organ of taste, and also 
materially assists in mastication and swallowing. In the sheep 
it is a prehensile organ, assisting the lips in gathering the food 
into the mouth. A decided difference in the back part of a 
horse's and sheep's mouth is noticeable. While in the horse 
the soft palate, situated in the entrance of the gullet, is suffi- 
ciently long to fall down and completely close the back part of 
the mouth, excepting when food is being swallowed, prohibiting 
a horse from breathing otherwise than through the nose, and 
also preventing vomition, whereas in the sheep, being a ruminat- 
ing aninuil, such a structure would be inapplicable, as it would 
prevent the return of the contents of the first stomach to the 
mouth, consequently the soft palate is considerably shorter and 
narrower, not reaching the tongue. At the base of the tongue 
we find the larynx and pharynx connected to the tongue and tit 
the upper jaw bone,iir rather the bones of the head, by means of a 
bone called the os hyoides. Adjoining the pharynx are two 
spaces called the eustachian tubes, situated one on each side. 
and communicating by means of a tube with the internal ear. 
At the superior extremity of tlie trachea, between the first and 
fourth rings of that tube, are found two round, ovid bodies, one 



116 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

on each side of the t\ibe, joined togetlier bv a narrow band, or 
istliinus. Tliese glands are termed the thynuis or thyroid bodies. 
They are hirge in foetal life, but tend to diniinisli in size as the 
animal matures in age; they are well supplied with blood vessels, 
nerves and lymphatics, and although their use is not fully de- 
termined upon by anotomists, they doubtless exert an important 
influence, especially in young animals. It is these glands which 
become enlarged in goitre, a condition which we shall consider 
later on in this work. 

TZhc Digestive Organs in General. 

These are more extensive and complicated rhan the corres- 
ponding parts of the canivorous animals, as they have a more 
onerous task to perform, the food being crude and wholly un- 
prepared as compared to the flesh consumed by the carnivora, 
which virtually is composed of the constituents of the blood it- 
self, and has not to be transformed into the material like the 
grains and grasses forming the natural diet of the sheep. 

So to comply with these extra requirements the digestive 
organs of the sheep have to be more spacious to afford means to 
retain the food until the nourishment can be extracted there- 
from. To perfom these extra functions the digestive track of 
horbivora is endowed with greater nervous energy, causing a 
larger amount of vital and chemical force to be manufactured, 
thus enabling a greater -digestive force to be exerted. 

AVe fiud that herbivorous animals in a state of nature are 
almost continually feeding, a greater amount of the crude ma- 
terial having to be taken into the system to support life, so to- 
enable the animal to retain this food, the alimentary canal has 
to be of enormous bulk, digestion being almost continually car- 
ried on. Sheep when grazing tear the grass off by a jerking 
action of the muscles of the head and neck, the sTa^ig beine,' held 



THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 117 

Lctwec'ii the iiiei.<ur teeth and the cartilaginous pad in the 
mouth, is moderately chewed by the molar teeth, being replaced 
between them by the action of the tongne and cheeks, it is then 
formed into a bolus, thoroughly saturated with the saliva, and 
conveyed by the tongue back into a pouch situated at the super- 
ior extremity of the gullet, called the pharynx. 

The pharynx is lined with mucous membrane the same as 
the mouth. It is virtually a mucous lined muscular box, the 
contraction of the sides being the means by which the food is 
forced into the gullet, Avhich scientifically is termed the oeso- 
phagus, and is the tube connecting the mouth with the stomach. 
Immediately under the pharynx we find a cartilaginous box, 
termed the larynx, forming the entrance to the Avindpipe, or 
trachea. The food passes into the gullet, over the larynx, from 
which, however, it is prevented from entering by a triangular 
lid composed of cartilage and termed the epiglottis, which is 
forced down, effectually closing the entrance to the larynx. 
Directly the food has passed over the larynx, the epiglottis as- 
sumes an upright joosition, freeing the entrance to the larynx 
and permitting the entrance of air for the purpose of respiration. 
The food after leaving the pharynx passes into the gullet. This 
is composed of involuntary muscular fibres, and the bolus, acting 
as an irritant, causes these muscles to contract, the fibres run- 
ning lengthwise with the tube, draw it up, shortening the distance 
between the stomach and the mouth, while the contraction of 
the circular fibres forces the food down the tube, finally lodging' 
it in the first stomach. Tracing the course of the gullet we find 
that on leaving the pharynx it passes down the neck, at first be- 
liind the windpipe, then inclines to the left of it, entering the 
chest cavity in company with it; it then passes to the upper side 
of tlie trachea over the base of the heart, through the muscle 
dividing the chest from the abdominal cavity, and which is 
called the diaphragm, and entering the stomach by a funnel- 



118 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

shaped opening. The oesophagus, on leaving the pharynx and 
entering the chest cavitv, diminishes in calibre, expanding again 
^s soon as it has passed through the diaphragm or midriff. It does 
not actually terminate in either of the stomachs, but ends in a 
pouch called the oesophageal canal. This is about 4 to 4^ 
inclies in length, formed superiorly by the oesophagus and in- 
feriorly by muscular pillars or duplicatures of the upper por- 
tions of the first and second stomachs. So it will be apparent 
that the oesophageal canal or furrow is a sort of passage, having 
■connections with the different stomachs, and which, with the 
exception of the second and fourth, are the only openings these 
•stomachs are endowed with. The food passing from the oeso- 
phagus enters the first stomach, called the rumen, the entrance 
to which is close to the termination of the oesophagus and the 
entrance of the canal. The rumen is of enormous extent, oc- 
cupying when full of food nearly three-quarters of the whole of 
the abdominal cavity. 

By reference to the illustration on opposite page it will be 
seen that the oesophageal furrow or food duct commences at the 
entrance to the rumen, its floor being composed of muscular 
pillars formed by the upper part of the second stomach, the en- 
trance to which is between these grooves. The pillars are con- 
tinued within the cavity of the second stomach for nearly an 
inch and a half to the entrance to the cavity of the third, which, 
i)eing situated above, forms the roof of the oesophageal furrow. 
The entrance to the fourth stomach is 2^ inches in length, 
formed by the turning back of the mucous and muscular coats 
of the viscus, which at times are in close apposition one with the 
other, as the necessity of nature may require. The food on 
passing through the oesophagus usually falls into the rumen or 
first stomach. This stomach, the largest of the four, occupies 
the left flank; by a constriction across its middle it is almost 
■di\nded into two compartments. Externally lining it is the 




(From Chauveau's Anatomy.) 



Stomach of the Sbccp. Seen from Xtiterior of the Omasum. 

O— CEsopliagus. P— Rumen. R— Reticulum. C—Abomasuni. F— Omasum, opened 
at its larg-e curvature, the two portions being- reversed forward and backward. 1 — Open- 
ing- between the rumen and reticulum, surrounded by the extremity of the lips of the 
oesophag-eal furrow. 2 — Opening- between the omasum and aboniasuni. I — Commence- 
ment of the small intestine. 



120 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

membrane termed tlie peritoneum, which covers all organs in 
and virtually suspends all intestinal organs from the roof of the 
abdominal cavity. The internal surface of the rumen is cov- 
ered by a multitude of papillary prolongations, which are de- 
pendencies from the mucous membrane. These papillae are 
A'ery large (foliated or leaf like in shape), and numerous on the 
right side of the stomach, being more rare on the left and absent 
on the muscular bands or columns running on the inside and, as 
l:)efore stated, partially dividing the organ. While we have said 
that the stomach is partially divided into two compartments, it 
will be more correct to say that there are four or five of these 
divisions, the utility of which is to prevent any one portion of 
the stomach being compelled to bear all the weight of the food 
at any one time. By their arrangement they afford depositories 
for food which has partially undergone maceration, the upper 
compartment being the one into which the food is raised previous 
to the process of rumination. AVhile the rumen is partially at- 
tached to the second stomach, it only communicates with it 
through the common opening of the two stomachs with the 
oesophageal canal. The second stomach is called the reticulum. 
The reticulum or honeycomb is the smallest of the four. It is 
elongated from side to side, slightly curved on itself, placed be- 
tween the midriff and the forward extremity of the left sac of 
the rumen. 

It is globular in shape and is the part of the animal w'hich 
is eaten as tripe. The internal structure consists of a vast num- 
ber of shallow cells, resembling honeycomb; the cells near the 
entrance to the stomach are small, increasing in size as they leave 
this point. The sides of the cells are formed by ridges from the 
mucous and cuticular coats, and across within these cells smaller 
ridges will be observed. They are in sliape five or six sided, and on 
their surfaces are an immense number of papillae, more pointed 
but much smaller in size than the corresponding papillae in the 



THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 121 

rumen. These papillae secrete a mucous fluid which assists in 
the process of digestion. Externally covering the second stom- 
ach we find the peritoneum, under which is situated the muscu- 
lar coat, composed of two separate layers of strong muscle fibres 
criss-crossing each other. The opening into this stomach is of 
some extent, the grooves forming it are the floor of the greater 
portion of the oesophageal canal. The contents of this stomach 
are more liquid than those in the others. Just before the end 
of the entrance to the second stomach the oesophageal furrow 
virtually ends in the third stomach, called the Omasum or Many 
Plies, so called from its peculiar internal make up, which is 
formed by a number of unequally developed leaves of mucous 
membrane filling and running the length of the cavity. These 
leaves increase the internal, surface of the organ ten fold; they 
are studded with numbers of small papillae, which are harder 
than those in the reticulum. Some of the papillae on the edges 
of the leaves are in the shape of a bent cone pointing towards 
the entrance of the stomach, the object of these being to retain 
food for a certain period of time, and it has been found that in 
certain sheep, -which were subject to scours and unable to 
retain their food, that these cones were abnormally short. The 
omasum has but one opening, which is in direct communication 
both with the oesophageal furrow and the fourth stomach. In 
appearance the third stomach is globular in form, possessing 
muscular and mucous coats the same as the first two. Its con- 
tents will generally be found to be hard, and much more so than 
the contents of the other stomachs. The fourth stomach, or 
Abomasum, is in fact the true stomach, corresponding to the 
stomach of man, being that which secretes the gastric juice, 
which, by its action on the food, converts it into chyme. This 
juice is by nature acid. It is a clear watery yellowish liquid 
having a specific gravity of 1005, as compared to water at 1000. 
It contains solids to more or less extent, the main part of which 



123 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

is pepsin, hydrochloric acid being present in the watery part in 
the strength of about 2 parts to the 1000 of water. Externally 
this stomach is somewhat conical in shape, the apex being the 
part joining the intestines. It possesses three coats. The in- 
ternal surface, however, differs in appearance from that of the 
-other stomachs, being red and shining, the mucous membrane 
being very vascular, the glands secreting the gastric juice, being- 
embedded in its folds. By its internal surface being in the form 
of plaits arranged lengthwise, the digestive capacity of the organ 
is considerably increased. The entrance to this stomach is close 
to the entrance of the omasum, the exit being situated at the 
apex, which is closed by the valve called the pylorus, which is a 
rduplicature of the mucous lining of the viscus. 



CHAPTER VII. 



Rumination. 

The rumen is the first receptacle in which the food is 
deposited after it has been sufficiently masticated and covered 
with saliva to permit the act of deglutition; being received in 
the stomach mouthful by mouthful, until the viscus is compara- 
tively full, the animal feels repletion, at which time rumination 
generally commences, the sheep usually assuming a recumbent 
position. 

The food to be re-chewed is not that which was last swal- 
lowed, but that which has been in the rumen for twelve to six- 
teen hours previously. 

The food in the rumen is constantly being changed to a 
different location by the action of the muscular walls of that 
organ, being mixed with the juices secreted by the mucous 
glands of the internal surface. Entering the superior portion it 
passes to the inferior, again passing to the superior before rumin- 
ation commences. For the act of rumination to be performed it is 
necessary that the rumen be at least three-quarters full to enable 
the food to occupy the upper part of the organ to enter the oeso- 
phageal groove. The liquid portion then passes on to the reti- 
culum, which is only a kind of offshoot or diverticulum, acting 
as a reservoir to dilute the solid substances which may pass 
into it. 

All the food which is taken into the rumen does not go 
through the process of rumination, but only the hard, indigest- 
ible substances. These are supposed to be separated at the junc- 
ture of the oesophagus with the rumen and reticulum, the hard 



124 



EUMINATION. 



substances being returned through the oesophagus to the mouth 
by the contraction of the muscle fibres of the tube, assisted by 
the action of the midriff or diaphragm, which presses on the 
rumen, contracting its size and forcing the contents into the 
oesophageal groove to the gullet. The other portion passes on 
to the reticulum, some even entering the third stomach or 
omasum, without passing through the second stomach. In the 
reticulum the contents are subjected to pressure, extracting the 
liqnid portion, which pass^es on to the third and fourth stomachs. 




MC 



(From Chauveau's Anatomy.) 

'icctton of the VClull of the Omasum of the Sheep, from the Great Curvature, Shov^ing 
the Origin of the t-eavcs. 

P — Peritoneum. M — The two muscular layers. E — Epithelium. 1, 1 — Principal 
leaves at their orig'in. 2 — Secondary leaf. 3,3 — Leaves of the third order. 4 — Den- 
ticulated lamina. 5,5 — Two plaucs of muscular fibres ascending' into the principal 
leaves, some issuiag" from the. muscular layer of the organ. 



the solid, dry residue being taken up by the oesophagus and re- 
turned to the mouth to be re-masticated, proving that it is not 
■only the contents of the rumen which enter into rumination, 
but those of the reticulum as well. The oesophagus in ruminat- 
ing animals having a double duty to perform, is proportionately 
supplied with muscles. Especially is this the ease around it>! 
lower portion, where the bolus is first seized to be returned to the 



EUMIXATIOX. 125 

mouth. Beyond a doubt some portions of the food undergo re- 
mastication several times. The liquid portion of the food after 
passing through the reticulum most likely goes direct to the 
fourth stomach. This is inferred from the dry condition of the 
contents of the third stomach, even when the animal is in the 
best of health, that viscus being the organ which triturates and 
breaks up into small fragments, the matter which passes into it 
thus rendering them more susceptible to the action of the gastric 
juices of the abomasum or stomach proper. Where the leaves 
in the omasum are imperfectly formed it has been observed that 
the animal so affected will not thrive, although it may consume 
a large amount of food. The fourth stomach, called the 
abomasum, is the stomach proper, where the virtual act of diges- 
tion is carried on, the contents being subjected to the action of 
• the gastric juice. Young animals existing on their mother's milk 
employ only the fourth stomach for- the digestion of the same. 
The other stomachs, not being in use, are practically undevel- 
oped, but as it commences to feed on other substances requiring" 
a more extensive and intricate process to extract their nutritive 
properties the other stomachs develop in size to accommodate 
the new conditions. By the time the food arrives in the fourth 
stomach it has been well macerated and mixed with fluid, forming 
a pulpy mass, ready to be submitted to the action of the pepsin 
and acid secreted from the mucous glands of the organ. The 
food in this viscus is converted into a mixture called chyme, 
rendering it fit for further processes of digestion in the intestinal 
canal. On leaving the fourth stomach the food passes through 
a valvular orifice called the pyloric opening, the passage through 
which is guarded bv valves opening towards the intestines, 
affording entrance to them, at the same time rendering a return 
of tlie contents of the intestines to the stomach impossible. 



126 THE INTESTINAL OEGANS. 

Che Intestinal Organs. 

The intestines are sub-divided into two classes, the 
small and the large; the small being narrow and uniform in 
diameter and of considerable length, the large being irregularly 
dilated and sacculated. The small intestines are arbitrarily 







i-'^ 






I, 1,111 If*'^"^ "^^ "'^'K.* a . 







(From Chauveau s Anatomy ) 

a, a— Lacteal vessels in the villi. ^, ^—Superficial layer of the lacteal vessels (rete 
angustum). c, c — Deep layer of the lacteals (^^^f atnplum.) d, d — Efferent vessels pro- 
vided with valves, e — Lieberkuhn's g-lands. X— Payer's grlands. ^—Circular muscular 
layer of the wall of the intestine. A— Long-itudinal layer. ?— Peritoneal layer. 

divided into three sub-divisions, that joining the abomasum 
being called the duodenum, which is a short curved portion con- 
taining glands called Peyers patches, and receiving ducts from 
the pancreas and liver. This is succeeded by a short portion 



THE INTESTINAL ORGANS. 127 

desceiRliiig duwnward and backward to the left tlank, where it 
becomes the jejununi, the ileum being the portion suspended in 
the left flank whieh terminates at its junction with the large gut 
called the caecum. 

r^be Large Intcatttics 

Are divided into three divisions. 1. The Caecum. 2. 
The Colon. 3. The Rectum. 

The caecum is a vast reservoir in the form of a cul-de-sac. 
It is nearly cylindrical in form without bulgings or longitudinal 
bands; its extremity is rounded and globular, floating freely in 
the cavity of the abdomen and directed backwards. The ileum 
joins the caecum by piercing the latter at right angles at its 
superior extremity, the internal mucous membrane of the ileum 
forming a valve permitting the passage of material to the 
caecum, but effectually preventing its return. The caecum 
serves as a reservoir for the enormous quantity of fluid ingested 
by herbivorous animals, which in its rapid course through the 
stomachs and small intestines is not absorbed by the villi or 
mucous projections in the bowels. The fluids accumulate iu 
this gut, and by their solvent properties on the matter contained 
in it favor their entrance into the circulation through the large 
expanse of absorbing surface which the mucous membrane of 
the gut presents. It is in this viscus that digestion is virtually 
completed in herbivorous animals. The colon commences 
from an opening situated above the entrance of the ileum to the 
caecum. In calibre it at first equals the caecum, but soon be- 
comes constricted, maintaining a uniform diameter, which, for 
about eight feet in length, is nearly treble the diameter of the 
small intestines; then the gut decreases in size to the same 
calibre as that of the small intestines, continuing so for about 
nine feet in length, when it again increases in size about one foot 
]U'ior to its termination, this latter part being termed the rectum. 



THE INTESTINAL ORGANS. 129" 

At the point of diminution of calibre of the large intestines the 
faeces gradnally become hard, acquiring the form of small black 
pellets, being voided in this condition when the animal is iu 
good health. 

We shall now consider the organs secreting fluids which 
have entrance to the intestinal canal, for the purpose of 
aiding digestion. Of these we find two, the liver and pancreas. 
The liver is the largest and most useful solid organ of the 
body. Having manifold functions, it secretes the bile which is of 
vast importance for the digestion of food; and furthermore, it 
manufactures sugar, the bile is thrown into the ducts, while the 
sugar finds immediate access to the blood vessels, to be conveyed 
on through the system. In the sheep the weight of the liver 
averages about l-50th part of that of the carcass, with a slightly 
greater specific gravity than water. The structure of this organ 
is peculiar, owing to the diversity of the functions it is called 
upon to perform. Externally it is found to present a mottled 
appearance due to small polygonal spaces of a rounded appear- 
ance, in the center of which redish spots will be observed. 

These circular bodies are the lobules about l-20th of an inch 
in diameter, separated one from the other by the polygonal 
spaces, which are really a network of blood vessels. To explain 
the structure of this important organ it will be only necessary to 
examine one of the lobules. The lobule itself is separated from 
the others and held in place by a network of blood vessels, which 
permeate its substance, joining together in the center of the 
lobule. An artery called the hepatic artery and a vein called the 
portal vein convey blood to the liver, both entering the organ 
side by side through a fissure called the transverse. 

€bc Bile. 
The bile is elaborated from the blood brought to the liver 
by the portal vein, which conies direct from the intestinal mu- 
cous surfaces, charged with assimilable substances absorbed by 
the veins of the intestinal papillae called the villi. 



130 THE INTESTINAL ORGANS. 

The bile being separated from the blood is conveyed into 
a receptacle called the gall bladder, from which a dnct issues, 
opening into the small intestines about eighteen inches from the 
junction of the stomach and intestines. Ruminants are all 
furnished with this reservoir or gall bladder, so also is man, and 
the majority of carnivorous animals, the exception being the 
horse, in which case the bile is thrown out into the bowel as soon 
as it is manufactured, causing at all times a constant flow into the 
intestines of this liquid. 

Xlbc functions of the Bile. 

Bile is both a secretion and an excretion. To better under- 
stand the meaning of these terms ir may be well to define them 
as follows: 

A secretion is a fluid manufactured in the animal body for 
further use. 

An excretion is a waste material to be eliminated from the 
system. 

Bile contains both secretory and excretory ingredients. It 
is a natural purgative, stimulating the action of the intestinal 
juices and the peristaltic motion of the bowels. Besides being an 
antiseptic, it assists in the digestion of fats. Entering the in- 
testines close to where the chyme flows from the stomach it pre- 
cipitates certain ingredients in that fluid, rendering them suscept- 
ible to the action of the juice from the pancreas. 

The quantity of bile secreted from a sheep's liver in 24 
hours by weight amounts to between three and five pounds. 

The liver then may be considered as the regulator of the 
amount of sugar and fatty matter in the blood, any excessive 
amount which is not required to support combustion accumulat- 
ing in the various tissues of the body. 

"Che Pancreas. 

The Pancreas is an organ composed of glandular tissue 
.entirely, making a fleshy mass, hence the name pancreas, 



THE GENITO-URINAEY SYSTEM. T3t 

which means "all flesh." The fluid secreted from tia^ oi^c^x^ 
empties into the intestines through the same duct conveying the 
l)ile. It is exceedingly active, possessing in its varied functions 
more powers than any other juice. In herbivorous animals the 
flow of pancreatic juice is continuous, never ceasing entirely. It 
contains five difi^erent ingredients, which exert changes on vari- 
ous kinds of foodstuffs, having a specific action in emulsifying 
fatty matters, rendering them capable of absorption. 



Cbe Genito-Clrinary System. 

Urine is an excretion, separated from the blood by the kid- 
neys, which are two solid organs situated in the abdominal cavity, 
firmly attached to its roof in the part called the sub-lumbar 
region, or loin. 

The kidney in appearance is bean-shaped, with a tube leav- 
ing its concave portion called the ureter. This tube proceeds 
backwards and downwards, reaching the pelvic cavity, where 
immediately below the terminal end of the intestine we find a 
large fluctuating sac, the size of which depends on the amount 
of its contents — this is called the bladder. The ureter passes 
back to the neck of the bladder, to which it gains access by pene- 
trating first its muscular coat, between which and the mucous 
membrane it passes for a short distance, then piercing the 
mucous membrane it gains access to the interior of the bladder, 
this peculiar manner of penetrating the coats of the bladder 
being an arrangement of nature by which the flow of the urine 
from the bladder back into the ureter is prevented. The kidneys 
play a most important part in the animal economy, as they 
eliminate from the blood not only the superfluous water and 
other accessory substances, but the excremential nitrogenous 
products resulting from tissue waste. Comprising the urinary 
apparatus we find the 



132 THE GENITO-UKINAEY SYSTEM. 

(1) Kidneys. (2) The ureters. (3) The bladder. (4) 
the urethral canal leading from the bladder and communicat- 
ing with the outside of the animal body either by passing through 
the penis, or, as in the female, by an opening on the floor of the 
vaginal cavity. 

If a horizontal section is made of a kidney it will be found 
to possess a cavity called the renal basin, which receives the urine 
as it is secreted by the gland. It is here that the ureter com- 
mences. The internal surface of the renal basin is covered with 
a mucous membrane, which extends continuously through the 
ureters to the bladder, which organ it entirely lines, extending 
from it down the urethral canal to the end of the penis, or. in the 
female, the vulva. 

The intimate structure of the kidney is composed of minute 
tubes which arise from tufts of blood vessels. The excremen- 
titious matters are separated from the blood in these tufts and 
eonvej^ed down the tubes to the renal basin, from which they 
are conveyed by the ureters to the bladder, being voided from 
that organ in accordance with the will of the animal. 

The urine is a peculiar fluid. Its solids represent the waste 
from tissue change. It is the sewage of the system, and con- 
tains among its solid ingredients a substance termed urea, which 
if separated and purified ajipears in the shape of needle-like 
crystals, which are soluble in hot or cold water. Urea is sup- 
posed to arise from excess of nitrogenous food, and from nitro- 
genous changes constantly taking place in the body. Its elimina- 
tion from the system is very important. Should urea remain in 
the blood, or be re-absorbed, uraemic poisoning is produced, a 
condition frequently seen in cases where the functional proper- 
ties of the kidneys are impaired by disease. In the ram the 
iirethra is of considerable length, extending as it does the whole 
length of the penis; just below the anal opening it forms an 
acute angle to conform with the downward and forward direction 
.of the penis. 



THE GENITO-UKINAKY SYSTEM. 133 

Che Generative Organs. 

IiuliviJuals in the organic kingdom possess the faculty of 
reproduction in order to perpetuate the species to which they be- 
long. Milk-giving animals, to reproduce their kind, need the 
concurrence of tAvo individuals, a male and a female, who 
under certain circumstances have intercourse, the male furnish- 
ing the fertilizing fluid for the germ, which is supplied by the 
female. The fluid from tlie male is called the semen. This 
vivifies the ovum, rendering it capable of development. 

Cbc 6enital Organs of the Male. 

The semen, or vitalizing fluid, is elaborated in two glands 
called the testes or testicles. , These are oval in shape and situated 
in a cutaneous sack placed between the hind legs, which is called 
the scrotum. In this sack they are separated one from the other by 
means of a dividing septa, a prolongation from the peritoneum 
lining the abdominal cavity. The testicles in the foetus are 
formed in the abdominal cavity, descending into the scrotum a 
few days prior to or after birth. In descending they carry their 
peritoneal covering down with them into the scrotum, giving 
them three coats as it were, one of skin and two of folds of 
peritoneum. Frequently the testicles in leaving the abdominal 
cavity are accompanied by a portion of the intestines, which also 
occupy the scrotal sac, forming what is termed a congential 
hernia. Arising from the testicle is a thin whitish cord, which 
connects it with the glands or reservoirs placed on the superior 
surface of the neck of the bladder. This is called the spermatic 
cord. It is composed of nerves and blood vessels and a portion 
of peritoneal covering, enclosing also the duct called the va? 
deferens, which conveys the semen from the testicle to the glands 
on the bladder, termed the vesiculae seminales. Connecting 
the vesiculae seminales to the urethra are two short tubes termed 



134 THE GENITO-UEINARY SYSTEM. 

the ejaciilatorj ducts. The semen being thrown through the 
ejaculatory ducts into the urethra, by the contraction of the 
walls of the vesiculae seminales at the time of copulation, passes 
down the urethra and is deposited in the vagina of the female. 
The testicles in sheep are very large in proportion to the animal's 
size, which accounts for the wonderful procreative powers 
possessed by rams, that are able, when full grown, to serve from 
75 to 100 ewes in the course of a month. The penis of the ram 
has at its extremity a vermiform appendage, which is a prolonga- 
tion of the urethra. This is very sensitive, and is the part fre- 
quently injured in the removal of calculi from the penis. When 
injured this appendage is very apt to slough off, seriously affect- 
ing the usefulness of the ram for breeding purposes. 

"Che 6eiicratm Organs of the ■female. 

Situated in the abdomen, close to the borders of the pelvic 
cavity, are found two ovoid shaped glands, one on each side, rest- 
ing in the folds of a ligamentous structure called the broad liga- 
ment. These are the ovaries, and are to the female what the 
testicles are to the male. In these bodies the germ ovum is gen- 
erated. Passing downwards and backwards from the ovary we 
find a very short convoluted tube, which connects the ovary with 
the womb. This tube is called the fallopian tube. It is at- 
tached to the ovary at the time of germination of the ovum by 
Dieans of a fimbriated umbrella- like opening called the pavilion 
of the tube. The womb is a membranous sac to which the 
ovum is carried, and in which it develops. It is situated at the 
entrance of the pelvic cavity, immediately under the rectum, 
being held in position by the broad ligament. It possesses a 
body and two arms, or horns as they are termed, the extremities 
cf which are twisted upwards and outwards, and are also held in 
place by folds of the broad ligament. The posterior end of the 
uterus terminates in a muscular neck, called the cervix uteri,. 



THE GENITO-UEINAEY SYSTEM. 



135 



which projects into the vaginal cavity. The cervix uteri i< 
always tightly closed, excepting in the period of oestrum and dur- 
ing parturition. The vagina is a muscular cavity, lined with 
mucous membrane, situated immediately under the rectum and 
communicating with the outside by means of a slit-like opening 
called the vulva. The ovum being generated in the ovary, is 




Cltcrus, Oviducts and Ovaries of Sbccp. 

/—Confluence of cornua. e — Round lig'atnent. g — Cornua. h — Fallopian tube. 
m — Broad ligament (Owen). 

vivified by the semen from the male, either in the fallopian tube 
on its passage to the womb or in the womb itself. As soon as 
fertilized, the egg locates in one of the horns of the womb and 
there develops into the foetus, the process of development lasting- 
over a period of about five months before birth of the mature 
lamb takes place. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



JVIating and Selection. 

In mating sheep the qualities of both parents must be con- 
sidered, aiming to correct the bad ones and at the same time per- 
petuate those which are desirable. In the greater number of 
cases the influence of the male on the offspring is found to ex- 
ceed that of the female. This is seen in other animals as well as 
sheep. A mule, for instance, simulates its sire, the ass, in gen- 
eral conformation and habits; a small mare bred to a large stal- 
lion produces an offspring half as large again as itself; a Lincoln 
ram on a Down ewe will produce offspring resembling the 
former more than the latter. jSTature's laws seeming to be that 
the sire shall to the greater extent fix the conformation of the 
offspring, the disposition being frequently governed by that of 
the dam, the exceptions to this being few, and only tend to prove 
the rule. In mating and selecting sheep, breeders seek for 
various points, not so much on account of their particular value 
when taken singly, but because they are evidence of other valu- 
able qualities, such as an ability to quickly take on flesh or 
mature early. Thus we find that in the Southdown breed small 
heads and legs and small bones are sought after, as these quali- 
ties are found to be accompanied with exceptional fattening 
properties. Again black legs and muzzles are desirable, gener- 
ally insuring a hardy constitution. These then are only the 
signs of good qualities, the qualities themselves consisting in the 
different points tending to make up the general conformation of 
the animal ; for instance, a straight back is a quality in itself, as 
also is breadth of loin and rotundity of frame. A straight back 



MATING AND SELECTION. 137 

gives a large surface for putting on flesh, and also affords more 
space for the abdominal organs beneath it. For mutton breeds 
small bone is desirable; large bone takes a correspondingly 
greater supply of nutriment in the form of blood, etc., which 
Avould otherwise be employed in building up the fleshy tissues, 
hence it is a superfluous quantity, and for a like reason horny ap- 
pendages can be dispensed with. Rotundity of frame is an ex- 
cellent attribute, supplying as it does an extended surface for the 
attachment of the muscles of the back and loins. A soft mellow 
feeling to the skin is another good quality to be sought after, 
showing as it does that the cellular tissue underlying it is in a 
healthy condition, and that fatty cells are being formed in its 
meshes. The j^oint sought after in breeding is a well formed 
animal, its frame plentifully supplied with flesh, with as little 
bone and gristle as possible. The flesh should be distributed 
largely on the loins and quarters, correspondingly less on the 
head and neck. Where a large development of flesh exists a 
disposition to fatten will also be found, and for this to be profit- 
able the animal must be capable of quick maturity. A number 
of the prominent breeds, especially those of mutton qualities, 
have been improved and owe their present state of excellence to 
judicious cross-breeding, and while this is a fact, it has been 
demonstrated that no more difficult task in breeding animals 
than successful crossing can be attempted, calling for not only 
the application of correct principles, but a degree of practical 
judgment and shrewdness, which in some persons seems to be in- 
herent M'ith their nature, while others may strive a lifetime and 
never acquire the science. Time and time again useful breeds 
have deteriorated by the injudicious application of cross-breed- 
ing, some fatal defect having been overlooked only to appear ex- 
aggerated in the progeny. 

Again there is hardly a breed of long-wooled sheep whicdi 
has not been imprm-ed by the admixture of Leicester blood, 



138 MATING AND SELECTION. 

Lut where tliis has been tried on the middle-wooled breeds re- 
sults were moderate, not effecting any permanent improvement, 
and often, as in the case of the Southdown breed, were far from 
successful or virtually failures. So it must be borne in mind 
that crossing" in the main is experimental, at times succeeding 
beyond the breeder's most sanguine expectations, at others fail- 
ing entirely for no visible reason. Where judgment 
assists in the process is in selecting the successful results, per- 
petuating them and rejecting the failures. In this manner after 
a few generations a breed of sheep is sometimes produced which, 
as in the case of the improved Oxford Downs, Shropshires, and 
some others we could mention, are desirable to perpetuate with- 
out the further admixture of foreign blood. 

Another subject of great importance to breeders is "in-and- 
in breeding". This process as applied to the human family 
would be found highly objectionable, for the reason that among 
people marriages are contracted with little if any regard to the 
health of the individuals concerned, and certainly without an 
extensive knowledge of each other's family history. For in- 
stance, we tind a healthy man marrying a consumptive female 
to perpetuate the faults of her constitution to his offspring, or a 
healthy young woman marrying a syphilitic man to hand down 
a curse to four generations of their descendants. ]^[ow should 
the offspring of these ill-sorted couples inter-marry the predis- 
position to tlie disease already inherited would be increased two- 
fold. A scrofulous brother and sister, from sexual intercourse, 
could only beget diseased progeny; but supposing that a family 
had been bred by careful selection, if for generations the ancest- 
ors on the male side had been always healthy and w^ell formed, 
and the same could be said of the ancestors on the female side, 
wdiat danger could be apprehended from a cross in, as breeders 
term it, viz: the intercourse of brother and sister, or son with 
parent, where there were no defects to be transmitted, none 



MATING AND SELECTION. 139 

would be possible, and the unnatural mating would only tend to 
increase the strength of the already present good qualities. 
While this would be an impossibility as applied to the human 
family on account of the promiscuous intermingling and indelible 
stamj)ing of inherent defects for generations and generations, 
when applied to animals its rationality becomes apparent. 
Where due attention has been paid to the breeding only from 
healthy, well formed subjects, in time the disposition for health 
and form become inherent, and as a sound constitution and per- 
fect conformation are essential to successful breeding, it is the 
development of these points which we most desire. For this 
reason the objection to breeding from close relationship, which is 
insurmountable in the human family, is untenable when applied 
to animals. The advantages of in-breeding as applied to animals 
are as follows : Supposing that the qualities of both parents are 
good, the more likelihood of the progeny inheriting them by 
breeding with a view to improvement, the best qualities become 
concentrated in one family. Should the members of this family 
not breed one with the other, they would most likely have to 
be crossed with inferior animals of either sex. This process in- 
stead of furthering would retard improvement. It is for this 
reason, therefore, that the most eminent and successful breeders 
have built up and perpetuated individual families of sheep by 
the process of in-breeding, and the stock from these pure-bred 
sheep have proved the strength of heredity by the inheritance of 
the good qualities of their in-bred ancestors. 

Where in-breeding fails is in neglect of proper selection, 
not culling the weak and badly formed from the flock, the 
breeding of these only tending to perpetuate defects, or whore 
two animals possessing the same bad quality are allowed to 
breed. Xotwithstanding their own good qualities, the tendency 
to perpetuate the bad becomes increased tw^ofold and is hard to 
get rid of, a defect seemingly being handed down with greater 



140 MATING AND SELECTION. 

ease than a good point can be introdnced. Should, however, 
proper care be employed, and only those animals possessing good 
forms and sonnd conditions be allowed to breed, then beyond 
question the stock will be preserved pnre, the proper form and 
qualifications will be handed down to the offspring. 

Selection. 

This consists in the proper weeding out of the undesirable 
ewes from the flock and the selection of rams specially fitted to 
propagate the type of breed and form sought after by the breed- 
er. The drafted ewes, consisting not only of those with broken 
mouths, but such of the younger stock whose faulty conforma- 
tion renders them unfit to perpetuate their kind. The breeder 
selects every year one or more rams to place with the ewe flock, 
and naturally selects those wdiose points and breeding are in line 
with his desires. Should he be breeding for wool more 
than mutton the selection will be of a ram of the Merino type, 
taking care that in all respects it is a typical representative of the 
breed. If breeding for mutton, or for both wool and mutton, 
those selected will be from such breeds as are noted for these par- 
ticular points and qualities, but in no case does the breeder 
select a ram of faulty conformation, even though he be descended 
from a long line of noted ancestors, the mere fact of his imper- 
fections being evidence of a weakness in his chain of ancestry. 

The same applies to the selection of ewes. The breeder hav- 
ing decided on the particular class which he desires, always bears 
the same in mind when buying ewes to add to his flock. He will 
also make annual drafts from the flock, all undesirable animals 
being sold as feeders, or if fat disposed of to the butcher. 
Every draft made on a flock tends to strengthen the general 
appearance and enhances the value of the remainder. Ewes 
with weak necks, imperfect form or fleece, flat ribs or slanting 
quarters, are undesirable, their progeny being certain to inherit 



MATING AND SELECTION. 141 

some of their faulty features. If the breeder will cull out all 
such animals it will only be a short time before the results will 
more than pay for the sacrifice. At the same time it must be 
admitted that a weak fore-end can be overcome by crossing with 
a ram with an exceptionally strong one; that a weakness on the 
part of one parent may be surmounted by the selection of one of 
the opposite sex which evidences a proportionate amount of 
strength where the other shows weakness. 

Ewes before being put to the ram should be in good condi- 
tion. They will then be in the best shape to conceive, and the 
lambino- season will be materially shortened therebv. 



CHAPTER IX. 



H Study of Disease in General. 

Before defining the word disease it would be as well to un- 
derstand what constitutes health. Prof. A. H. Baker of the 
Chicago Veterinary College defines health as follows: ''When 
the lungs, heart and abdominal vestments, with their functions, 
attendants, and adjuncts, causing respiration, circulation and 
digestion, all presided over by the brain and nervous system, 
working harmoniously together are each performing their func- 
tion rythmically, one with the other, the condition is known as 
health." 

Disease is the opposite to health, or a deviation from the 
healthy condition, some organ or organs failing to perform its 
proper functions. 

The general symptoms of disease in a sheep are the want of 
sprightliness, acting in a dull manner, an inability or indifference 
to remain with the flock, a rough, dirty, dry condition of the 
fleece, assuming unnatural recumbent positions, a desire for its 
own company, leaving the herd, and moping by itself. The dis- 
eases of sheep are numerous, and frequently fatal, being influ- 
enced by the nature and habits of the animal as well as by its 
constitution. As stated previously, when considering the digestive 
system, the organs of digestion are excessively developed in the 
.sheep to permit it to extract nutrition from coarse and seemingly 
innutritions foods; to supply this complicated digestive machin- 
ery an excessive nervous development is required, and hence it 
will be found that the brain is small and the intellect poorly de- 
veloped, the nervous energy being expended on the stomachs 
and intestines. 



A STUDY OF DISEASE IX GEXEKAL. 143 

The muscular system is also weak, the sheep being imfitted 
for laborious exercise, even in its free state, and still more so 
among the better bred and pampered varieties, where the nature 
of the food and enforced inactivity tend still further to weaken 
its energy and vitality. 

In comparison with the weak muscular development we find 
tliat the vascular system is also feeble, the amount of blood cir- 
culating in the system being considerably less in proportion to 
the body weight than in the horse. 

Exertion requires extra combustion, greater waste of tissueSj 
and a correspondingly greater circulation of blood to supply the 
tissue and repair its waste. The horse being required to exert 
muscular force frequently needs a large blood supply, whereas 
in the sheep these exertions are not necessary, hence the waste 
of tissue is also less, and a large amount of vascularity is un- 
needed ; and while the sheep consumes a greater amount of food, 
as compared in size w4th the horse, we find that it is quickly con- 
verted into flesh, only a small portion remaining as blood in the 
system. It will be noticed that the number of specific diseases 
of sheep as compared to the horse and ox are few, seemingly due 
to the animal's inherent constitution, which resists certain dis- 
eases affecting other herbivora, as pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa, 
glanders, etc., but it is found that the diffusion of races of sheep 
to other localities has tended to increase the number of con- 
tagious sheep diseases. Again a large proportion of sheep are 
sold to be slaughtered before reaching maturity, and the ma- 
jority before reaching old age, virtually reducing the number 
of diseases to which they would be liable had they been allowed 
to reach adult state. For this reason we have few chronic diseases 
to deal with, such as produce serious changes in the skeletal, cir- 
culatory, and digestive system — of the horse for an example — 
resulting from overwork and old age. 



144 A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENEKAL. 

Tiie small size of the sheep, combined with its docile nature, 
render its handling for examination and treatment in disease an 
easy matter, but it may be as well to state here the proper man- 
ner to catch them to avoid injuring the animal or the staple. 
Sheep shonld not be held or lifted by the wool, as it not only 
produces unnecessary pain, but the struggles on the part of the 
animal cause the skin to be bruised. Ewes heavy in lamb should 
never* be caught by the hind leg for self-evident reasons. To 
catch sheep, especially large heavy ones, seize the animal by the 
neck with both hands, pass one hand around the body, grasp the 
brisket, and lift the sheep clear from the ground, setting it on its 
rump. "When using a crook apply it quickly to the hind leg 
above the hock, drawing the animal back sharply to prevent it 
from springing sidewise and wrenching the leg; when the sheep 
is within reach seize the leg, releasing the crook. The simplest 
manner to lift a sheep without inflicting injury is to grasp it 
around the body with the arms immediately behind the forelegs, 
raising it and laying it on its side or setting it on its rump. The 
domestication of the sheep calls for various operations, such as 
shearing, washing, castration, etc., any of which when not 
properly carried out being liable to cause disease; exposure to 
cold storms, errors in hygienic surroundings, even if apparently 
trifling, grazing on unsuitable pastures are all fertile causes of 
disease. Even domestication predisposes to disease, especially 
among the highly improved breeds, from the artificial nature of 
the animal's existence, which renders the system more compli- 
cated and susceptible to trifling derangements, which very 
quickly become serious. Owing to the complex arrangement of 
the digestive system it is frequently the seat of disease, which is 
as often caused by an excess of aliment as a deficiency, or a super- 
abundance of dry matter, or from the germs of parasites, which 
mature and exist in the internal economy at the expense of the 
health of the aninuil, and it will be observed that the diseases 



A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. 145 

which affect the digestive organs are more numerous and fre- 
quent than all others to which sheep are liable. By their ex- 
posure to the vicissitudes of the weather, although greatly pro- 
tected by their woolly covering, also from being grazed on cold 
and wet soil, unsuitable to their natural habits, diseases are fre- 
quently induced, especially those of the feet, such as foot-rot. 
The herding together in flocks facilitates the spread of infectious 
diseases through the herd, and the attacks of flies and other 
vermin during the summer months are a source of annoyance 
and care to the sheep owner. Parasites are the most serious and 
fatal causes of sheep diseases, producing a large proportion of 
the losses. They affect the animal internally and externally, 
causing debility and wasting, but at the same time they are 
easily recognized, and yield readily to properly applied agents. 
Diseases which affect limited areas or districts, due to some local 
cause, are called enzootic. Sheep from their conditions of life 
and management are frequently subject to enzootic diseases, a 
number of a flock being affected simultaneously, causing the 
necessary treatment to be applied in a wholesale or general man- 
ner. In the treatment of large numbers of a flock it would be 
impraticable to catch each individual member and dose it separ- 
ately. To overcome this difficulty it is necessary to supply such 
agents in the food, which, being consumed by the flock, will do 
the most good, and for this reason such medicines as sulphate of 
iron and salt are given in the feeding troughs; for foot-rot foot 
baths (consisting of shallow troughs containing the desired 
medicinal agents) through which the sheep are driven; dipping 
or washing with agents to destroy parasites and salves of different 
kinds have been found useful, the hoalrhy as well as the diseased 
being submitted to the treatment. In the treatment of plethoric 
diseases, such as apoplexy, phrenitis, and some congestive disor- 
ders and blood derangements, bleeding is useful and frequently 
resorted to. Purgatives arc specially valuaV)le on account of 



146 A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. 

their quick action on tlie digestive sjateni; of these we find oily 
doses more useful than the Glauber and Epsom salts. Pills or 
boli so frequently used in the treatment of the horse are unsuit- 
able for the sheep or ox, and should not be used. The effects of 
purgative drenches are greatly assisted by the addition of 
stomachics and stimulating agents, which by their action on the 
nervous system give tone to the mucous lining of the stomachs, 
especially the maniplies. When bleeding is resorted to the 
veins under the ear and eye are usually selected for the operation, 
but should a considerable blood letting be desirable opening the 
jugular will be found the quickest and best. The amount of 
blood to be drawn should not exceed eight ounces. It is useless to 
take less than one ounce, as the effect of the loss of such a small 
quantity on the system would be nil. A rough method of 
bleeding frequently applied is the anq^utation of the ear or tail. 
This is, however, a crude method of obtaining the result desired, 
and inflicts disfigurment on the animal. 

To bleed from the cheek vein stand astride the sheep, 
pressing its body between the knees, pass the left hand un- 
der the jaw, draM'ing the head upwards and backwards slight- 
ly. When in this position the animal can neither struggle nor 
escape, then press the fingers of the left hand beneath the angle 
of the right jaw, just in front of the swallow or gullet. This will 
stop the circulation of the vein, causing it to enlarge; with the 
right hand trace the swelled vein in its course over the cheek, 
and at a point about equidistant from the eye and angle of the 
mouth insert the lancet, making the incision from below, up- 
wards, being careful not to cut through the inner side of the vein, 
but only its outer border. After sufficient blood has been ex- 
tracted discontinue the pressure caused by the left hand and the 
bleeding generally will cease. Should it not, however, insert a 
pin through the lips of the incision and wind some thread round 
it. It is sometimes advisable to bleed from the saphena vein. 



A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENEKAL. 147 

Tlii:> is located on the inside of the hind leg, and is operated on 
about two inches above the hock joint. To operate lay the 
sheep broadside on the ground, tie three legs together, leaving 
the one to be operated on free, have an assistant draw it out 
straight and hold firmly. Shave off any hair or fleece over the 
part to be operated on, and by compression or ligature above 
the part distend the vein, then make incision through its 
external coats with the lancet, remove desired amount of 
l)lood, release the pressure, and secure lips of incision with a pin, 
as above described. In bleeding from the jugular the animal is 
controlled in the same manner as when operating on the cheek 
vein; the neck is then compressed by passing a string around it 
tightly; this is termed ligating, the string being called the liga- 
ture; the wool is then cut away from the course of the vein and 
the lancet inserted. After sufficient blood is drawn the wound 
is closed by pin suture. Bleeding from the jugular, in fat sheep, 
is a difficult matter on account of the adipose tissue placed im- 
mediately under the skin, making it hard to satisfactorily locate 
the vein. In such cases bleeding from the saphena or cheek 
veins is advisable. 

The pulse is defined as the impulse given to the blood 
through the action of the heart, representing, as it docs the ac- 
tual heart beats, which in healthy subjects average a certain num- 
ber per minute. It acts as a register of the condition and num- 
l)er of heart beats, which when they exceed the normal or fall 
l)elow the same to any amount would show a derangement of the 
animal economy, viz: disease. 

The normal pulse of a sheep ranges from 00 per minute in 
the lamb to 60 in the adult, averaging 75. It can readily be 
taken at the femoral artery on the inside of the thigh by press- 
ing it firmly with the fingers against the thighbone. The pulse 
in sheep, however, cannot altogether be relied on as an indicator 
of disease, as in all animals when subjected to excitement it is 



148 A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENEKAL. 

liable to run up considerably above the normal, and the sheep 
being very timid and excitable when caught is liable to be found 
with an abnormally high pulse, although in a state of perfect 
health. So also the temperature, which while in most animals is 
a sure index to the condition, in the sheep varies consider- 
ably even in health, different observers having arrived at various 
results in forming estimates of the average, running all the way 
from 101 degrees to 104 degrees Fahr. 

Shearing has also been found to cause a slight fall, the tem- 
perature of unshorn sheep exceeding those shorn. 

An experienced flock-master is generally able to determine 
with comparative ease the nature of any particular affection 
which may be of frequent occurrence in a flock, the finer methods 
of diagnosis only being necessary as a rule in obscure sporadic 
cases. The gait of the animal and its behavior are special guides 
to many affections, such as lock-jaw, sturdy, rabies, etc., the color 
of the mucous membranes of the eye, state of the tongue, condi- 
tion of the urine or faeces, all are guides governing the animal's 
condition. The condition of the tongue is an extremely valu- 
able sign. Youatt states that in inflammations affecting serous 
n)enibranes, such as peritonitis, pericarditis, etc., the tongue will 
be found red, and tliat previous to an attack of dysentery the 
edges become red, showing a marked contrast to the body of the 
organ. It becomes yellow-brown in disease of the liver, purple 
or black in blood and respiratory diseases, pale and soft in atonic 
maladies and anaemia. . 

The condition of the faeces, their character, color and com- 
position, and amount of urine voided, its color, etc., are all valu- 
able guides to the animal's health. The shedding of wool, or 
slipping the fleece, wool-slip as it is termed, is frequently ob- 
served after severe diseases, where the internal body temperature 
has been high, or may be caused by drinking an excessive amount 
of cold water when fatigued, or through sudden changes of diet. 



A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. 14& 

Frequent causes of disease; among sheep are iinsuital)le 
pastures, containing an excess of laxative or perhaps astringent 
herbs; the excessive feeding of roots, snch as tnrnips, grazing on 
rye or old dead grass, even salt in some cases causes plethora, 
and many such simple causes are all fertile disease-breeders to 
sheep, showing that what at one time may constitute a healthful 
article of diet, at others becomes a menace to the animal's exist- 
once. When studying the cause of obscure maladies all the 
above causes must be taken into consideration, as also the nature 
(jf the soil and composition of drinking water, and everything 
with which the animals have come in contact. Overcrowding in 
feeding lots, or overstocking of pastures, want of exercise, all 
are prejudicial to a normal, healthy condition. 

Disease in many instances can be prevented by a proper re- 
gard to sanitation, only exhibiting healthy diet, taking into con- 
sideration all the common causes of disease, and removing the 
same where possible, in fact the judicious use of common sense 
as applied to sheep raising will be found generally more profit- 
able than medication. 



CHAPTER X. 



Diseases of the Brain and JServous System. 

While tlie nervous system of the lower order of animals 
possibly is not qnite so sensitive as that of the human, it is found 
that the finer bred the animal is the more sensitive the nervous 
arrangment becomes. Each of the divisions of the nervous sys- 
tem have phenomena peculiar to themselves, enabling the ob- 
server to ascertain which becomes involved in disease. The dif- 
ferent classes of disease being divided according to the parts in- 
volved, those of the brain being called cerebral, of the spinal cord 
the spinal, and of the nerves the peripheral. When the brain is 
involved in disease there is a loss of perception, volition and 
special sensation. In paralysis of one side of the body, either 
motor or sensory, the brain is affected, but in cases of transverse 
paralysis, where the hind limbs are affected or a posterior portion 
of the carcass, then it is due to disease of the spinal cord, also in 
cases of incontinence of urine or retention, we conclude the cord 
to be affected. Where certain localized parts only are paralized, 
such as a muscle or set of muscles of one portion of the leg, it is 
due to an affection of the nerves supplying the part, and is 
termed peripheral. 

Injury to the outer or corticle portion of the brain will 
affect the voluntary motions of the animal, while injuries to 
the deeper portions affect the involuntary or automatic motion, 
and severe injury to the vital parts produces instant death by 
causing paralysis or suspension of the vital functions. All in- 
juries embracing the whole system produce either excitation and 
increased nervous excitability or paralysis. One of the greatest 



DISEASES OF THE BKAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 15i 

peculiarities of this system is that there may be a great derange- 
ment of function without perceptible alteration of structure. 

frenzy, encephalitis, or Cerebritis. 

This is inflammation of the brain substance. It is fre- 
quently seen occurring as a sequela to the operation for gid. or 
fallowing an attack of apoplexy or fractures of the cranium. It 
is also caused by exhaustion and exposure or as the result of some 
specific fever from the blood becoming poisoned. Food of too 
stimulating a nature, or an excess of coarse, innutritions food- 
stuffs. Rye-grass tops are apt to cause the disease, especially 
when overripe. Plethora and exposure to the hot rays of the 
sun in the summer season are predisposing influences. Lambs 
are more often afflicted with this disease than grown sheep. 

Symptoms. 

The primary symptoms arc stupor, the animal being dull 
and unwilling to move. This stage is rapidly succeeded by more 
active symptoms. The animal becomes frantic, throwing itself 
about with great violence, the mucous linings of the eyelids be- 
come red and congested, the eyes appear to bulge from their 
sockets, the pupils of the eyes contract, respirations become 
irregular and bowels constipated. In lambs the violent symp- 
toms are most marked. They jump about continually, their 
motions appearing ridiculous. A few generations ago when thus 
affected they vere said to be bewitched, and burned alive by good 
churchmen to exorcise the fiends. Grown sheep when attacked 
may suddenly spring from the ground and fall dead, or should 
the attack be prolonged the periods of excitability are alternated 
with intervals of exhaustion and quiet. During the acute 
periods the sheep breathes hard and runs about in all directions 
with its tail carried upwards. It will butt in its delirium at men 
i>r other sheep or anything wliicli conies in its way. 



152 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

treatment. 

This in sncli a severe affection mnst be prompt. It is advis- 
able to bleed from the jugular vein, as directed in a preceeding 
chapter, taking abont eight ounces of blood from a full-grown 
sheep. This should be followed by a cathartic. In this case 
Epsom salts are useful; give four ounces in half pint of warm 
water, to which one drachm of Jamaica ginger should be added. 
When the animal affected is of sufficient value to warrant ])ar- 
ticular care, it should be confined so as not to injure itself during 
delirimn and given one drachm doses of bromide of potassium 
every two or three hours. 

post-^Iortcm Hppearanccs. 

The lungs will be found congested, the blood vessels in the 
l)rain much distended, in some eases being ruptured, the blood 
oozing into the brain substance. 

Hpoplcxy. 

This is an intense congestion of the blood vessels of the 
brain, with rupture and more or less hemorrhage. This disease 
is most frequently caused from the plethoric condition. It gen- 
erally occurs in hot weather and where sheep are grazed on rich 
pastures. It is more frequently met with in the sheep than the 
ox, Youatt explaining this as being due to the less perfect heat 
regulating power of the former animal and its being more forced 

in feeding. 

Symptoms. 

The attack is always sudden. The sheep falls to the ground 
in an unconscious condition, sometimes froths at the mouth, the 
eyes are dilated and prominent, the animal often seeming to be 
blind. In the commencement of the attack, instead of falling 
down, the sheep mav stand still in one spot, apparently oblivious 
to its suiTOundings, and on being compelled to move falls over 



DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 153: 

and dies suddenly. Owing to the causes producing this tro\ible^ 
the first precaution should be to move the balance of the flock tf). 
poorer pasture, supplement this with a wholesale purge of Epsom 
salts and gradually reduce all artificial food, such as linseed meal, 
oil cake, etc. 

The affected animals as a rule die before aid can be extended 
them, and should they recover from the apoplexy they are very 
liable to be attacked with inflammation of the brain. This is a 
disease Avhich can better be prevented than treated, and if the 
sheep has been carefully watched some premonitory signs may 
be detected, such as a refusal to feed, the animal does not chew 
the cud, appears listless and dull, the linings of the eyelids are 
congested, and the respirations rapid. As soon as these signs are 
noticed the sheep should be bled at once, taking at least eight 
ounces of blood, making the incision in the jugular. The animal 
should be removed to different quarters, the feed reduced, and 
four ounces of Epsom salts, combined with ^ ounce of liquor 
ammon. acetatis and ^ pint of warm water administered as a 
drench. In the majority of cases this will ward off the threat- 
ened attack, and is always worthy of a trial. 

epilepsy, fits and Coii\>ulstons. 

Epilepsy, fits, convulsions with delirium, the sheep becom- 
ing insensible, and at times comatose, is a disease caused by any- 
thing which tends to instate the nervous system, such as tumors 
in the cavity of the cranium, fractures and depression of the 
cranial bones, or reflected irritation to the brain from other parts 
of the body, caused by the presence of worms in the intestines; 
indigestion, especially such as occurs in lambs due to sudden 
changes of pasture, neglect or mismanagement. Grazing the 
flock early in the morning while hoar-frost is still on the ground 
is also a cause, and accounts for epilepsy frequently breaking out 



154 DISEASES OF THE BKAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

among sheep in the early spring and late fall, when thev are 
thriving well and in good condition. 

Symptoms. 

The sheep being apparently in good health suddenly throws 
up its head, staggers, looks wild, champs its jaws, and froths at 
the mouth, runs round a few times, then falls, convulsions en- 
sue, the movements of the limbs become rigid, the sheep becom- 
ing totally insensible. The fit may last a minute or two, then 
consciousness returns. The animal rises W'ith a dazed look, 
gradually getting all right and commencing again to feed, as if 
nothing had occurred. 

treatment. 

If due to hoar-frost on the grass, keep animals confined till 
it has disappeared before allowing them to graze. If due to 
worms, treat for the same as prescribed in the chapter on worm 
diseases. 

General treatment consists in affording hygenic surround- 
ings, paying particular attention to the feeding, seeing that 
stimulating and fattening foods are fed sparingly. Mark the 
animals in the flock subject to epilepsy and sell them for 
slaughter. Do not breed from animals subject to the disease. 
Kever in any case set a dog on a sheep suffering from an epileptic 
fit to drive the fit away, as is sometimes brutally done. 

Rydrocepbalus, or ^ater on the Brain. 

Hydrocephalus, water on the brain, dropsy of the brain, 
usually due, always in the adult, to a serous collection in the 
ventricles of the brain. The lamb is particularly subject to this 
complaint, and as it sometimes exists prior to birth, the size of 
the head prevents delivery. When found occurring in the 
foetus (unborn lamb) it is due to ^ome congenital taint, which 
interferes with the proper development of the foetus. 



DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 155, 

This disease in the adult sheep is rare. When occurring, 
the symptoms are similar to those of inflammation of the brain, 
commencing with drowsiness without delirium. As the serum 
collects, consciousness diminishes, the pressure on the brain 
finally causing paralysis, death usually taking place during con- 
vulsions. 

Crcatmcnt. 

Treatment is always unsatisfactory. AVhen the first symp- 
toms become noticeable the sheep should be slaughtered, and if 
in fair condition, and in the commencement of the disease, could 
with safety be used for human consumption. 

As seen in the foetus, to save the life of the ewe, it becomes 
necessary to destroy the lamb by puncturing its skull to permit 
escape of the fluid and allow the bones to collapse. Prudence 
teaches us not to use the ewe again for breeding, and if many 
cases occur in a flock, the ram must be looked upon with sus- 
picion, and had better be changed. 

Louping-IU. 

Louping-ill, also called Tremblings, Thorter-ill, ]\Iad Stag- 
gers, etc. This is a remarkable disease, seemingly caused by a 
deranged sensibility of the nerves of the hind parts, probably 
due to a sub-acute inflammation of the spinal cord, more particu- 
larly in the region of the loins. 

The inflammation of the spinal cord is followed by a serous 
effusion, which in mild cases coagulates, becoming transformed 
into a sort of fibrous tissue. This produces permanent pressure 
on the cord; not sufficient to produce paralysis, but enough to 
cause derangement of sensibility. Great losses have resulted 
from this disease, and notwithstanding the large amount of prac- 
tical and theoretical investigation instituted as to its nature and 
cause, much remains shrouded in darkness. Gamgee, Eich- 



156 DISEASES OF THE BEAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

thofer, Koll, Hamilton, Profs. AVilliams, Dick and Young- 
have conducted careful studies and experiments as to the origin 
of this disease without any definite results. The history of loup- 
ing-ill shows that it has existed in epidemic form many times in 
iScotland — notably on the Silurean strata, extending from the 
Hebrides to the Southern extremity of Dumfriesshire. Waldie 
of Jedburg- long ago suggested that louping-ill was due to liming 
the soil, and that it disappeared when the lime became ex- 
hausted. — Steele. Dr. Hamilton suggested that the disease was 
inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Profs. Dick and 
Eobertson both considered that smut on grasses caused the dis- 
ease; coarse withered grasses for food are also generally asso- 
ciated with this disorder. Ticks have also been considered to 
be the cause, supposedly carrying some specific poison and in- 
fecting the sheep, but this theory seems untenable, as the dis- 
ease has been known to appear in pigs, where the idea of tick 
infection would have to be discarded, it being more probable 
that it originated in them from eating sheep offal from animals 
which had suffered from the malady. Overstocking, poverty, 
■dry easterly frosty winds in April and May are also said to be 
productive of louping-ill to a great extent — in fact, almost every- 
thing has been claimed to be a cause, showing certainly a great 
diversity of opinion as to the origin of this obscure complaint. 

Symptoms. 

Trembling of the hind parts, twitching of the muscles. In 
acute cases, the pulse is accelerated, skin dry and hard, catarrh 
is often present, emaciation sets in, the sheep grinds its teeth, 
commences to pine, and finally death supervenes. Richthofer 
claims that the disease has only developed and become hereditary 
since the introduction of Merinos, and Roll also classes it as a 
disease of high-bred, fine-wooled sheep. In the early stages of 
the disease the sheep are in poor condition and going back, the 



DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 157 

fleece is dry and de^id to the touch, the nervous symptoms soon 
setting in, generally evidenced by a loss of power in one or more 
limbs, sometimes the whole side being involved, or even the 
whole body of the sheep may be affected, appearing to be palsied 
or attacked with tetanus, both of which diseases it simulates to a 
considerable extent. The head and neck are attacked with 
periodic spasms, which contract or draw them backwards with a 
violent jerk, tending to constrict the oesophagus and threaten 
strangulation on attempting to swallow liquids. A frothy 
saliva is emitted from the mouth, especially during the convul- 
sive fits, which may occur every five minutes, and are ac- 
companied by a very laborious and quick respiration, which sub- 
sides on the termination of the spasm. A sheep may exist for 
days in this condition, and should it not rally, death sooner or 
later ensues; even of those which eventually recover, many will 
lose the use of a hind leg for a considerable time, drawing it 
behind when moving, the leg feeling dead and cold to the touch. 
Not infrequently tumors appear around a joint or on the fore- 
legs and brisket, which on being opened are found full of pus. 

Creatmcnt. 

Treatment is entirely preventive, and consists in remov- 
ing the flock to new and fresher pastures, feeding commer- 
cial foods, as oil cake, etc. Give the lambs a sufficient dose of 
Epsom salts to act as a purge, about four ounces for adult sheep. 
In fact, stimulating, nourishing diet and good hygienic surround- 
ings are all we can prescribe for this condition, owing to the lack 
of knowledge as yet existing in reference to the cause of this 
most destructive complaint. 

Simple paralysis — Palsy. 

Simple Paralysis — Palsy, is a loss of power either sensory 
or motor, or both. It is a frequent disease in lambs, caused by 



158 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTE:\r. 

exposing the ewe at weaning time to inclement weather, com- 
bined with want of proper nutriment. This affection is also seen 
occurring in ewes as a sequela to abortion or prolonged difficult 
labor. It frequently attacks newly-dropped lambs, often prov- 
ing fatal in a night. Indigestion caused from gorging on roots, 
poisons ingested with grasses from the pastures, or obstinate con- 
stipation are frequent causes of paralysis. 

Symptoms. 

When not very sevci-c the lamb will be found standing still, 

with the hind parts powerless. In bad cases the subject will be 

found down, unable to rise, all power over the hind limbs being 

lost. Where the motor functions are generally affected, a severe 

and persistent diarrhoea frequently results, the animal seldom 

thoroughly recovering. 

treatment. 

For adult sheep, purgatives, tonics, and stimulating lini- 
ments are best calculated to remove the cause and restore tone to 
the system. Take 

Gentian fluid extract 1 drachm 

Ginger tincture 1 drachm 

Sweet spirits of nitre 2 drachms 

Mix and give as one dose in two ounces of water twice daily. 

For lambs give one-quarter to one-half of the above 
amount, according to , age. In persistent cases nux vomica 
may be tried, administered in gruel; of this give five to ten drops 
in the gruel, commencing at five drops and gradually increasing 
the dose till ten is reached, then scale down to five again. Where 
the loins are badly affected and the animal is valuable, the owner 
wishing to save it, should clip the fleece off over the loins for a 
space of three inches each way and paint the back with a solution 
of lunar caustic one drachm to one ounce of distilled water. 

Apply some of the above with a brush to part; use it once 



DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND XERVOUS SYSTEM. 159 

daily for a period of two or three days. Kepeat in a week if 
necessary. "Where the animals are in good condition and fit for 
slaughter, they should be sold to the butcher, unless, as above 
stated, the owner is particularly desirous of keeping them. 

As seen occurring in newly-born lambs, the young animal 
should be rubbed and warmed gradually; a teaspoonful of sweet 
spirits of nitre should be administered in a little warm water, and 
the lamb returned to the ewe, both being made as comfortable 
as possible and protected from cold winds. 



CHAPTER XI. 



Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 

These include all diseases of the lungs, bronchial tubes, 
larynx, nostrils, etc., and while they occur less frequently and are 
not so numerous as those of the digestive system, yet they will 
1)6 found occurring both in the milder forms of influenza and 
catarrh and the severer forms of inflammation of the lungs, or 
their serous coverings in the form of pleurisy, or attacking the 
bronchial tubes, as in bronchitis. In fact it is asserted that 
pleurisy is a common affliction of sheep, numerous cases of the 
same having been recorded following shearing and dipping, etc. 
Sheep shorn early in the season are very liable to pleurisy, and 
fatal terminations are not uncommon. 

Nasal Catarrh. 

iSTasal Catarrh, commonly termed "snuffles," very frequent- 
ly affects sheep which have been exposed to stormy weather, 
especially in the winter season. Sheep which have been shipped 
a long way to market frequently arrive at their destination with 
a severe attack of snuffles. Nasal catarrh is an inflammation of 
the lining membrane- of the nose, and may exist in either of the 
three forms of inflammation, viz: acute, sub-acute or chronic. 

Symptoms. 

In the acute form considerable fever will be present, de- 
noted by rapid breathing, a high color of the visible mucous mem- 
branes. The head is held out straight, the appetite is atiecied 
to a certain extent and there seems to be a tendency for the in- 
flammation to pass downwards to the lungs. A cough is gener- 



DISEASES OF THE KESPIKATOEY ORGANS. 161 

ally present, caused by the accumulation of mucus from the 
inflamed surfaces. In the first stage the sheep sneezes fre- 
quently, shaking its head, evincing pain, and in the course of 
a few hours a mucus discharge from the nostrils commences. 
The mucus discharge soon becomes thick, but is odorless. After 
a few days pus is formed and emitted with the discharge, which 
in consequence becomes thicker and yellow, with a heavy specific 
gravity, — sinking in water. This disease will often, if not 
treated, continue in this state for several weeks, till nature effects 
a cure, or it may be followed by an extension of the inflammation 
to the lung tissue, causing pneumonia or bronchitis, which are 
very liable to prove fatal. 

Creattnent. 

The removal of affected sheep from exposed places and ad- 
ministration of tonics and stimulants will in the majority of cases 
effect a speedy cure. Give one teaspoonful of sweet spirits of 
nitre three times daily in a little water, or Dunn's tonic drench, 
made as follows : 

Gruel 1 pint 

Tincture of iron 2 drachms 

Tincture of ginger • | ounce 

Fluid extract gentian ." . ^ ounce 

Mix and divide into three doses; give one dose daily. 

Another excellent tonic is Elixir calisaya bark, iron and 
strychnine, dose one teaspoonful four times daily in a little water. 

On account of this disease affecting a number of a flock 
simultaneously, it has been held to be contagious. This, how- 
ever, is erroneous, the multiplicity of cases being due to all of 
the sheep having been exposed to the same errors of hygiene 
contemporaneously. 

Catarrh causes a weakening and prostration of the affected 
sheep, which is very hard to overcome, making them unprofitable 



162 DISEASES OF THE KESPIRATORY ORGANS. 

feeders; so it should be guarded against by not unduly exposing 
the flock in the fall and winter to severe storms or grazing them 
on damp unsuitable pastures. Randall says: "I early found 
that depletion in catarrh in our severe winter months rapidly pro- 
duced that fatal prostration from which it is next to inqjossible 
to recover the sheep — entirely impossible without bestowing an 
amount of time and care on it costing far more than the price of 
an ordinary sheep. The next course is to prevent the disease 
b}- judicious precautions." 

Sore Chroat, Laryngitts. 

This is inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the 
larynx — the cartilaginous box situated at the superior extremity 
of the windpipe or trachea. We find in acute caees the swelling- 
is oedematous (spongy), the blood-vessels of the throat becoming 
engorged with blood, while gangrenous patches may form on the 
mucous membrane which may extend over the whole of the 
throat, causing diphtheritic sore throat. 

Symptoms. 

Some fever, indicated by rapid respirations, the head 
projected in as straight a line as possible, the mouth is held open, 
a frequent painful dry cough is present, the sheep evidences diffi- 
culty in swallowing, especially liquids, which return through the 
nostrils, the eyes protrude more or less, and saliva forms in the 
mouth, which dribbles from it in the animal's repeated efforts at 

swallowing. 

Crcatmctit. 

Apply the following stimulating liniment to the throat once 
or twice daily for two or three days, rubbing it well in: 

Take. Oil of turpentine 1 ounce 

Strong aqua ammonia 1 ounce 

Linseed oil <i ounces 

Mix, shake well before using. 



DISEASES OF THE EESPIRATOEY OEGANS. 163 

Internally give: 

Chlorate of potash 4 drachms 

Tincture of iron 6 drachms 

Water 8 ounce 

Give one tablespoonful three times daily. This is a dose 
for an adult sheep. For lambs give one-quarter of above. 
Yearling sheep one teaspoonful. Give affected animals warm 
quarters and good nursing. This disease in the sheep as a rule 
yields to treatment, whereas in the horse it is a serious affection, 
frequently proving fatal. Youatt, in his work, mentions two 
cases of oedematous sore throat in sheep in which he per- 
formed tracheotomy (an operation in which the windpipe is 
opened and a tube inserted) with satisfactory results. This is 
evidence that severe cases may occur which require heroic treat- 
ment. It is a good policy where a valuable animal becomes at- 
tached with laryngitis to commence treatment early to avoid any 
such difficulty. 

Broticbitis. 

Is inflammation of the mucous lining of the bronchial 
tubes. In its nature it is catarrhal, and is frequently found 
occurring as a sequela to nasal catarrh and laryngitis. Adult 
sheep, according to Gamgee, suffer severely from this affection, 
and lambs are very liable to it, due to too early exposure to the 
elements or continued wet, stormy weather and overcrowding in 
.'iheds. Having to breathe, a vitiated atmosphere also is a fertile 
cause of this disease. 

Symptoms. 

Are the same as those of nasal catarrh, but the cough is 
moist in character, a wheezing sound being audible, consider- 
able fever is present, the throat and belly are tender to the touch, 
the respirations arc quick, increasing in rapidity as the disea5e 
progresses, the appetite is lost from the start, the thirst, which at 



164 DISEASES OF THE EESPIKATOKY OEGANS. 

the commencement of the attack is not excessive, soon becomes 
so. By placing the ear to the sides of the chest peculiar mur- 
murs called "rales," will be heard; these are caused by the expired 
air passing through secretions of liquid mucus in the bronchial 
tubes. As the disease progresses the sheep rapidly becomes 
Aveak, the urine is scanty and high-colored, and the droppings 
are coated with slime, but dry and hard on the inside. 

treatment. 

Hygienic treatment for this affection is most desirable. 
Remove the sheep to a roomy shed where it can obtain plenty of 
fresh air and at the same time be protected from draught. 

Stimulants especially are needed in the treatment of this 
complaint. 

Take. Fluid extract of belladonna leaves. .1 drachm 

i'luid extract liquorice root 2 ounces 

Muriate of ammonia ^y ounce 

Alcohol 2 ounces 

Water 4 ounces 

Mix. Give one tablespoonful twice daily. This is a dose 
for an adult sheep. Combined with this treatment give two 
drachms of sweet spirits of nitre twice daily in half pint of 
oatmeal gruel. Purgatives are not safe to use in this affection 
and all dfugs which tend to debilitate or deplete the animal's 
system should on no account be used. 

Inflairnnation of the Lungs— pncutnotita. 

This disease is of common occurrence where sheep have 
been subjected to exposure, particularly if the climate is damp 
and subject to sudden changes of temperature. It is also found 
following the inhalation of noxious gases or the extension of the 
inflammation of nasal catarrh or larvn2:itis. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIKATOKY ORGANS. 165 

Symptotns. 

It is usually ushered in by a shivering fit, which, however, 
is seldom noticed on account of its short duration. About the 
first warning symptom will be a persistent and troublesoirnj 
cough, the breathing becomes labored, the elbows are generally 
turned outwards, there is increased motion of the ribs, and the 
flanks heave rapidly, the pulse becomes quick and strong. Thia 
however is only during the primary stages of the disease, as 
later on it becomes soft and very weak. The appetite is partial- 
ly and oftentimes wholly lost, the sheep ceases to chew the cud^ 
thirst is considerable, there is a foetid discharge from the noso, 
the animal grinds its teeth as though in pain. Weakness now 
becomes yery evident, the eye has a peculiar glazed appearance; 
on passing the hands over the loins a crepitating noise is notice- 
able, the sheep has fits of delirium, and shortly succumbs from 
exhaustion. 

Crcatmctit. 

As pneumonia in sheep has a tendency to assume a gangren- 
ous character the need of administering only remedies which 
have a tonic and stimulating effect is indicated. Counter- 
irritation, such as the application of a stimulating ammoniacal 
liniment, applied behind the elbows, will prove of some benefit. 
As a prescription the following will be found useful : 

Take. Sulphate of quinine 40 grains 

Tincture of iron ^ ounce 

Whiskey 7^ ounces 



Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls every four hours in half 
pint of oatmeal gruel. This is the dose for an adult sheep, others 
in proportion. 

When sheep suffer from chronic pneumonia the animal is 
not worth the treatment, never being likely to breed, and useless 
for fattening. 



166 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 

pleurisy. 

This is inflamination of the serous coverings of the lung& 
and chest cavity. It is produced bj the same causes which result 
in inflammation of the lungs, more particularly in sudden 
changes in temperature, which tend to thoroughly chill the 
whole system. It is frequently seen following dipping in the 
late fall or sheep-washing in the spring, or may arise from the 
extension of inflammation from parts contiguous to the pleural 
surface or from direct injury, or adventitious growths involving 
the pleura, such as cancer, etc. 

Symptoms. 

Spasmodic pains will be observed, causing the sheep to grunt, 
grind its teeth and appear anxious and uneasy. The other symp- 
toms resemble closely those of inflammation of the lungs, except 
that the pulse is hard and strong, the ears and legs become cold, 
the flanks heave, while the ribs appear fixed. This stage of the 
disease may last two or three days, recovery taking place by a 
cessation of the inflammation and a return of the parts to their 
normal condition. Should this not occur, however, it is very 
liable to terminate fatally, but death may be deferred for a 
week or even ten days. Prior to this second stage the appetite 
is lost, but as the effusion from the inflamed pleural surfaces 
takes place, resulting from the inflammation, the sheep com- 
mences to feed, the extremities get warm and an apparent change 
for the better takes place. This, however, is only the fore- 
runner of the third stage of the disease. The effusion increases 
till the chest cavity becomes filled with a watery serous liquid, 
the respirations once more become labored, the eyes become 
glassy, and the sheep soon dies, virtually from suffocation. The 
effusion in the chest cavity is termed in scientific works hydro- 
thorax, which may at the commencement terminate favorably 
through a cessation of the effusion and its absorption by the 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATOKY ORGANS. 167 

system. This, however, seldom happens in the sheep. Follow- 
ing attacks of pleurisy the lungs frequently adhere to the chest 
walls from the adhesive action of the inflammation. Sheep in 
this condition are very unsatisfactory feeders, generally losing 
flesh instead of fattening, and are not liable to breed. 

Crcatment. 

For pleurisy, when noticed in the first stages, bleeding is 
useful — the extraction of not less than eight ounces of blood 
from an adult sheep is advisable. It should not be repeated. 
Give the animal good hygienic treatment, and in the commence- 
ment of the attack, if noticed when shivering, a dose of whiskey, 
about one ounce in four ounces of gruel, will effect much good. 
Tn the second or painful stage of the disease give as follows: 

Fluid extract belladonna 2 drachms 

Sweet spirits of nitre 2 ounces 

Muriate of ammonia ^ ounce 

Water 6 ounces 

Mix. Give one tablespoonful every two hours in one-third 
pint of gruel. Apply the ammonia liniment, previously pre- 
scribed in this chapter, behind the elbows and lower part of chest. 



CHAPTER XII. 



Diseases of the Digestive System. 

These generally arise from errors in diet, the food being- 
either too bulky or too concentrated, too rich or too poor, not 
sufficient food or over-feeding an excess of indigestible foodstuff, 
or a deficiency of the same, to which may also be added irregular 
feeding. A concentrated food, if fed in large quantities, pro- 
duces indigestion, the effect being felt in the stomach. Food 
should not enter the stomach in a wholly digestible state, as that 
organ needs a stimulus to make it work, the stimulus resulting 
from the irritation caused by the indigestible matter in the 
food. It will be found that of all the classes of diseases affecting 
sheep those of the digestive system are the most numerous, more 
losses probably occurring from them than from all the other 
classes combined. 

Hpbtba; Sore Mouth. 

This is a very troublesome and at times even fatal affec- 
tion. It is generally seen occurring among lambs in the early 
spring, those still sucking the ewes being most frequently 
affected. Older sheep sometimes are severely affected by it. 
Stock over two years old, however, is rarely attacked by this 
disease. There seems to be some ground for the belief that feed- 
ing sheep turnips has a tendency to cause this condition ; errors in 
diet are also supposed causes, improper sanitary conditions, the 
spores of certain fungi, low vitality, and in aged sheep carious 
teeth, etc., have all been set down as causes of aphtha. The 
fact, however, that even in simple aphtha the teats of the ewe be- 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 169 

■come affected from the lips of the lambs would tend to prove its 
cortagioiis nature. Kocard claims that it is due to a micro- 
organism which he has found not only in the milk but also in 
the watery effusions present in the abdominal cavity after death. 
Apparently the lambs first become attacked, the ewes being in- 
oculated by their young, but as to the actual cause or source 
from which the lambs receive infection but very little is known. 

Symptoms. 

The first apparent symptoms rre on the part of the lambs a 
disposition to drag behind, not keeping up with the ewes, reluct- 
ance or inability to grasp or suck the teat, taking it into the 
mouth and letting it go quickly, the mouth when the lamb is 
endeavoring to suck becomes filled with foam, which coats the 
udder of the ewe, a desire to lay down and not frisk about is 
observed, the lambs get weak, evidences of cachexia or wasting 
away becoming apparent, they appear listless, the ears hanging 
pendulous and the head drooping forwards. Small pimples will 
now be observed round the mouth. These enlarge and ulcerate, 
become confluent, forming sores which become covered with 
pcabs. Inside the mouth these pimples and sores will also be 
found attacking the tongue, gums and lips; in severe cases the 
g-ums ulcerate, the teeth even become loose, and may fall out, the 
lower jaw bone in such cases generally being diseased. When 
existing in this form death frequently occurs from an inability 
on the part of the affected animal to obtain food. In these 
severe cases there seems to arise a systemic blood-poisoning, 
which induces inflammation of the lungs, abscesses on the course 
of lymphatic vessels, causing prostration, rapid breathing, cough- 
ing and inability to move. 

When the udder of the ewe is attacked the eruption is 
similar to that found in and around the mouth of the lamb. The 
teats are covered with sores, which become crusted over with 



170 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

thick black scabs, and as the lamb is unable to extract the milk 
from the udder, both on account of its condition and the soreness 
of it, the gland becomes inflamed from retention of milk and ex- 
tension of the disease on the course of the milk ducts, resulting 
frequently in a gangrenous condition, the whole or a large por- 
tion of the udder sloughing off. 

treatment. 

Immediately separate the healthy stock from the sick; take 
the healthy to- an entirely new locality. The others, being 
affected, may as well remain where they are till cured, so as not 
to spread the disease. Change the feed of the ewes, and so long 
as the udders are not affected the lambs may be allowed to re- 
main with them. Should the udder be attacked, wean the lamb, 
and raise it by hand. To the sore udder apply the following 
lotion: 

Tannic acid 1 drachm 

Acetic acid 1 ounce 

Water 1 pint 

Handle the gland carefully. It should be milked out twice 
daily, using great care not to bruise the part. This is a trouble- 
some procedure, but very necessary, as it will prevent the loss 
of the ewe. Internally, at the commencement of the attack, a 
dose of Epsom salts is indicated. Give four ounces in half 
pint of warm gruel. In the feed-trough mix with the food and 
give as follows: 

Powdered liquorice root 4 ounces 

Sulphate of iron 5 drachms 

Powdered gentian 4 ounces 

Wood charcoal 2 ounces 

Linseed, ground 5 ounces 

Mix. A tablespoonful should be given in the food twice 
daily. To the above a small quantity of common salt might be 
added with benefit. The mouth of the lamb should be washed 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 171 

several times daily with a solution of chlorate of potash, applying 
both inside and externally over the sores. - ' 

Take. Borax ^ ounce 

Aqua 1 pint 

Or Chlorate of potash ^ ounce 

Water 1 pint 

Swab out the mouth with one of these mixtures, being care- 
ful that very little if any is swallowed ; also apply the lotion ex- 
ternally to the affected parts. If the mouth is foetid, the ulcers 
appearing gangrenous, use as follows: 

Potassium permanganate grains X. 

Water 1 pint 

Mix, and apply as directed with the other. Should proud 
flesh appear on the lips or gums, touch it with caustic potash, or 
better still, nitrate of silver; if the teeth become loose and cari- 
ous, they should be removed. 

Obstruction of the Gullet — Choking. 

This may occur in the pharynx, but generally in the oeso- 
phagus or gullet. It is usualy caused by the lodgment of food. 
It is rarely seen in sheep as compared with the ox, but may occur 
where roots are being fed. 

Symptoms. 

The sheep stops feeding, the breathing appears difficult, the 
animal commences to bloat, the swelling appearing greater in the 
region of the left flank than in the right. Death frequently 
occur=;, due to suffocation from pressure of the distended stom- 
achs on the diaphragm or midriff, which diminishes the capacity 
of the chest cavity, preventing free expansion of the lungs, the 
derangement of the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves from 
the irritation also helping to cause a cessation of the vital func- 
tions. 



172 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

treatment. 

This is entirely operative, and for tlie speedy relief of the 
animal a probang is needed. This is a thin flexible tube, with a 
small knob or protuberance on the end which is inserted in the 
mouth. 

To operate, set the sheep on its rump, the shoulders rest- 
ing between the knees of an assistant, who also takes hold of 
the fore-feet to keep the animal steady; then by the use of a gag 
or the hand of the operator the sheep's mouth is kept open, and 
the probang, smeared with lard or vaseline, is gently passed 
over the back of the tongue and down the gullet. When 
the obstruction is reached only gentle pressure must be exerted, 
as violent efforts are liable to rupture or lacerate the coats of the 
oesophagus, in which case the animal would most likely have to 
be destroyed. When the obstruction is moved by the probang 
and passes into the rumen, relief is instantaneous. 

Where bloating is considerable, the rumen should be punc- 
tured prior to passing probang, with an instrument termed a tro- 
car^ — this is a very necessary article for all stock-owners to 
possess; its use permits the escape of gases arising from fermenta- 
tion in the stomach or bowels, and secures time for the adminis- 
tration and action of medicinal agents. 

The trocar is a pointed stillet, about 1-16 of an inch in 
diameter and five inches in length, which fits in a closely fitting 
tube. The part to be'operated on is selected and the instrument 
inserted. The stillet is withdrawn, leaving the tube in position, 
through which the escape of gases is perfected. In bloat from 
choke in both oxen and sheep the place to be operated on is the 
left flank, the operator selecting the location by careful examina- 
tion, taking the soft and most bulging point for a guide, so a«» 
not to strike the last ribs, or transverse processes of the lumbar 
vertebrae with the instrument. Should the probang not be suc- 
cessful in removing the obstruction, the animal, unless very valu- 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 173 

able, had better be slaughtered. If, however, extreme meas- 
ures are to be tried, select the bulging portion of the gullet 
caused by the choke for the point to be operated on, clip the wool 
off from the part, wash the skin with soap and water, and 
apply a 5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid; then make a bold 
incision with a sharp knife (which must be clean, and should have 
been dipped previous to use in the carbolic solution) through 
the skin and underlying tissues to the gullet, lay the gullet open 
by another stroke of the knife, remove the obstruction, take a 
surgeon's needle, threaded with sterilized silk or catgut, and 
bring the edges of the gullet together, being certain that the in- 
side mucous linings are in apposition, wash the wound out with 
carbolic solution and sew up the skin, using three or four stitches. 
After the operation the animal should be kept perfectly quiet 
and fed on a liquid diet till the wound in the gullet has perfectly 
healed, the best food being linseed jelly or oatmeal gruel, to 
which a little whiskey has been added, or anything which can be 
swallowed without exerting the muscular coats of the gullet. If 
in two or three days after the operation the swallowed liquids 
continue to exude from the wound the animal had better bo 
slaughtered, as the chances are that the operation has been a 
failure. 

Bloat, Rown, also Called Blasting. 

This is not in itself a disease, but rather a condition arising 
from the mal-assimilation of food, it being due to the collection 
and formation of gases in the rumen or first stomach, due to the 
fermentation of its contents. It arises from various causes, such 
as the eating of grasses still wet with dew — especially should they 
belong to the clover family — frosted roots, or root tops, and a 
diet containing a surplus of moisture, especially if suddenly 
forced on the sheep, or it may arise as a sequel to choke, as 
stated in descriptions of preceding disease. 



174 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

Symptoms. 

The sheep is dull, breathes hard, exhibits abdominal pain, 

the body back of the ribs commences to enlarge, especially in 

the region of the left flank where the rumen is situated, the 

swelling on this side being more bulging and projecting higher 

than it does on the other. 

Crcatmcnt. 

This may be both medicinal and operative. In many cases 
agents which, when swallowed, arrest the process of fer- 
mentation, will be all that is necessary to effect a speedy cure. 
The writer has found the following one of the most effective 
agents to remedy this condition, and it is always worthy of trial 
before using the trocar. Take tincture of colchicum seeds and 
place 20 to 30 drops on the sheep's tongue, repeating in 20 min- 
utes if necessary. This is in the line of homeopathic treatment, 
but experience has proved its success, and being simple to ad- 
minister, is a desirable remedy to use. Bi-carbonate of soda is 
also administered for this trouble, and if the colchicum is not 
obtainable is a good article to use, as all households have a supply 
of cooking soda on hand. The dose should be one tablespoonful 
dissolved in half pint of warm water and given as a drench. If 
the bloating is very severe, the trocar should be used without de- 
lay. Plunge it into the highest bulging portion of the left flank. 
This will permit the escape of the gases. Then administer the 
colchicum or soda treatment to arrest the fermentative changes 
taking place in the viscus. 

If this trouble arises from eating wet grasses in the early 

morning or from , the ingestion of too succulent a diet, correct 

the same, seeing that dry hay is fed or the animals kept in the 

pens in the early morning till the dew has disappeared from the 

grass. 

Lo99 of the Cud. 

This is not a disease, but an effect of derangement of some 
part of the system. An animal suffering from any serious sick- 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 175 

ness naturally does not desire food. When the trouble is re- 
moved, the animal will soon commence to chew the cud again. 
When this happens without any appreciable cause, the adminis- 
tration of a cathartic such as Epsom salts 4 ounces, hyposulphite 
of soda 1 ounce, dissolved in one pint of warm water, will gen- 
erally give satisfactory results. If it is due to indigestion, evi- 
denced by the sheep pulling and eating its wool, prepared chalk 
mixed with common salt sprinkled over the fodder will effect a 
cure. 

Impaction of the Rumen. 

This is a mechanical distension of the rumen with food. It 

is practically a filling up of the rumen with solid food, more 

particularly grain; it may also be seen where sheep are grazed 

on new grass in stubble fields, the sudden changing from poor 

to rich pastures; new wheat also has been known to produce very 

fatal effects. The walls of the rumen become paralyzed, their 

natural motions cease, and the food remains in the viscus as an 

inert indigestible mass. 

Symptoms. 

It will be distinguished from bloat in that pressure on the 

left flank reveals a doughy, pitting feeling, the rumen, as felt 

under the skin, not being a yielding buoyant tumor as in bloat. 

The sheep appears dull and stupid, naturally does not chew the 

cud, grunts occasionally from pain, has an anxious look, and, as 

before stated, a diagnostic symptom is the inelastic, doughy, 

feeling of the left flank. 

Crcatmcnt. 

A cathartic should l^e administered, combined with which 
stimulants are indicated, both nervous and systemic. 

Take. Fluid extract nux vomica 5 minims 

Barbadoes aloes ^ ounce 

Aromatic spirits ammonia 2 drachms 

Warm water 1 pint 



176 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

Mix. Give as one dose. Should this not prove effective, 
and the owner wishing to save the sheep for breeding purposes, 
clip the fleece off the region of the flank, then take a clean 
sharp knife, make an incision downwards and inwards through 
the skin from a point about two inches from the protuberance 
of the hip bone, making it about three inches in length to permit 
entrance of the hand of the operator; break through the tissues 
underlying the skin with the fingers, exposing the external coats 
of the first stomach, make a bold incision through this, insert 
the hand (first taking a napkin or clean cloth and placing it so 
that it covers the dependent part of the wound in the skin and 
also stomach — this to prevent the contents from falling down be- 
tween the walls of the stomach and abdominal cavity, in which 
case peritonitis would most likely result), remove at least one- 
third of its contents, and then pour into the stomach a purgative 
such as : 

Take. Common salt 2 ounces 

Solution of ammonium acetate -J ounce 

Water 1 pint 

Then sew up the walls of the rumen (stomach), being careful to 
bring the inside surfaces together, making the stitches with a fine 
surgeon's needle about half an inch apart, using sterilized cat gut 
or silk for the sutures. Then take silk and sew up the skin. 
Do not take the stitches through the tissues underlying it be- 
tween it and the walls of the rumen. Dress the external surface 
of the wound with pine tar. This is a very effectual operation, 
and if properly performed is not liable to produce any serious 

results. 

IiTtpacttoii of the Chird Stomach. 

Impaction the Third Stomach, or Omasum, also termed 
"grass staggers," "drying up" or "fardel bound," occurs in the 
same way as impaction of the first stomach or rumen. Prof. 
AVilliams says that it is always accompanied with inflammation 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 177 

of the fourth stomach, which, he claims, is the original lesion. 
Sudden changes of food, changing the sheep from a grass to a 
dryer and less nutritious ration, astringent herbs in the pasture, 
especially when the season is dry, also cause this condition. 

The omasum becoming filled with dry food, the leaves of 
mucous membrane, of which its interior is composed, become 
partially paralyzed, their movements and mucous secretions 
cease, this beiirg immediately followed by inflammation of the 
organ, due to the irritation caused by the retention of its con- 
tents. As a result of the inflammation, the contents become 
dryer and the mucous membrane exfoliated from the folds, 
causing a highly dangerous condition. 

Symptoms, 

The bowels may be natural or even loose in the first stages 
of the disease. This is soon followed, however, by obstinate 
constipation and fever. The sheep stands with a straightened 
neck, the nose is hot and dry, the eyeballs stand out prominently, 
the mouth is covered with a frothy, slimy discharge, the animal 
will grunt frequently, cough is rarely present, which will assist 
in not confounding this complaint with lung trouble, the respir- 
ations become quickened, evidences of cerebral derangement ap- 
pear, such as delirium and erratic violent motions, followed by 
stupor. Exhaustion takes place rapidly and unless relieved the 
sheep quickly succumbs. 

Crcatmctit. 

Endeavor to soften the contents of the omasum. For this 
purpose an oleaginous purge as indicated. 

Take. Barbadoes aloes ^ ounce 

Fluid extract belladonna leaves. . .^ drachm 
Linseed oil 1 pint 

]\Iix and give as a drench. When drenching ruminants, 
iind it ia desired to have the medicines reach the third and fourth 



178 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

stomachs without passing into the rumen, pour the drench into 
the animal's mouth slowly. In this case the drench being in- 
tended for the omasum, it should be administered as directed 
above. Give frequent drenches of oatmeal gruel or linseed jelly 
in warm water, to which should be added some such stimulant: 
as aromatic spirits of ammonia, whiskey, etc. The following 
prescription will be found useful: 

Take. Aromatic spirits of ammonia. . .-.ll ounces 

Fluid extract, nux vomica | drachm 

Alcohol 2^ ounces 

Mix and administer two tablespoonfuls twice daily in half 
pint of oatmeal gruel. It will be found advisable in obstinate 
cases to give rectal injections (enemas), composed of warm water 
and soap, to which a small quantity of common salt, about half 
teaspoonful, has been added. These should be used twice daily. 
Powerful purgatives, such as croton oil and mercury, or calabar 
bean, are absolutely useless and exceedingly dangerous. 

This disease is always serious and demands the best of care 
and attention, in spite of which fatalities frequently occur. 

Xntestinal Obstructions. 

First under this head we recognize accumulations of wool, 
or wool ball, stony concretions, etc., all called calculi. 
Secondly, rupture, or hernia, with strangulation. 
Thirdly, stricture,. 
Fourthly, volvulus and intus-susception. 

XJdooX Balls. 

Wool balls, the results of felting wool and food ma- 
terials, are frequently found in post mortem examinations of 
the first stomach of the sheep. These appear to cause the animal 
but little inconvenience and deserve but passing notice, excepting 
when occurring in lambs, just after the ewes have been shorn, 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 179 

and the ticks migrate to the lambs, causing them to bite, and 
tear out the wool, which they swallow in large quantities, it is 
liable then to produce conditions which are apt to terminate 
fatally. Calculi, composed of stony or mineral material, formed 
round some object, which acts as a nucleus, such as a nail-head or 
piece of gravel, are frequently found in the bowels, wdiere they 
also effect little harm, forming pouches or depressions in the bow- 
els, where they rest, and it is only when through some cause or 
other they become ejected from these pouches that they are liable 
to cause colicky symptoms, which may terminate fatally through, 
inflammation of the bowel. 

Rcrnia, Rupture. 

Of this we have several different kinds, depending on their 
location. Hernia in general is a protrusion of a part of an in- 
testine, through an opening in the peritoneal covering of the 
abdominal cavity. Hernia is recognized as a fluctuating tumor; 
when occurring in the middle of the belly near or at the navel 
it is termed umbilical hernia. When in the scrotum, as is some- 
times seen in rams, it is called scrotal hernia. "When above the 
scrotum, high up on the inside of the flank it is termed ingiiinal. 
Should an intestine protrude through the midriff or diaphragm, 
or should that muscle become ruptured from any cause it is 
termed diaphragmatic hernia. Should the aperture through 
which the bowel exudes be small so that the bowel becomes con- 
stricted and the free passage of the faeces becomes interferred 
with, strangulation takes place, in which event the bowel outside 
the opening becomes congested and swollen, gangrene sets in, 
the bowel sloughs and the animal quickly dies from the effects. 

Oiapbragmatic Rcmia. 

Always results from flatulence, due to accumulation of 
gases in the stomachs, which, through pressure on the midriff, 
cause it to rupture; this condition is always fatal. 



180 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEJM. 

ClmbtUcal F>cmia. 

Umbilical Hernia is very common in the sheep, and rarely 
if ever causes any inconvenience. 

treatment. 

Where rnptnre threatens the life of the animal through 
strangulation it had better be sold to the butcher. Umbilical 
hernia as seen in sheep, while unsightly, is seldom serious and in 
no case would an operation for this trouble in sheep be justified. 

Stricture. 

In the bowel occurs as a result of changes in the tissues of 
the bowel, resulting from acute inflammation, chronic thickening 
and degeneration of its walls, Avhich by constricting the tube, 
acts as a mechanical obstruction to the passage of faecal ma- 
terial. This complaint is rare, and when occurring in sheep 
has no differential symptoms to distinguish it from inflammation 
of the bowels, which it virtually causes. 

It is always fatal. ~So treatment. 

Tolvulus. 

Is a twist or alteration from natural position of part of the 
bowel, generally the ileum twisting round the colon. Xo treat- 
ment or diagnostic symptoms. Always fatal. 

Intus-Susccption. 

Is when one part of the bowel slips into the part posterior 
to it. It may be likened to the finger of a glove, half turned 
inside out. This is supposed to occur from violently increased 
bowel motion, (peristalsis). This also is a fatal affection, with no 
particular diagnostic symptoms. In all the above enumerated 
troubles the symptoms simulate those of inflammation of the 
bowels, there being intense nervous prostration and nausea, with 
an absence of bowel sounds or murmurs, scientifically called bor- 
borvgmus. jSTo treatment. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 181 

Impaction of the fourth Stomach of Lambs. 

Due fO milk curdling. This is a very fatal and frequent dis- 
ease, being due to forcing lambs for the early spring market, 
where cow's milk is given in addition to what the lamb obtains 
from its mother. 

Symptoms. 

The lamb is dull, stupid, unwilling to move, breathes hur- 
riedly, is constipated, the belly is swollen and tender. 

treatment. 

Freely administer thin gruel to which has been added bi- 
carbonate of soda. Give about 10 grains by weight of the soda 
in every dose of gruel, administering two or three ounces of 
gruel every two hours. Follow this treatment with linseed oil 
as follows: 

Aromatic spirits of ammonia. A teaspoonful 
Linseed oil 4 ounces 

Shake well and give as one dose. 

CoUc. 

This is rather a rare affection so far as sheep are concerned, 
due no doubt to the fact that the food having been so thoroughly 
worked over in the stomachs, indigestible materials rarely enter 
the bowel. 

Symptoms. 

Colicky pains, grinding the teeth, frequently getting up and 
lying down, striking the belly with the hind feet, the pain not 
constant, there being intervals of ease between the spasms of 
pain. This condition is more frequently seen occurring in lambs 
than sheep, resulting from errors in diet, such as over-feeding 
from the bottle, when cows milk is used, or from obtaining a 
surfeit of milk even from its own dam. 



182 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

Creatmcnt. 

iXntispasmoclics and carminative agents are indicated, sncli 
as peppermint, ginger, and sulphuric ether. Counter-irritation, 
such as the application of a stimulating liniment to the belly, 
the ammonia liniment prescribed in this work being useful. 
Cathartics should also be given. 

Take. Tincture of ginger 1 drachm 

Sulphuric etlier 1 ch-achm 

AVarm water 4 ounces 

Mix. Give as one dose. This is the dose for a lamb about 
three months of age; others in proportion to age. This will be 
found in the majority of cases to speedily give relief. A rectal 
injection of soap and warm water may also be administered with 
beneficial results. 

Inflammation of the Bowels, enteritis. 

This is a rare condition in the sheep, and whether it really 
exists as a disease or is the effect of other diseased conditions yet 
remains to be proven, it being considered doubtful by a number 
of authorities whether true enteritis ever occurs in the sheep. 
"Youatt mentions strangulation, intussusception, volvulus, her- 
nia, rupture and ascites, as found in post mortem cases where 
from the caecum to the abomasum, after including it and other 
stomachs, there was -distinct inflammation and sometimes gan- 
grene." — Steele. 

Symptoms. 

In addition to those found in cases of colic, the sheep 
lies down most of the time, the pain is continuous instead of in- 
termittent, the temperature is elevated and continues so, till 
towards the termination of the attack. A frothy saliva will be 
observed round the mouth, the bellv is tender to the touch. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 183 

Crcattnent. 

A stimulating application to the belly is indicated. For 
this use the amnioniacal liniment, or the fleece may be clipped 
close and a mustard plaster applied. Purgatives in this disease 
should never be used. Opium, combined with quinine, and per- 
haps belladonna and camphor, will often afford relief. Give 
mucilaginous fluids instead of clear water to drink; during con- 
valescence administer mild diffusible stimulants, such as solution 
of ammonia acetate in drachm doses, and should constipation be 
present use rectal injections to counteract it. On no account 
use purgatives. A prescription for enteritis may be written as 
follows : 

Take. Laudanum li ounces 

Spirits of camphor 6 drachms 

Fluid extract belladonna leaves. . .2 drachms 
Alcohol 6^ ounces 

Mix. Give one tablespoonful every three hours in quarter 
pint of warm griiel. The counter-irritation in the form of ex- 
ternal applications to the belly should not be neglected in these 
cases, and, as stated above, the application of mustard will afford 
luuch relief 

Diarrhoea, or Supcr-purgatton. 

This is an unnaturally fluid condition of the faeces, result- 
ing from mismanagement and neglect. It exists either as a 
functional disturbance or a symptom of some other condition. 
It is caused by some irritant in the stomach or bowels, which 
produces an increase in their peristaltic motions, an excessive 
amount of water being extracted from the capillary blood ves- 
sels in the mesentery, and thrown out into the bowel. This 
gives rise to an increased thirst, which unless controlled will only 
increase the trouble. Abundant and watery diet, unripe grasses, 
sudden changes in the food, exposure to inclement climatic con- 



184 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

ditions, or after such operations as dipping, shearing or washing, 
are all common causes in adult sheep. Mechanical and chemical 
irritants, local tissue changes, functional changes of the abdom- 
inal glands as seen in tuberculosis, diseases of the liver, where an 
over-secretion of bile is present, are also fertile causes of 
diarrhoea. This disease is frequently complicated with dysen- 
tery, often terminating in an attack of that affection. 

Symptoms. 

A thin, watery condition of the faeces, frequent, painless, 
odorless, and free from slime or blood. At the commencement 
of the trouble there will not be any constitutional disturbance, 
but should the trouble persist, the lining of the bowels becomes 
injected, causing colicky pains, increased pulse beats, which get 
weaker and weaker. A rapid lowering of the temperature takes 
place, in all cases an excessive thirst will be exhibited, the animal 
loses flesh rapidly, the face has an anxious, haggard look, the 
tongue becomes furred, the extremities, as death approaches, get 
cold, the visible mucous membranes turn a pale color instead of 
the normal pink, these latter symptoms being those of extreme 
and protracted cases of diarrhoea, which if existing would clearly 
go to prove neglect on the part of the sheep-owner. 

Diairboca of Lambs. 

Diarrhoea of Lambs, also called the White Skit, from 
the profuse white-colored evacuations. This is caused by the 
ingested milk curdling in the lamb's stomach. It is a dangerous 
disease, and is virtually due to constipation and not diarrhoea, 
the watery discharge being the whey from the mass of curdled 
milk in the fourth stomach. The fourth stomach of rumin- 
ants, as has been stated in a prior chapter in this work, is the 
digestive stomach, and normally possesses the property of curdling 
milk to better facilitate its digestion. This disease being due to 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 185- 

an excess of tlae natural functions of the stomach, the milk either 
being too rich in quality, or partaken of in excess, coagulates too 
quickly from the increased powers of the gastric juice, which 
increase takes place when the lamb commences to pick other 
nourishment. 

Symptoms. 

In addition to the characteristic white color of the dis- 
charges will be found dullness, heaving of the flanks, a tense, en- 
larged condition of the abdomen and at times costiveness. 

'Che 6rccii Shit. 

Also a disease of lambs, in which the watery evacuations are 
of a greenish color. This is due to exposure and errors of diet 
at the time of weaning. It is often quickly fatal, sometimes 
terminating unfavorably in tw^enty-four hours. 

Crcatment for Diarrhoea in Hdult Sheep. 

Make the patient as warm and comfortable as possible. As- 
certain the cause of the trouble and if possible remove it. In all 
cases withhold the water, only allowing the sheep to drink bland 
fluids, such as linseed or rice tea, flour gruel, etc. 

Take. Cooking soda 1 ounce 

Water 1 gallon 

Allow the sheep to quench its thirst with the above. It 
will be found useful to correct any excess of acidity in the stom- 
ach and bowels, and may go far towards relieving the trouble. 
Take 

Prepared chalk 1 ounce 

Laudanum 4 ounces 

Tincture of ginger 1 ounce 

Peppermint water 8 ounces 

Mix. Shake before using, giving the affected sheep two to 
three tablespoonfuls night and morning. For lambs just weaned 



186 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 

give half the above dose. In all cases of diarrhoea the diet de- 
mands particular attention, and if the purging persists over 
twentv-four hours, the sheep should be moved to dryer pastures 
or fed dry food, such as hay and bran. In cases of diarrhoea it 
is not considered good practice to try and stop the evacuations 
suddenly with astringent mixtures, but rather to aid nature in 
getting rid of the irritant. For this purpose it is as well to com- 
mence treatment with linseed oil, and if pain is a marked symp- 
tom, opium in any of its forms, preferably laudanum, can be 
added, as for instance 

Take. Linseed oil 4 ounces 

Laudanum 2 drachms 

Give as one dose for an adult sheep; younger animals in pro- 
portion to age. Then a few hours after, if the sheep does not ap- 
pear better, commence the use of the prior prescription. 

treatment for the Cdbitc Scours or Skit. 

In this instance we must endeavor to dissolve the hardened 
mass in- the fourth stomach, the proper method being the admin- 
istration of alkalies. 

Take. Sulphate of magnesia 1 ounce 

Cooking soda ^ ounce 

Tincture of ginger 1 drachm 

Warm thin gruel 4 ounces 

Mix and give as one dose. Following this a cordial mixture 
may be used, such as 

Tincture rhubarb 1 ounce 

Magnesia 1 ounce 

Bi-carbonate of soda 2 ounces 

Tincture of catechu 2 ounces 

Glycerine '^^ drachms 

Water 12 ounces 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 187 

Mix. Give from one-half to two tablespoonfuls three timeir. 
daily according to the lamb's age. In all cases where the young 
animals are still dependent on their mother's milk for their nour- 
ishment it is advisable to treat the dam, especially is this the case 
in diarrhoea attacking lambs. To do this the preceding mix- 
tures can be administered to the ewe twice daily in doses of three 
to four tablespoonfuls, the direct treatment of the lamb being re- 
duced to a minimum. 

For green skit as seen in lambs just weaned, the animals 
should be made as warm as possible, and the above cordial mix- 
ture prescribed for the white skit should be given in tablespoon- 
ful doses every three hours. Combined with which it will be 
well to use small doses of whiskey, as a quick stimulant is 
urgently needed in this complaint. 

Dysentery, Bloody flux, also called Cling. 

Is an inflammatory disease, affecting the mucous membrane 
of the large intestines, and is frequently fatal. It appears to be 
attended by a form of fever typhoid in character, accompanied by 
fluid discharges from the bowels, large quantities of mucus and 
some blood. It is often caused by the continual feeding of 
coarse and unwholesome food, or from grazing on low lands 
which have been submerged by water, the sand and grit de- 
posited on the grasses setting up an irritation, followed by inflam- 
mation of the bowels. Hay cut from such pastures will also 

produce this disease. 

Symptoms. 

The sheep has an exhaustive diarrhoea, fever quickly de- 
velops, the animal showing evidences of extreme weakness. The 
fever in these cases marks the difference between them and 
diarrhoea, as in that disease the temperature is lowered instead of 
elevated. The evacuations are thin^ but adhesive, painful, laden 
with mucus and often accompanied Avith blood, the belly is 



188 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

tender to the touch and swollen, the waterv faeces adhere to the 
wool of the tail and thighs, causing soreness and sometimes ulcer- 
ation of the parts. Flies invade the sore surfaces, maggots de- 
veloping as a result of their attacks. The sheep has an excessive 
thirst, the appetite is unnaturally good, the animal still eating, 
notwithstanding its weakened and diseased condition. Death 
may result in a few days, or the attack may be prolonged up to 
five or eight weeks, the animal finally succumbing from exhaus- 
tion. The wool may become so matted over the rump as to pre- 
vent the expulsion of the faeces. This condition is called "pind- 
ing," and should it not be removed it will eventually cause death 
from retention of the faecal matter. Mistakes are also liable to 
occur. A cursory examination might result in this condition 
being taken for constipation, and purgatives administered, which 
would produce fatal efPects. Youatt makes special mention of 
this condition, and states that it is frequently found affecting 
ewes when suckling lambs. To avoid this condition in cases of 
dysentery the wool on the rump and thighs should be removed 
and the parts kept clean. The following powder dusted on the 
part will be soothing and prevent the attacks of flies. 

Take. Iodoform i drachm 

Calomel 1 drachm 

Sub-nitrate of bismuth 2 ounces 

Mix. Or a solution of oil of tar and turpentine can be em- 
ployed, which is less expensive and equally effective, as 

Oil of tar .' 1 ounce 

Spirits of turpentine 1 ounce 

Spirits of camphor 2 ounces 

Neatsf oot oil 4 ounces 

The affected animals should be comfortably housed. The 
diet must be of the best. Dry feed, such as a ration of oats and 
bran, with good hay, with small allowance of linseed meal. In 
the commencement of the disease give the sheep four ounces of 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 189 

linseed oil. This will tend by its laxative action to remove any 
irritant from the bowels, and at the same time has a soothing 
effect on the mucous surfaces. Small doses of linseed oil should 
be persisted in all through the treatment. This is best given 
combined with rhubarb, ipecacuanha and laudanum, 

Take. Laudanum 2 ounces 

Wine of ipecac 1 ounce 

Tincture of rhubarb 1 ounce 

Linseed oil 9 ounces 

Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls twice daily. Combined 
with this, administer Dover's powder, 30 grains, once daily for 
three days. "Where the discharges are offensive Dr. Alexander 
recommends administering as an adjunct to other remedies, pure 
beech-wood creasote in drop doses. Convalescents from this dis- 
ease need careful feeding and should receive tonic treatment for 
some time, as recovery is slow in all these cases. 

Take. Powdered nux vomica 3 drachms 

Powdered sulphate of iron 3 ounces 

Powdered gentian root 4 ounces 

Powdered saltpeter 1 ounce 

Linseed meal 8 ounces 

Mix. The above prescription, on account of containing 
nux vomica, must be thoroughly mixed to insure the even dis- 
tribution of that ingredient through the balance of the prescrip- 
tion. Give the sheep recovering from dysentery one tablespoon- 
ful in the feed twice' daily. All sheep in the spring of the year 
should be "tagged," which consists in the removal of the tags of 
wool around the breech, so, that should they scour the evil 
effects from flies will not take place. 

Constipation 

in adult sheep. This is a condition arising from a surfeii of dry 
feed. When occurring in lambs it may be due to gastric trouble. 



190 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

In adults it may be due to defective peristaltic motion, caused 
by impaired nerve force, the result being a deficiency of mucus 
in the bowels, so retarding the onward passage of the faeces. 

Crcatmcnt. 

For adult sheep administer at once a rectal injection of soap 
and water or warm linseed oil, or better still glycerine, and in- 
ternally giv3 : 

Barbadoes aloes ^ ounce 

Tincture of ginger 1 drachm 

Linseed oil 6 ounces 

Mix. Give as one dose. For lambs the best agent to admin- 
ister is an animal fat, such as lard, three or four tablespoonfuls of 
warm hog's lard is to be highly recommended, and should this be 
slow in acting, give a rectal injection of warm milk, to whieli 
sufficient molasses has been added to make it a chocolate color. 
The best way to give this is to suspend the lamb by the hind 
legs, the syringe is then inserted, the animal held up for a brief 
period, and then set free — the results should be prompt. The 
newly born lamb is best treated through the medium of its dam. 
To effect this give the ewe the cathartic drench above prescribed. 
In cases where the rectum of the young animal is obstructed 
with hardened faecal matter, it should be removed with the 
fingers and a small injection of oil given. This will soften the 
mucous surface which might be injured during the extraction 
of the mass. 

Imperforate Hnus. 

Is a condition sometimes seen affecting the newly born, the 
rectum having no communication with the outside. Sometimes 
the rectum can be felt underneath the skin, in which event a 
surgical operation may be successful. In any event, should this 
condition not be righted, death would soon take place from the 
absorption of effete material. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 191 

Rcmotrboids, Piles. 

These may project externally or be situated within the 
rectum. Internal piles cause a bloody appearance of the faeces, 
and the animal appears stiff behind. The external project from 
the anus sometimes to the extraordinary length of six to eight 
inches, being an eversion of the rectum. The writer has seen 
quite a number of these cases, the mucous membrane surface 
being congested and ulcerated, the best treatment for which is 
slaughter, for if the animal has not been suffering from 
irritative fever due to the trouble, the flesh may with safety 
be consumed by the public. This trouble generally occurs from 
constipation, or may follow an attack of diarrhoea, and is due 
then to an atonic condition of the bowel. We have classed it 
here under the head of hemorrhoids. It is scientifically termed 
prolapsus of the rectum, and only differs from protruding piles 
in the large amount of surface exposed. 

tTrcatmcnt. 

Laxative diet, the application of an ointment composed of 
equal parts of sulphur and lard will be found of service, or 

Take. Acetate of lead 20 grains 

Tannic acid 2 drachms 

Calomel 2 drachms 

Sulphate of morphia 4 grains 

Glycerine 4 ounces 

Mix. Apply to the hemorrhoids. Where the piles pro- 
trude, smear them with the ointment, and pass them back 
through the anus. 

Pcrttonttis. 

Is inflammation of the peritoneum or covering of the bow- 
els, which also invests the walls of the abdominal cavity. This is a 
very rare disease in sheep. The omentum or that part of the 
peritoneum investing the bowels is remarkable for its large size. 



192 DISEASES OF THE LIVEK. 

It is frequently the seat of parasitic diseases, notably the nodular 
disease caused by the oesophagostoma columbianum, which we 
shall treat of in the chapter on parasitic diseases. Steele says 
"that simple peritonitis is common in old sheep, resulting from 
debility, the evidences of which are dropsical swellings, etc." 
In these cases the destruction of the animals is the best method 
of procedure, very old sheep not being worth the time and 
trouble necessary to effect a cure. 



Diseases of the Liver. 

The liver of the sheep is one-twenty-fifth part of the weight 
of the animal, exceeding in weight the liver of the human being, 
being proportionately twice as large. Of the diseases affecting 
the liver of sheep non-parasitic in origin, we shall only describe 
two as being of sufficient importance, viz., inflammation of the 
liver, called "Hepatitis", and jaundice or "Icterus". Diseases 
affecting the liver, which necessarily interfere with its func- 
tions, are recognized by the yellow appearance they produce on 
the visible mucous membranes, especially the lining of the eye- 
lids (conjunctiva). 

Hcutc InfUminatioti of the Lmi*^ Rcpatitis. 

This is supposed to arise in the investing membrane of the 
organ, called the capsule, being virtually its peritoneal covering, 
originating generally' as a result of inflammation in some con- 
tiguous organ. 

It is most frequently caused by grazing sheep on low-lying 
pastures, where the growth of grass is high and rank, and is sup- 
posed to be due to over-nutrition. 

Symptoms. 

The sheep is feverish, the respirations hurried, the visible 
mucous membranes are of yellowish appearance, due to the pres- 



DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 193 

ence of bile in the fine capillary blood-vessels. That pain is 
evidenced when pressure is exerted behind the right shoulder 
we believe to be doubtful, unless abscesses already exist, in the 
liver, although this has been claimed by authorities, notably 
Williams, to be a diagnostic symptom ; lameness of the right fore- 
leg has also been stated as a prominent symptom. 

Crcattnent. 

The sheep should be bled. This is best accomplished by 
opening the jugular, as has already been described in this work. 
The diet should be reduced and the following cathartic admin- 
istered. 

Take. Glauber salts 4 ounces 

Bi-carbonate of soda 1 drachm 

Common salt 1 ounce 

Dissolve in a sufficiency of warm gruel and give as a 
drench, administering it slowly. After the purgative has oper- 
ated, the following prescription will be found useful. 

Take. Fluid extract gentian ^ ounce 

Alcohol 2 ounces 

Sulphuric acid -J drachm 

Water 8 ounces 

Mix. Give one tablespoonful twice daily half an hour be- 
fore feeding grain. 

Sheep suffering from hepatitis should be fed grain spar- 
ingly, the best ration being a small feed twice daily of bran and 
oats mixed, half lb. of each. 

"Ifauiidicc, Icterus. 

Is a yellow condition of the system, and may be due to 
either a non-secretion of the bile from the blood, or a re-absorp- 
tion of the bile into the blood, through some obstruction in the 
bile ducts of the liver. Prof. Dick claimed that jaundice was 



194 DISEASES OF THE LIVEK. 

more frequently observed in the sheep and dog than in the other 
domesticated animals, but this assertion no doubt included cases 
of liver-fluke, of. which we shall treat separately. Where sheep 
are highly bred, and especially where they are pampered for ex- 
hibition purposes, the liver is very liable to acute or chronic de- 
generation of a fatty character, and according to Steele, "this 
seems to be the nature of the fatality which often occurs among 
highly-bred sheep, more especially ewes in lamb." Sheep, how- 
ever, die in great numbers from liver diseases about the period 
of parturition; sometimes without presenting any symptoms of 
disease of that particular organ, or of any disease whatever; 
sometimes anaemic, and occasionally with well marked symptoms 
of jaundice." — Williams, Vet. Med. 

Symptoms. 

Will be recognized by a general yellowish appearance of the 
eyes and mucous membranes, the faeces are offensive, the mouth 
has a sour smell, the skin is itchy, dry and yellow in color 
instead of normal pink. In acute attacks the condition may re- 
semble anthrax,, death occurring in from sixteen to twenty-four 
hours. Should the trouble persist, blood-poisoning is likely to 
set in, in wdiich case the evacuations become black, then green, 
and finally bloody in character, the temperature being elevated 
and the respirations hurried. 

Crcatment. 

This is in the main preventative; the disease being caused 
by errors in diet, the first procedure is to correct the same, cer- 
tainly so far as the balance of the flock not yet diseased are con- 
cerned. In the sheep this affection arises from feeding mater- 
ials rich in saccharine products and lacking in nitrogenous ele- 
ments, and is frequently seen arising where, turnips have been fed 
in large quantities to the exclusion of other foodstuffs. So in 



DISEASESS OF THE LIVER. 195 

order to change the diet to rectify this error, nitrogenous foods 
should be supplied mixed with the roots, such as hay, or straw, 
bran, oats, etc. 

- The affected sheep should be given a liver stimulant, es- 
pecially if the disease is due to non-secretion of the liver. 

Take. Aloes 2 drachms 

Fluid extract of rhubarb root 1 drachm 

Warm water ^ pint 

Give as one dose. Follow this daily with one ounce of 
Glauber salts. 

Dissolve one ounce of cooking soda in one gallon of water 
for the animal to drink. 

All medicinal treatment in this trouble, however, is very 
liable to be unsatisfactory when applied to sheep. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



Diseases of the Urinary System. 

The surplus of nitrogen in the system is formed into 
urea and voided through the organs composing the urinary 
system, viz., the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Should, 
however, this through some cause be retained, its effects would 
produce blood-poisoning from the altered condition of the blood 
supply, being evidenced by delirium, terminating in coma and 
death. In herbivorous animals the urine has what is termed an 
alkaline reaction and is tested by dipping in it a piece of red 
litmus paper; this (when the fluid is normal in character) will im- 
mediately turn blue in color and vice versa; should the urine 
be acid, blue litmus paper will be turned red. It is not necessary 
in this work to enter into any extended description of urine tests 
to diagnose the diseases which affect the urinary system of the 
sheep, as these animals rarely suffer from such complaints, those 
occurring generally being due to sabulous deposits in the bladder, 
or calculi in the kidneys and ureters, due to an excess of phos- 
phates, caused by high-feeding, unnatural conditions, etc. 

Nephritis, Itiflammation of the Kidneys. 

This disease has never been reported as an original lesion in 
adult sheep. Steele gives an account of it occurring in lambs 
newly born, recapitulating an address delivered on the subject 
by Mr. Roger Williams at a meeting of the Pathological Society 
of London, April 6th, 1886, who states as follows: "The dis- 
ease began soon after being Svet born/ with difficulty in walking, 
the new-born falling down and lying down on one side, some- 



DISEASES OF THE URINAEY SYSTEM. 197 

Tiiiu's with choreoid movements, without loss of consciousness, 
without difficulty in breathing or cough. They may linger on 
for two or three weeks, but in the end always die. Sucking was 
not impaired nor the appetite. The disease may terminate in 
joint evil, with pus in the joints and all along the spine. The 
disease occurred on heavy clay soil, and in the lambing season the 
east wind was cold and nipping. At all events, it was found that 
if a ram served only ten ewes, the progeny was vigorous and did 
not become affected with the disease. 

"The urine was albuminous and acid; there were no renal 
casts, crystals, pus or blood. The capsules of the kidneys stripped 
off easily, exposing a surface studded with congested stellate 
veins. The cortex was swollen and soft, pale and yellowish in 
color, whilst the pyramids were firm and deep red in color. The 
disease was acute tubal nephritis. The interstitial tissue was 
normal — nothing abnormal w-as detected in any of the organs, 
and the spinal cord w^as healthy. Some of the lambs were born 
with the disease and soon succumbed." 

Renal CakuU. 

Stony deposits in the pelvis of the kidneys and in the 
ureters. These deposits are generally the cause of urinary dis- 
eases in sheep. They are mostly composed of phosphate of 
lime, and seem to be due to an excess of dry food, as sheep at 
pasture are seldom affected with this complaint. "When these 
calculi occur in the kidneys they seldom cause any appreciable 
disturbance, but their lodgment in the ureters, which would tend 
to cause a retention of urine, would be followed by grave results. 
These cases are very rare, however. As seen in the bladder, 
they appear harmless, their effects being marked when they cause 
a stoppage of the urethra, in which case an excessive inflamma- 
tion of tissue and extravasation of urine results, which speedily 
proves fatal. 



198 DISEASES OF THE UEINARY SYSTEM. 

Clrctbral Calculi. 

Are deposits of stony materials which by their presence ob- 
struct the passage of the urine through the urethra, causing its 
accumulation in the bladder, with distension and perhaps rup- 
ture of that organ or a filtering through its walls into the adjoin- 
ing tissues, causing pyaemia, eventually septicaemia and death. 

Symptoms. 

The sheep is unable to void its urine, prefers the recumbent 
position, on being forced to rise the back is suddenly curved, 
after which a few drops of urine are passed. The respirations 
are hurried, the sheep grunts frequently, is restless and uneasy, 
refuses to feed. As the urine accumulates the animal becomes 
stupid, symptoms of abdominal pain are evidenced, the temper- 
ature is elevated, the mucous membranes becoming red and con- 
gested, uraemic poisoning results, quickly followed by death un- 
less previous to the uraemia the calculus is forced through the 
penis above the vermiform appendage, leaving a free passage for 
the accumulated urine. 

Creatmcnt. 

This is necessarily operative. If the sheep is turned up on 
its rump and an examination made of the skin covering the end of 
the penis, called the prepuce, it will be found enlarged and in- 
flamed; a dropsical condition of the tissues of the belly will also be 
frequently noticed, especially in cases where the trouble has existed 
for some time. Push back the prepuce and draw out the penis; 
an examination of the worm-like extremity will generally reveal 
the presence of sediment, obstructing the end of the urethra. 
This deposit may be in the form of gravel or fine sand, and un- 
less it is removed little can be done to afford relief. "Where the 
deposit is of a gravelly nature, the best method is to remove the 
appendix entirely. When the deposit is very fine in character 



DISEASES OF THE UEINARY SYSTEM. 199 

a careful manipulation of the part will almost always effect its 
removal. This should always be preceded by the application of 
warm water to relax the tissues, so facilitating the removal of the 
deposit and reducing the liability of lacerating or bruising the 
sensitive vermiform appendage. If the obstruction is caused by 
sabulous material deposited on the lining membrane of the 
urethra, extending some distance from the appendage, it may be 
necessary to cut down and remove the deposit, making a longi- 
tudinal incision in the penis, through the urethra, laying it open 
from above downwards to the vermiform process. This oper- 
ation on wethers is simple and efficacious, but when performed 
on rams is liable to seriously impair their breeding qualities, 
although there is considerable difference of opinion on this point, 
many breeders claiming to have lambs got by rams w'hich have 
been so mutilated as to have lost the vermiform process entirely. 
Should the operation on the penis prove of little benefit it must 
be taken as evidence that the accumulations are so abundant that 
they occupy not only the urethra but the bladder, ureters and 
kidneys, in which event no treatment could prove of any service 
and the animal should be destroyed. In these cases the meat is 
unfit for human consumption, the tissues of the belly being im- 
pregnated with urine, the presence of which taints the w^hole 
system. 

Where several animals in a flock show^ symptoms of strang- 
ury, it is Avell to inspect their diet, which should be changed and 
carbonate of potash administered. A frequent cause for urethral 
calculi in sheep is feeding excessive quantities of mangolds or 
beets. Where this is the case, change to other rations. 

The following will be found useful in these conditions. 

Take 

Fluid extract of belladonna 1 ounce 

Potassium carbonate 3 ounces 

Water 1 pint 



200 DISEASES OF THEUKINARY SYSTEM. 

Mix. Give one tablespoonfiil three times daily — dose for 
adult sheep. Sanmetto in teaspoonful doses three times daily is 
also a most effective remedy in all diseases of the urinary organs 
of sheep. As a dressing to the penis, where gravel has been re- 
moved by operation, the following will be found useful: 

Fluid hydrastis (Merrill's) 2 drachms 

Distilled extract witch hazel 1 ounce 

Water 3 ounces 

This can also be injected into the urethra, and will prove 
beneficial. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



paraeitic Diseases, Due to Internal parasites* 

Parasites are living animal-organisms, which extract nour- 
ishment for their existence from the tissues of their host. Of 
these we shall recognize two general classes. 

Entozoa, those which live on the natural cavities or solid 
tissues of the animal. 

And Ectozoa, those infesting the outer surface, or skin, 
existing on the effusion created by the irritation caused bj their 
]»resence. 

In this chapter we shall consider only the diseases due to the 
presence of the entozoa, or internal parasites. In sheep we find 
that parasites are the cause of many of the most serious diseases 
— they invade all the organs of the body, from the brain to the 
rectum, their multiplication and resultant damage being in 
direct proportion to the neglect and bad management on the 
part of the flock owner. 



parasitic Disease of the Brain. 



Sturdy, 6id, 'CumsicU, 

This is a condition due to the presence of a larval tapeworm 
■or hydatid in the brain substance, the parasite as seen in its cystic 
state imbedded in the brain being termed the coenurus cerebralis. 
It is caused from the ingestion by the sheep of the eggs of the 
taenia coenurus — a species of tapeworm, wdiich have been dis- 



202 



DISEASES DUE TO INTEKNAL PABASITES. 



tributed on the ground or in the drinking water by other animals^ 
snch as wolves, foxes, coyotes, etc., but more especially is the dog 
responsible for sowing the germs of this disease. The prevalence 
of this disorder depends to a great extent on the use of sheep 
dogs, it being noticeable that where the sheep run in enclosed 
pastures where dogs are not required to assist the herders, the 
liability to infection is reduced to a minimum. 

The eggs of the tapeworm on being swallowed by the sheep 
hatch within its stomach, immediately pierce the walls of that 
organ and gain entrance to the circulation. They are then car- 




t^aenia Coenurus. Hdult, J^atural Size. 

(Raillet. ) 

ried to the different parts of the body, those which reach the 
brain and spinal cord remaining in those organs, developing into 
cystic bodies, which continue to thrive and grow at the expense 
of the tissues. The others which fail to reach the brain and 
spinal cord may locate temporarily in the heart, lungs, 
diaphragm, etc., where they seem to grow for a time and then 
disappear. On reaching the brain substance the young para- 
sites pierce the tissue, lodging in it and commence to develoj). 



DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 



203 



In the course of two or three months time they may have at- 
tained the size of a hazel nut, their presence at that stage seri- 
ously interferring with the general health of the sheep. Should 
the head of a sheep infested with these hydatids be fed to dogs 
these organisms in the brain tissue develop into adult tapeworms, 
the eggs of which being passed by the dogs on the grasses, etc., 
and being eaten by the sheep, develop again into hydatids, so 
completing the life cycle. 





Brain of Sheep with Cocnurus in poste- 
rior part of Right Bcmisphcre. 



(COBBOLD. 



Brain of Sheep with four Coenuri 
simultaneous!)?. 



Symptoms. 

The sheep appears dull, out of sorts, grazes in a listless 
manner, rumination is imperfectly performed, the animal seeks 
seclusion, its movements are erratic, staggers as it walks, becomes 
giddy and falls down frequently. Again it may be grazing 
quietly, suddenly jumps as if frightened, and runs away at full 
speed. The primary symptoms of dullness and stupor seemingly 
are due to congestion and inflammation of the brain caused by 
the invasion of the young parasites, and should the sheep re- 



204 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 

cover from this stage there will be an apparent improvement in 
its health for a few weeks time, till the gradual enlargement of 
the cyst or cysts so press upon the brain substance as to interfere 
with its blood supply, causing absorption of brain tissue, at the 
same time numerous heads are protruded from the cyst, which 
also tend to produce irritation of the brain. At the commence- 
ment of the second stage the animal is weak and fallen away in 
flesh, due to the first attack. This condition speedily becomes 
aggravated, the sheep stops feeding, the appetite is lost and 
rumination suspended. The animal has a haggard appearance, 
due to blindness, which may affect one or both eyes, caused from 
pressure on the optic nerve. The sheep continually moves in a 
circle, assuming peculiar gaits and positions, depending on the part 
of brain in which the hydatid is located. Spooner states that if 
the head is held constantly on one side, and the animal always 
moves in a circle, corresponding to the way the head is held, that 
the coenurus is located in the depressed side, probably in the 
lateral ventricle of the brain. Should the sheep move in a circle 
sometimes in one direction, and again in another, it may be con- 
cluded that a parasite is present in both hemispheres, and if the 
animal depresses its head, moving forward in a straight line, 
stumbling over and running into everything in its path, the 
hydatid is probably located in the division of the brain between 
the hemispheres. Again should the sheep throw up its head, 
moving forward with a reeling motion, the conclusion is drawn 
that the cyst is in the cerebellum or fourth ventricle of the brain. 
When more than one cyst is present, the symptoms are a com- 
bination of the above, and cannot be relied on as a guide for 
operation, of which we shall treat later. When the coenurus in- 
vades the spinal cord or medulla oblongata it causes paralysis, 
and should this symptom be combined with blindness, the prob- 
ability is that the cyst is located at the base of the brain. When 
the spinal cord is invaded the sheep stagger and walk without 



DISEASES DUE TO INTEKNAL PARASITES. 205 

control of the posterior limbs, or an intense itchiness may be 
present along the backbone, and complete paralysis of the pos- 
terior portion of the body involving the bladder and rectum fre- 
quently takes place. 

A disease which resembles gid to a certain extent is caused 
by grubs in the nasal and frontal cavities, produced from the 
larvae of the gad-fly. It will be recognized, however, by the 
symptoms of catarrh and sneezing, and lack of the violent move- 
ments seen in gid. 

Crcatmcnt. 

This is preventive to a great extent and consists in adminis- 
tering vermicides to the dogs which inhabit the farm where 
the sheep are kept, especially the sheep-dogs, and keeping the 
sheep where they are not so liable to pick up the eggs voided by 
dogs belonging to other parties. The heads of affected sheep 
should on no account be fed to dogs, but should be burnt or 
otherwise effectually destroyed. These precautions, while they 
would not entirely stamp out the gid on account of other ani- 
mals, such as foxes, wolves and coyotes being bearers, they will 
lessen the trouble to a great extent. Experience shows that with 
a better general care of sheep, gid is less frequently observed at- 
tacking them. Gid attacks appeai: to be more frequent in ani- 
mals wdiich have been exposed to inclement weather, which has 
a tendency to Aveaken the nervous system, the resulting debility 
making them more prone to attack. When one or more cases 
occur in a flock, it is permissible to suppose that a number have 
been invaded at the same time, in which event any animal 
which is fat, and shows the slightest indication of gid, should be 
sold to the butcher. Where treatment is to be tried, the oper- 
ation of trephining the skull and puncturing the sack is per- 
formed. This allows the escape of the contents of the cyst, and 
in some cases w^here only one cyst is present it has been known 
to be successful. 



206 DISEASES DUE TO INTEKNAL PAEASITES. 

Co Operate. 

It is necessary to make a careful examination of the skull, 
and where the cyst is located close to the surface a softening of 
the bone will be noticeable. By trephining the skull at this 
point the parasite can be discovered and removed, also an oper- 
ation termed wiring has been performed. This was the method 
first employed by a Scottish shepherd by the name of Hogg, 
and in his hands was oftentimes successful. It consists in feeling 
for the soft spot in the skull and placing the thumb of one hand 
firmly on it, while with the other hand a thin wire or knitting 
needle is pushed up the nostril nearest the affected part till the 
point of the wire is felt under the thumb, so perforating the 
cyst and permitting the escape of its contents. Should this not 
cause inflammation of the brain, and no more cysts be present, 
the sheep will have a good chance to entirely recover. 

To treat the sheiep-dogs and to ensure their freedom from 
the cause of all this trouble it is necessary to administer vermi- 
cides to them about every four months. 

The dog to be treated should not be fed for at least twelve 
hours before receiving the medicine, but it can be allowed all the 
Avater it desires. The evening before administering the worm 
medicine a dose of castor oil is advisable — for large dogs the dose 
is three tablespoonfuls. ]\redium sizes one to two tablespoon- 
fuls. Then in the morning 

Take. Kamala 3 drachms 

Gruel 1 ounce 

Mix. Give as one dose. Where the dog is medium sized, 
two drachms of kamala will be sufficient. This is a very effectual 
taeniacide. It is not necessary to follow up its administration 
Avith a cathartic on account of its laxative properties. 



DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAEASITES. 207 

I'iiilay Dun presci'ibcs for tapoworiii as follows. 

Take. Oil of male shield fern 20 drops 

Oil of turpentine 30 drops 

Sulphuric ether 60 drops 

Beat all together with one egg and administer to the dog in 
a small quantity of souj). This should be followed in twelve 
hours' time by a dose of castor oil. This disease occurs more 
frequently in lambs than in old sheep, presumably due to the 
tissues of the young animal being softer and more easily pene- 
trated by the parasites. As dogs are the most fruitful source of 
distribution of this pest, and the sheep being the source from 
which they obtain the same, it is advisable that all viscera and 
heads from slaughtered sheep should be withheld from them, 
unless thoroughly cooked. If this was universally carried out 
the losses from gid would materially decrease. 

parasitic Nasal Catarrh. 

This disease is directly attributable to the invasion of the 
nasal cavities by a fly called the gad-fly (oestrus ovis), which de- 
posits its larvae on the inside of the nostrils. The embryos 
proceed to crawl up the nostrils, producing intense irritation of 
the mucous membranes, investing the frontal and maxillary 
sinuses. In appearance the gad-fly resembles an overgrown 
house fly. When flying it is so quick as to be almost invisible. 
It is a dull-colored insect, the head and thorax being about as 
long as its abdomen, the back is brown, with small points and 
patches of darker color, its under surface is dark brown, with 
yellow spots at the center of each abdominal segment. The 
wings are transparent, mottled with spots and stripes, they are 
almost as long as the body, which they completely envelop. The 
head is large, containing two large greenish eyes, the under sur- 
face of the head has white markings. The antennae are short 



208 DISEASES DUE TO INTEENAL PAEASITES. 

and bulbous at their bases. There are a few hairs on the head 
and quite a number on the body, sides and limbs. It has no 
mouth, or appreciable proboscis, its object in life seeming to be 
the propagation of its species, which when the male has im- 
pregnated two or three females, marks the end of his existence. 
The male gad-fly in size is as large as the female, but its head is 
narrow. They do not attack the sheep, and, as above stated, 
only exist to impregnate the female. The female gad-fly is sup- 
posed to deposit not the eggs, but live larvae within the nostrils 
of the sheep, few only being placed on any one animal owing to 
the agitation and violent movements exhibited by the sheep on 
the approach of the fly. These larvae are exceedingly small in 
size when first deposited. Their bodies are elongated and white. 
On examination with a lens they show that the body consists of 
eleven segments, with two hooks at its anterior end to be used to 
attach itself to the tissues and also to draw its body upwards and 
forwards; the posterior end is furnished with two stigmata, or 
breathing pores. The under surface is covered with minute 
spines. The bodies are transparent, close examination revealing 
the respiratory and digestive apparatus. The larvae as it ma- 
tures changes in appearance, attaining a considerable size (about 
three-quarters of an inch), the body becomes dark and striped 
with black bands, the spines also turn black. When this condi- 
tion is reached the grub escapes from the nostrils of the sheep, 
and falliufj: on the ground immediately bores into it. It remains 
in the ground for a period of from one to two months (the length 
of time depending on the weather conditions). When the fly 
is matured within the chrysalis, it pushes up the upper end of the 
case and reaches the surface of the ground by the same hole the 
larvae made in the first instance. On arriving at the surface 
the fly appears at first sluggish and dull, the body and wings 
needing exposure to the air to cause them to harden. When 
this has taken place and the right time comes — that is wdien the 



DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAEASITES. 209 

fly is fully matured — it. darts off with remarkable swiftness to 
find a flock of sheep and single out its victim. 

Symptoms. 

On the fly touching the nostrils of the sheep the latter im- 
mediately shakes its head, at the same time striking the ground 
with its fore-feet. The sheep commences to run, holding its nose 
close to the ground, endeavoring to escape its pursuer. The ani- 
mal runs into the middle of the flock. The whole flock becomes 
alarmed even if only one fly is in evidence. They place their 
noses close to the ground and huddle together as closely as possi- 
ble to make it difficult for the fly to attain its object. The 
young larvae deposited on the mucous membranes create an in- 
tense irritation from the insertion of their hooks and spines, 
drawing themselves up the nasal chamber by means of these pro- 
jections, leaving dark points of hemorrhage on the mucous sur- 
face wherever the points have been inserted. On proceeding up- 
ward they reach the turbinated bones, entering the frontal 
and even superior maxillary sinuses. Those that reach the 
superior maxillary sinuses grow in size, but never escape 
from their location, finally dying and undergoing degeneration. 
Those which reach the frontal sinuses, however, on reaching ma- 
turity find their way backward to the nasal chambers, and are 
A'oided to the ground. As the larvae grow in size in the sheep's 
head the animal becomes affected with a catarrhal discharge. 
This is at first clear, but later becomes thick with mucus. The 
sheep frequently sneezes, these efforts resulting in the expulsion 
of mucus and oftentimes matured larvae. The animal will lie 
down and hold the nose pointed in the air, gradually turning its 
head round and backwards. The eyes become red and w^atery, 
the sheep moves "vvith the nose close to the ground, stepping high 
with the hind legs, frequently raising the head to the wind and 
bending it sharply baclcwards. They may be seized with giddi- 



210 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 

ness, and stagger, but they do not turn in a circle or show evi- 
dences of any acute brain disturbance, all signs tending to show 
an obstruction and irritation of the nasal chambers. 

The duration of the attack may be from sixty days to ten 
months, all depending on the time the larvae remain in the nasal 
chambers. A sheep may be re-infected at different times, and 
so contain larvae of different sizes and various stages of develop- 
ment. The fly is liable to attack the sheep whenever the tem- 
perature is not too low for its existence, the months of June and 
July being those in which its depredations are most to be feared. 

treatment. 

This is of two kinds, preventive and surgical. A practical 
method of prevention consists in smearing the noses with a mix- 
ture composed of tar and grease in equal parts, rubbing it on with 
a brush. Where the owner has only a few sheep to take care of 
this individual dressing of the animals may be feasible, and to 
be effective should be applied at least once a week throughout 
the fly season. AVhere large flocks are kept it becomes an ex- 
ceedingly difficult matter to secure them from the attacks of this 
pest. It is a good plan to herd them during the hot part of the 
day (when the fly is most active) on dusty ground, the dust 
raised by the sheep tending to prevent the onslaught of the flies. 

Surgical Crcatmctit. 

This is only resorted to wdiere the removal of the larvae is 
absolutely necessary, the owner desiring to keep the animal for 
breeding purposes, and its life being threatened by the attack. 
It consists in trephining the skull at the frontal sinus, the olden- 
ing being made, according to Turn, as follows: "Cut off the 
wool which covers the forehead. Trace with colored chalk a 
transverse line uniting the middle of the two eyebrows and 
divide it by another line passing at the middle of the forehead. 



DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 211 

The point of choice for trephining will be in each of the two 
upper angles thus obtained, without engaging the lines which 
limit them. The operation is performed according to the ordin- 
ary rules of surgery. From the opening made one often sees the 
larvae, which are extracted by forceps. To kill others, benzine 
moderately diluted with water is injected. The flap of skin 
is then cleaned, applied to the opening and sewed to the adjoin- 
ing skin. The whole is then covered with a turpentine-coated 
leather plaster. The patient is separated for a few days from 
other sheep. Sheep bear the operation with the same impunity 
as they do marking the ears or other minor operations." This 
operation would not be advisable in the hands of every flock 
owner, and when all is said and done, it only relieves the trouble 
for the time being, as the next fly which comes along and de- 
posits its larvae will create the same trouble. Perhaps the ad- 
vice given by Neumann, in his work on parasites, is the best and 
easiest carried out (except where the sheep are valuable and de- 
sired for breeding jiurposes). lie says: "At all times, if the 
number of animals affected is considerable, the malady should 
be left to follow its course, and those which present the gravest 
symptoms should be sent to the shambles." 

As a preventive in large herds the following might be tried : 
Take a squared log and bore holes in it with a large augur; in 
these place salt, and dress the edges of the holes with tar. Sheep 
then will apply tar to their noses every time they eat the salt. 

parasitic Bronchitis; Roosc, Rusk. 

Also vulgarly called "Snots." This destructive affection is 
due to the invasion of the bronchial tubes and lung tissue by 
worms scientifically called the strongylus filaria and strongylus 
rufescens, the former, however, is the one most frequently pres- 
ent, and is found attacking other ruminants, notably tlie camel 
and goat. 



213 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 

The strongylus filaria in length is from one to two and a 
half inches long, in color the male is a brownish yellow, and the 
female white, their bodies are uniform throughont their entire 
length, except at the ends, which are tapering. "The head is 
short, stumpy, rather angidai', but not tuberculated as in other 
strongyles. Extending from the mouth is a short oesophagus, 
entering the stomach, from which a straight intestine is con- 
tinued nearly to the extreme end of the tail. The tail of the 
female is pointed; the oviducts filled with eggs and live young- 
extend into the vulva, which is situated close to the anus." — 
AVilliams. 

In aged sheep these parasites do not always cause incon- 
venience, as an examination of the lungs of fat sheep has shown 
■them to be loaded with these worms; but in lambs the parasites 
pierce the softer lung-tissue, gaining entrance to the bronchial 
tubes, where they set up an intense irritation, frequently caus- 
ing death. While aged sheep are not so liable to show the effects 
of attacks from these parasites, sometimes they become anaemic 
and debilitated, especially is this noticeable in lambing ewes, 
many of which succumb to the trouble. These parasites in 
sheep are the cause of bronchitis and sometimes pneumonia, and 
very often a combination of the two called broncho-pneumonia. 

The method of their introduction appears to be through the 
medium of the water supply, or from grasses, especially those of 
low-lying lands having an insufficient drainage. On gaining 
access to the alimentary canal (stomachs and intestines) they 
pierce the walls of these viscera and obtain entrance to the circu- 
lation, by which they are carried to the lung tissue, where they 
remain till mature, when they pierce the tissues and pass into 
the bronchial tubes. Their presence then sets up the irritation 
characteristic of the disease, the parasites remaining in the lung 
tissue outside of the tubes, appearing to cause little if any incon- 
venience. 'Williams states that he has observed these parasites 



DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 213 

ill the cavities of the heart and in the blood-vessels, and this goes 
to prove the correctness of the above theory of migration. A 
very large number of worms may be present in the lungs of a 
single sheep and are also found infesting the intestines. This 
would account for the amount of infection and source of danger 
a single diseased sheep may be to a pasture. 

Symptoms. 

These depend to a great extent as to whether the lungs 
only are attacked, or v.hether the parasites are also present in the 
intestinal canal. In the majority of cases the parasites are 
present only in the lungs; in some cases both the lungs and 
alimentary canal contain the worms, and in a few exceptional 
cases they are only jDresent in the stomachs and intestinal canal. 
As seen attacking the lung-tissue of lambs, they cause distressing- 
fits of coughing, difficulty in breathing, the affected animal fre- 
quently rubbing its head against the ground. Symptoms of 
anaemia (bloodlessness) soon become apparent. This is evi- 
denced by a paleness of the mucous linings of the eye-lids, the 
skin becomes dry and papery, the wool has a tendency to fall out, 
the breathing becomes hurried, the animal loses strength and 
sinks rapidly. When the parasites are present in the intestinal 
canal as well as the lungs, purging is associated with the other 
symptoms above mentioned. The animal has colicky pains, in- 
tense thirst, and a tendency to dropsy. 

An examination of the mucus discharges of the nose and of 
the faecal matter will frequently reveal the live parasites. 

The disease runs a course extending all the way from one 
to four months, depending on the strength of the sheep and the 
number of parasites gaining access tojthe system. If the symp- 
toms are well marked at the outset, the disease is almost sure to 
prove fatal unless the worms are few in number and the animal 



214 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAEASITES. 

has sufficient strength to cough them up. This disease appears 
to be more prevalent some seasons than others, its ravages being 
more serious after prolonged damp spells, when it is liable to be 
epizootic, and cause very large losses to the flock-owner. 

treatment. 

This must be both preventive and curative. As a preventive 
the' sheep, lambs especially, should be moved to fresh pastures. 
If the season is wet they should be herded on the hill sides, 
avoiding all low-lying lands as much as possible. Salt seems to 
exert destructive influence on the parasite; rock salt should be 
]ilentifully supplied for the sheep to lick, and dry fodder should 
be fed if obtainable in which salt has been plentifully sprinkled. 
The curative treatment, which will be found most practicable, 
is to confine the sheep in sheds, which are as air-tight as possible, 
then by burning sulphur in an iron kettle suspended from the 
roof of the shed just above the heads of the sheep sulphurous 
acid gas is formed. The inhalation of the fumes will cause 
violent expectoration on the part of the sheep, the parasites being 
expelled in the mucus discharges. These fumigations should 
be repeated three or four times. The safest plan is for an 
attendant to stand in the shed, and when he finds that the fumes 
are as strong as he can possll)ly bear them, to come outside, 
bringing out the burning sulphur with him. The sheep should 
then remain in the shed for a period of ten minutes. This pro- 
cedure should be repeated the next day, the sheep being com- 
pelled to inhale the fumes for a longer period, say twenty min- 
utes. On the third day the fumigations should again be carried 
out, which should prove sufficient to greatly relieve if not en- 
tirely cure the sheep. AVhen the flock is few in number, so that 
individual treatment can be instituted, injections of medicinal 



DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 215 

agents into the trachea (windpipe) will often prove of great 
benefit. 

Take. Iodine 2 drachm 

loditle of potassium 2^ drachms 

Distilled water 3 ounces 

This solution is mixed with two ounces of oil of turpentine 
to whicli must be added six ounces of olive oil. Of this mixture, 
after it has been thoroughly shaken, one to two drachms shouhl 
be injected into the trachea by means of a hypodermic 
syringe. The injection may be repeated in two or three 
days time, the number of injections depending on the seriousness 
of the attack. Where the parasites are suspected in the aliment- 
ary canal, it becomes necessary to administer such agents as have 
a tendency to destroy the pests. 

Take. Oil of cloves 5 drops 

Tincture of ginger ^ drachm 

Oil of turpentine 2 drachms 

Linseed oil 1 ounce 

Mix. Give as one dose in oatmeal or linseed gruel, which 
may be repeated after an interval of two to four days. 

The viscera, lungs, etc., of sheep and lambs which have been 
destroyed by this disease should be burnt or otherwise disposed of 
so as not to spread the infection. Pastures which have become 
infected should receive a thorough dressing of salt. Care should 
he taken in introducing strange sheep into the flock to provide 
against their carrying the contagium of the disease. 

parasitic Diarrhoea. 

This disease is now recognized as one of the serious com- 
plaints affecting sheep. It is extensively distributed, occurring 
wherever sheep are to be found, and is the source of great con- 
cern to the sheep owner on account of its frequent fatalities. It 



216 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 

is caused bv irritation of the mucous membranes of the aliment- 
ary canal, owing to the presence of the tapeworm, scientifically 
termed the taenia expansa. Many writers report having ob- 
served cases of diarrhoea in sheep and lambs where segments of 
tapeworm were found in the faecal discharges. In 1877 an out- 
break occurred in Central Park, New York, in which the in- 
testines of lambs were filled with taeniae ranging from one to 
fifteen feet in length. The animals were unwell for two or 
three days, then, becoming affected with convulsions, would 
turn round in a circle and drop dead. Cross of Shrewsbury, 
Eng., the same year reports a case of scouring in lambs, in which 
innumerable segments, with double sexual organs and unarmed 
heads, were found in the alvine discharges. Cobbold also re- 
ports large losses in Australia, due to the same pests, and Gamgee 
also states that in Australia an enzooty, due to taeniae in lambs, 
is of frequent occurrence, especially on land Avhicli is over- 
stocked. Where tapeworm is suspected in a flock of sheep, an 
examination of the soil (after a heavy rain) on which they have 
been folded will often reveal the segments, washed free from 
the faecal matter. Cooper Curtice in the Government report of 
1890 states that "no section of the United States seems to be 
entirely free from it," and further says: "It was introduced into 
this country from Europe along with the imported flocks, which 
harbored it." 

Description of the parasite 

Length variable, the largest measure from five to six yards 
in length and from one-twenty-fifth of an inch in breadth at the 
head to one-half an inch at the tail. The head is generally small 
and pointed, the neck very short, if discernible at all, the first 
segments are very short, the others as they proceed backwards 
to the tail becoming longer and broader. The head is small at 
tlie end, and is furnished with four suckers. The body of the 



DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAKASITES. 217 

worm is made up of segments, very wide and flat, which varv In 
length in the different portions of its extent. In appearance the 
worm is a dull white, but becomes transparent on being sub- 
merged for a few hoi-.rs in water. Each segment is endowed 
with an independent set of genital organs, and contains eggs or 
young embryos, so it will be observed that each segment is cap- 
able of reproducing its kind without the assistance of outside 
agencies. The segments become mature as the embryos develop 
within them, and are separated from the others to be ejected with 
the excreta on the ground, there to fulfill their life cycle. The 
segments nearest the tail maturing first, are the first to be shed, 
the remainder following in their turn till the head only remains. 
It is owing to this process that lambs are able to recover after 
being attacked by this species of taenia. 

Symptoms. 

A paleness of the skin will be noticeable, the visible mucous 
membranes, such as the lining of the eyelids, will also have a 
bloodless appearance, the fleece is dry and brittle, the animal be- 
comes poor in flesh, and, should it be a lamb, it ceases to develop. 
The appetite will still remain good, being increased if anything, 
the desire for liquids is also increased, the animal at times drink- 
ing greedily. The digestive functions soon become deranged, 
rumination is imperfectly performed, the breath becomes foetid, 
signs of colic will be observed at irregular intervals, the- evacu- 
ations are varied in character, at times the animal is constipated, 
again it suffers from exhaustive diarrhoea, the belly becomes 
distended owing to accumulations of faecal matter or gas. The 
evacuations have a mucus character and are yellowish in color, 
an examination frequently revealing segments of the taenia ex- 
pansa. In severe cases the sheep becomes so weak that it with 
difiiculty keeps with the flock when grazing. They are attacked 
with convulsions, finally a malignant diarrhoea wliicb refuses to 



518 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 

yield to treatment sets in, the effect of which is to so increase the 
debility and wasting that the animal falls down unable to rise, 
quickly succumbing from exhaustion. 

Creatmcnt. 

This is also both curative and preventive. Where taenia 
expansa is suspected in a flock all the animals should be dosed, 
as the well ones if allowed to graze in the same pasture as those 
already afi^ected are sure to pick up the eggs of the parasite, and 
in turn become mediums for its distribution. Before adminis- 
tering vermifuges to the sheep they should be prepared for the 
same by being kept without food and water for at least twelve 
hours. They should be all dosed at one time and kept confined 
for at least twenty-four hours after receiving the medicine, so 
that the segments and eggs, which will be voided, are not dis- 
tributed over the pastures. AVhen the owner or foreman is satis- 
fied that the medicine has had the desired result, the sheep should 
Tdb allowed access to the pasture, and the yard in which they were 
confined should be thoroughly covered with quick lime to de- 
stroy all evidences of the disease. One of the best and simplest 
taeniacides to use. is kamala. This is obtained in the form of a 
coarse red powder, its effects on the sheep for the expulsion of 
tapeworm being very satisfactory. Take 

Kamala , .... 3 drachms 

]\lix thoroughly in three ounces of linseed gruel; this is the 
■dose for adult sheep, lambs take from one to two drachms, ac- 
cording to their age. This should be administered very slowly 
to the animal to insure its passing into the fourth stomach and 
so on into the intestines, as, if it should be hastily given, it is 
liable to enter the rumen, where its effects would in all probabil- 
ity be nil. Should the kamala not prove efficacious the follow- 
ing can be tried. 

Take. Ethereal extract, male shield fern.l drachm 
Castor oil 4 ounces 



DISEASES DUE TO INTEENAL PARASITES. 219^ 

Mix and give as one Jose to adult sheep; lambs can be given 
from one to three-fourths of the above with safety. Following 
this treatment a tonic should be used to stimulate the appetite 
and assist nature in restoring health. 

Take. Salt 2 lbs. 

Epsom salts 1 lb. 

Sulphate of iron i lb. 

Powdered gentian ^ lb. 

Nitrate of potash 4 ounces 

Mix thoroughly. This can be given by mixing it in the 
feed, and will make a sufficient quantity for 100 sheep. It 
should be repeated two or three times a week till the animals 
show signs of marked improvement. 

preventive Creatmcnt. 

Consists in not over-stocking the pastures. The lambs 
should be kept in fields which have not been used for some 
months previously. Attention must be paid to the water supply, 
as this appears frequently to be a source of infection. It must 
be borne in mind that this disease is more prevalent during the 
summer months and that the majority of fatalities take place 
in lambs under six months of age. Lambs recovering from the 
attacks of taeniae or those which have been treated and rid of 
the same, should receive the best of care and attention, as the 
system is run down, the animals are weakened and emaciated, 
making them more liable to attacks from other ailments. 

parasitic Gastric Catarrh. 

This disease is generally found occurring as an epizootic. 
It is due to the presence of round worms, scientifically termed 
twisted strongyles (strongylus contortus) in the abomasum 
(fourth stomach). As seen attacking lambs it is particularly 
fatal. It is found occurring in all countries where sheep are 






Strongylua Cotitortus, Rud. 



DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 221 



Description of Xllustrations on Opposite page. 

Fig. 1. Adult female, X G, a, head; b, ovaries wound around the intes- 
tines; c, c, uteri ; d, a large papilla, just in front of and cover- 
ing the vulva ; e, anus. 

Fig. 2. Adult male, X 6. 

Fig. 3. Head— a, two barb-like papillae; ^, mouth; t, oesophagus ; rf, in- 
testine. 

Fig. 4. Eggs, highly magnified— a, eggs before they have left the ovaries ; 
d, eggs showing nuclei ; c, eggs after they have passed through 
the oviduct; d, egg with one cell; e, with two ; /, with four; 
g-, with eight ; h, with many ; i, egg as it is laid. 

Fig. 5. Skin, showing nine of the eighteen longitudinal lines. 

P'ig. 6. Portion of female — a, the intestine; b, b, the ends of the ovaries. 

Fig. 7. Caudal end of female— a, the anus; b, the vulva; c, vagina; d, d, 
uteri filled with eggs; e, oviduct; /,/, ovary ; g; intestine. 

Fig. 8. Spicula, enlarged. 

Fig. 9. Bursa, expanded to show costfB : a, ventral ; b, ventro-lateral ; 
c, lateral ; d, dorso-lateral ; e, dorsal ; /, spicula. 

Fig. 10. Group of adult males and females, natural size. 

Fig. 11. Caudal end of male— a, bursa ; A, spicula; c, seminal reservoir; d, 
intestine. 



223 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 

kept. It is frequently complicated with verminous bronchitis, 
and is generally prevalent during the spring and summer 
months.. ]^o portions of the United States appear to be free 
from its ravages. Throughout Arizona, New Mexico and 
Mexico proper, it is known under the name of lombriz, a deriva- 
tion from the Spanish "lombrici," meaning worms; its attacks 
being of frequent occurrence in those districts. 

Hppcarance of ^orms. 

Body red or white according as its intestine is full of blood 
sucked from the mucous membrane of the stomach, the extremi- 
ties are pointed, just behind its anterior extremity two small 
lateral projections (papillae) are noticeable. These are shaped 
in the form of teeth, projecting backward. Tine lines or striae 
mark its integument (skin) transversely, in addition to which 
are longitudinal ridges forty or fifty in number. The male 
worm is from one-half to one inch in length, the female from 
one to one and one-half inches, its body terminating in a pointed 
tail. Its vulva is situated a short di-stance from the tail in a de- 
pression covered by a powerful tongue-like appendage, which 
points backward; its eggs are ovoid and infinitesimally small in 
size. 

The probable source of infection of sheep by these pests is 
through the medium of the water supply. Leukart reports that 
he has seen them grow rapidly in muddy water, reaching such 
a state of growth as tcr be able to mature after gaining access to 
ruminants. Such being the case, it is necessary to guard against 
the water supply being contaminated with the excrements of 
animals which are themselves suffering from these worms. 

Sympt'otTio. 

These so far as being characteristic of this particular order 
of worms are not well marked. The affected animal is dull, 



DISEASES DUE TO INTEKNAL PAEASITES. 223 

•suffers from a depraved appetite, intense thirst, becomes poor in 
llesli and dropsical, the belly becoming enlarged and tense. It 
will suffer frequently from attacks of colic, and is affected with 
a black diarrhoea, which generally terminates in death. 

post-Mortem. 

Examination of the fourth stomach of sheep which have 
been attacked by these worms will find it containing hundreds 
^nd perhaps thousands of twisted round worms closely packed to- 
gether, their heads buried in the mucous membrane, which is 
thickened and has a bloodless or pale appearance. 

Creatmcnt. 

Where the sheep are suspected to be suffering from worms 
they should be dosed individually, unless the flock is so large as 
to make it impracticable. 

Take. Kamala 3 drachms 

Linseed gruel 6 ounces 

Mix this is a sufficient dose for one large sheep. Lambs 
can be given from one-half to two drachms of kamala according 
to their age and size. Finlay Dunn in his work on veterinary 
medicine, prescribes as follows. 

Take. Common salt 3 lbs. 

Powdered ginger ^ lb. 

Powdered salt petre i lb. 

Dissolve in three gallons of warm water, to which when 
nearly cold add twenty-four ounces of turpentine. The dose for 
lambs of from four to six months old is two ounces, the full 
prescription being a sufficient quantity for 160 head of lambs. 
Zurn recommends picrate of potash, claiming that it will be 
found less irritating, and at the same time as eflficient a vermicide 
a.-=; kamala. The dose for a lamb is from three to five grains, and 
ior grown sheep twenty grains. It should be administered dis- 



224 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAHASITES. 

solved iu water. Where large numbers of sheep have to be 
treated pumpkin seeds have been used, and in many cases with 
satisfactory results. These can be given in unlimited quantities, 
mixed with dry feed, such as shorts, the great drawback in using 
this simple remedy being the difficulty to get the sheep to eat a 
sufficient quantity. After treatment the flock should be moved 
to fresh and uninfected pastures. The ground from which they 
have been moved should not be used to graze sheep on for at 
least two seasons, and where practicable the pasture should be 
given a dressing of lime or salt. 

A new method, and apparently, from all data which can be 
gathered on the subject a most successful one, is the use of 
benzine, or to make it more plain to the reader, gasoline, in a 
treatment of this affection. This is used as follows: For lambs 
weighing about 75 pounds administer one tablespoonful of gaso- 
line in half a pint of linseed tea or oat-meal gruel; repeat daily 
for three or four days. Adult sheep take from two to three 
tablespoonfuls. This treatment is simple, and from all accounts 
would certainly warrant a trial. It was first used in France, and 
the reports from that country were most gratifying, leading to 
the adoption of this agent by many prominent sheep men in this 
country, notably Jos. E. Wing of Mechanicsburg, Ohio, who re- 
ports favorably. 

Nodular Disease of the Intestines. 

This is a diseased condition of the intestines, due to a para- 
site called the oesophagostoma columbianum, the last word 
signifying that it was first found in the District of Columbia. 
The investigations leading to and determining this particular 
species of worm were successfully carried out by Dr. D. E. 
Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, assisted by 
Dr. Cooper Curtice, also a member of the Department of Agri- 
culture. Its presence can only be detected by post mortem ex- 



DISEASES DUE TO INTEENAL PARASITES. 225 

amination, when it will be foimd that the intestines of the sheep, 
more particularly the large guts (colon and caecum), are studded 
with whitish tumors, ranging in size from that of a millet seed 
to as large as a hickory nut, giving the external coat of the bow- 
els a knotty appearance, so injuring the gut as to make it worth- 
less for sausage casings, inflicting serious monetary loss to the 
butcher. "The adult worm is found in the large intestines of 
sheep in considerable numbers, and in the same animal may also 
be found the tumors. The parasite is usually found below the 
narrowing of the large intestines, where the latter changes from 
a sac-like receptacle to a large tube, and below the mass of tum- 
ors. The tumors may, however, extend the entire length of the 
intestines. It is evident that the distribution of the eggs of this 
adult would be favorable for sheep becoming again infected by 
them." — Department of Agriculture Report 1890, Cooper Cur- 
tice. 

There are no special symptoms characteristic of this par- 
ticular species of worm. The writer has seen hundreds of sheep 
killed at the abattoirs, the intestines of which were studded with 
tumors, the animals in life showing no particular signs of verm- 
inous trouble. In fact, it was frequently noticeable affecting 
the intestines in fat, prime sheep, but there is no doubt that 
serious trouble results to sheep harboring this parasite for any 
extended length of time, its effects appearing to be more disas- 
trous in the Southern and South Eastern States of America than 
in the more northern latitudes. 

The white tumors or cysts being situated under the peri- 
toneal covering and external to the mucous lining of the intes- 
tine, are not susceptible to the action of medicinal agents. The 
mature worms which are found in the intestines will yield to tlic 
same treatment as that prescribed for tapeworms causing para- 
sitic diarrhoea. 



226 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 

The fact of this particular oesophagostome being so 
universally distributed over large portions of the United States 
renders the problem of possible infection a hard one to solve. 
As a matter of economics this disease is worthy of grave consid- 
eration; large importations of sausage casings being necessary to 
supply the home demand. 

Che Rot. 

This disease has been the cause of greater loss to the flock 
ovv^ners than almost all the others combined, with the exception, 
perhaps, of sheep scab. Records dating back hundreds of years 
show that in Egypt the disease was most virulent, appearing 
there annually following the inundation of the banks of the Nile. 
Beyond a doubt, all cases of rot have arisen from keeping sheep 
on a wet, swampy soil, they being naturally an inhabitant of dry 
and lofty situations, and while they have been made to thrive on 
unsuitable grounds, the perversion of their natural habits ex- 
poses them to attacks by this most disastrous disease. 

The parasite causing this disease is known as the distoma 
hepaticum or liver-fluke; and while it is very common and has 
caused immense losses on the European continent and Great 
Britain, it has rarely been found affecting American sheep, al- 
though a few cases have been recorded in the East, on Long 
Island, also in Louisiana, Texas and California. As a matter of 
history, it may be stated here that the liver-fluke in Great Britain 
alone was, until recently, responsible for the loss of 1,000,000 
sheep and lambs annually, and that in 1830 to 1831 this number 
was more than doubled, many farmers losing all their flocks, one 
farmer in the County of Kent losing $15,000 worth of sheep in 
the course of three months. 

On the continent of Europe its ravages haye been fully as 
great. Its presence has also been felt in Australia, and to a 



DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 227 

certain extent tliroiigliout tlie different parts of the world where 
the land is swampy and subject to floods. 

M. M. Hamont, in an essay on this subject, states that "it 
assumes its most serious character after heavy rains and extensive 
floods, and in wet countries covered with aquatic plants. It 
affects animals of different ages and in all seasons. It appears 
every year in Egypt after the fall of the Nile, and it follows and 
keeps pace with the subsidence of the waters. In the superior 
parts of Upper Egypt it commences about the end of July, near 
Cairo in August, in the environs of the capital in October and 
November, and during the months of December, January and 
February in the Delta. It is most obstinate and continues long- 
est in the neighborhood of the confluence of the waters. In 
Lower Egypt it lasts about 120 to 130 days, and it disappears 
soonest and is least fatal when the rise of the Xile has not been 
considerable. Desolation and death accompany it wherever it 
passes. The Arabs say that this pest annually destroys 16,000 
sheep in Egypt. Its victims usually perish on the twenty-fifth, 
thirtieth, thirty-fifth or fortieth day after the apparent attack." 
From this extract we can readily understand that it is a particu- 
larly fatal disease, and that it being of so rare an occurrence 
in the Ignited States of America is a cause for self-congratulation 
among the flock owners of this country. 

Symptoms. 

The primary symptoms are slight. Instead of the animal 
losing flesh it appears to increase in weight, the appetite remains 
good, the tendency to fatten being due to the better assimilation 
of the food products, owing to the increased secretion of bile 
caused from the irritation due to the young liver-flukes in the 
bile-ducts and liver, and this very tendency to fatten in the first 
stages of the disease has led feeders, notably the celebrated 
Bakewell, to purposely expose the sheep intended for early 



228 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 

market to the infection, so that the period of feeding would be 
shortened, and the profits correspondingly increased. Among 
the first noticeable symptoms will be a dullness and a pale ap- 
pearance of the mucous membranes of the eyelids, nasal cavity 
and mouth; the membrana nictitans, or winking eyelid, situated 
at the corner of the eyes nearest the nose, becomes yellow. 

As the disease progresses the affected sheep become flaccid 
about the loins, and commence to shrink; by passing the hand 
over the hips a crackling sound is produced, caused by the pres- 
ence of gases in the sub-cutaneous connective tissue ; the counten- 
ance becomes pale, the skin changes color from the normal 
healthy pink hue to a pale red, the wool parts easily from the 
skin, which as the disease progresses becomes covered with 
yellow and black spots; in a short time the dullness increases, the 
animal continues to lose flesh, the paleness of the mucous mem- 
branes increases until they become almost white, at which stage 
they commence to become yellow, showing the presence of bile 
in the blood; the yellow appearance extends to the skin, which 
now becomes loose and flabby, a watery fluid collecting under it, 
dropsical swellings being noticeable under the belly between the 
fore-legs and under the jaw. This last appears in the form of a 
large watery swelling, giving the sheep the appearance termed 
''chockered." When this stage is reached the sheep quickly 

succumbs. 

Duration of the Disease. 

Some authorities state that the flukes remain nine months, 
others claim fifteen months in the affected sheep, and that after 
this time they gain access to the intestinal canal and are voided 
with the droppings. 

Thomas says he has seen the sickness last six years, Neu- 
mann claiming, as does Perroncito, that the flukes rarely quit 
their hosts, and the question of re-infection of the same animal 



DISEASES DUE TO INTEENAL PARASITES. 229 

creates a doubt whether such a long period of infection was all 
due to the same parasites or to renewed generations of them. 

The disease ordinarily lasts from three to six months, but 
this is very uncertain, affected animals having been known to 
succumb in a few days after infection, the death in such cases 
being caused by acute inflammation of the liver, due to the irri- 
tation caused by the presence of the parasites. Sheep suffering 
from the rot, owing to their weakened condition, become suscept- 
ible to other maladies which are liable to cause death, even before 
the liver disease has had time to run its course. 

po9t-)VIortcm. 

Post mortem appearances depend entirely on the stage in 
Avhich the sheep is destroyed. Shortly after infection the thin 
edge of the small lobe of the liver, termed the quadrate lobe, be- 
comes a whitish-blue color, which spreads along the upper and 
lower sides. 

"When the disease has run a more protracted course, the 
flesh is found pale, and in the dependant parts of the body in- 
flltrated with a yellowish serous fluid. In far advanced cases 
few parts of the body are found which do not present evidences of 
disease, the heart is soft and pale, the lungs often being studded 
with tubercles; in all cases the liver is found extensively affected, 
generally pale in color and friable or mottled, with hard scirrhous 
spots with a fluid jelly-like deposit on different parts of its sur- 
face, particularly so around the bile-ducts. It will also appear 
puckered in places with cicatricial markings, caused by the re- 
parative process and contraction of the newly formed tissue. 
( 'hannels are formed in the substance of the organ under the 
serous membranes covering it. These are visible to the naked 
eye. The biliary ducts are irregularly enlarged and thickened, 
the sacculations frec[uently being as large as a hickory nut, and 
oil makiiio- a traneverse section of these thev will be found to 



230 



DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 



contain flukes of varions sizes in a greenish black, sticky mass, 
the inside surfaces of pouches being lined with a gritty calcare- 
ous deposit. When the flukes leave the liver for the intestinal 
canal the structure of the organ will partially heal, but the liver 
never returns to the normal healthy condition. 

jSTeumann describes the appearance of the liver-fluke as 
follows: "Description. — Body flattened, leaf-like, pale brown, 
irregular, the adult from eighteen to thirty-one mm. long and 




Distoma Dcpaticurrit I^inn. 

Fig'. 1. Adult fluke, natural size — !«, young fluke, natural size. (RaiUet). 

Fig. 2. Eggs — a, egg with developing embryo; i, egg with embryo; c, egg-shell. 

(Raillet.) 
Fig. 3. Ciliated and free embryo — a, perforating apparatus; i, ocular spot. (Leuckari). 
Fig. 4. Encysted embryo found in snails. (A. P. Thomas). 

from four to thirteen mm. wide, oblong, oval or lanceolate, 
larger and rounder in front, Avhere it is abruptly contracted in 
such a way as to present a conical neck, attenuate and obtuse be- 
hind, skin bristling with numerous little points directed back- 
ward. Oval sucker terminal, rounded. Ventral sucker, large, 
projecting with a triangular opening, situated about three mm. 
behind the first. Intestine with two ramified branches visible 
through the skin, and of a deep shade. Penis projecting in front 



DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 231 

of the abdominal sucker, always recurved. Yiilva small, situ- 
ated at the side of the male orifice or a little behind. Eggs 
brown or greenish, ovoid, length from 0.130 to 0.145 mm., width. 
0.070 to 0.090 mm." 

The parasite has been found in the livers of the sheep, 
goats, cattle, camels, and a number of wild rnminants, also in the 
horse, ass, pig, elephant, rabbit, and man. Its habitat is in the 
biliary ducts of the liver where, according to Knchenmeister, it 
feeds on the blood from the mucous membranes of those pass- 
ages. 

Its life history was first determined by Leuckart, and later, 
but independently, by Thomas, an English scientist. 

It was called the fasciola hepaticum by Linnaeus, the 
naturalist, the name of distoma hepaticum being bestowed on it 
by Retzius, the word hepaticum being used in conjunction with 
either of the others to designate that the fluke is found in the 
liver. 

The flukes deposit their eggs in the biliary ducts, from 
which they pass into the intestines, and are voided from the sys- 
tem, dropping on the ground, where those falling in suitable 
places, under favorable conditions, hatch and escape by the rais- 
ing of a lid-like contrivance on the small end of the egg. These 
newly-hatched parasites are not young flukes; on the contrary, 
they are small ciliated embryos, which are enabled by the fine 
cilia (hair) covering them to swim about in water. These em- 
bryos immediately seek out the small water snail, it being neces- 
sary for the completion of the life cycle of this remarkable para- 
site that this snail act as an intermediary host for it during the 
completion of this stage. Should the embryo fail to become 
attached to the water snail in two days time it will die without 
completing its life cycle. On the other hand, should it become 
attached to the snail, it immediately bores through the shell. 



232 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 

lodging in the respiratory cavity of that mollusk. Here it be- 
comes encysted, contracting into an oval mass, which grows 
rapidly. At this stage it is called a sporocyst. This sporocyst 
splits up into from five to eight bodies, called rediae, which are 
about 2 mm. in length, these leaving the cyst one by one. 
These rediae each one of them develop within themselves fifteen 
to twenty cercariae, which are thrust out in turn through an 
orifice under the neck of the rediae. 

These cercariae are what escape from the snail, being scat- 
tered broadcast in its wanderings. After a short time they lose 
their tails, and again become encysted, the contents of these 
cysts being attached to blades of grass, etc., are swallowed by 
the sheep or other animal, the gastric juices acting on it break 
the covering, setting free the young flukes in the stomach and 
duodeneum, from which they gain the biliary ducts, and pass up 
them to the liver, where they grow into adult hermaphroditic 
parasites able to give origin to other generations of young. 

The life cycle of this parasite is as wonderful as any occur- 
ring in nature, at least seventy-five young flukes under suitable 
circumstances being able to develop from a single egg. 

preventive treatment. 

We cannot do better than print verbatim Thomas' formu- 
lated rules of prevention against this parasite, founded on its life- 
history, as follows: 

"1. All eggs of the liver-fluke must be vigorously de- 
stroyed. Manure from rotten sheep or other infected animals 
must not be put on wet ground. As the liver and intestines con- 
tain the eggs, those too must be destroyed or put in the compost 
heap. The manure of affected animals should not be stored 
where there is a drainage from it to the neighboring grass. It 
should be mixed Avith lime and salt before being spread on 
meadows or cultivated fields. 

"2. If sheep are infected, lot them be sent to the butcher 



DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 233 

at once, unless they are specially valuable and are not badlv 
affected. If kept they must not be put on wet ground. 

"3. Care must be taken to avoid introducing eggs of the 
lluke, either with manure or fluked sheep or in any other way. 
liabbits and hares must not be allowed to introduce the eggs. 

"4. All heavy and wet ground must be thoroughly drained. 

"5. Dressing of lime and salt (or both) should be spread 
over the ground at the proper season to destroy the embryos, the 
cysts of the fluke and also the snail, which acts as host. 

"6. Sheep must not be allowed to graze closely, for the 
more closely they graze the more fluke germs they will pick up. 

"7. When sheep are allowed to graze on dangerous ground 
they should have a daily alloMance of salt and a little dry food." 
J^edicinal Creatment. 

A perfect cure is almost hopeless. After the period of 
migration of the flukes to the intestines, a spontaneous cure 
sometimes results, which, however, is very rare. So far as me- 
<licinal treatment is concerned, Mojkowski reports, according to 
Xeumann, satisfactory results by giving the sheep napthol twice 
daily for a week, in ten to fifteen grain doses, alone or mixed 
with gentian. Another old English recipe calls for 

Sulphate of iron 1 drachm 

Salt 1 drachm 

Anise seed i drachm 

Mixed with half a pound each of linseed meal, peas and 
locust beans, and given daily to each sheep. The fact that salt 
is fatal to the fluke and that sheep may be grazed with impunity 
on salt marshes, is evidence that salt should be freely offered to 
sheep. This is best accomplished by keeping quantities of rock 
salt within easy access. Combined with medicinal treatment a 
proper stimulating and nourishing diet is of great importance, 
(^'orn. barley, peas, oats, oil-meal, cake, any dry grains, should 
be fed in judicious proportions. AVatcry foods such as turnips, 
Swedes, etc., are to be avoided. 



CHAPTER XV. 



parasitic Diseases of the Shin, 

While the diseases of this particular class are not so 
dangerous to the animal's existence as those occurring from in- 
ternal parasites, yet we must place great importance on disease? 
of this nature, as to one of them at least, viz., scabies, the greatest 
loss of the wool-grower is directly attributable. The yearly 
shrinkage of the wool crop due to its attacks amounting through- 
out the world to millions of dollars. All diseases of the skin 
tend to produce bodily discomfort, the sheep after feeding in- 
stead of being able to rest quietly, is called upon to resist the at- 
tacks of pests, the excessive itching always present in these com- 
plaints causing the animal to rub itself violently and pull the 
fleece from the diseased surfaces with its mouth. Animals suffer- 
ing from these attacks do not fatten readily. Should they be 
neglected, no treatment being used, the diseases become virulent, 
the animal perceptibly loses flesh, and is virtually eaten alive by 
ever-increasing multitudes of parasites. 

Scabies, Scab. 

Is a disease due to the presence of an animal parasite, which 
exists on the effusion arising from the irritation to the tissues 
caused by its presence. Of the scab insect infesting sheep \v(.> 
find three kinds, namely, the sarcoptes ovis, which burrow in 
the skin; the dermatodectes, also called the psoroptes communis, 
the cause of common scab, which simply bite and hold on to tlie 
skin, and which is the parasite we shall mostly have to deal with 
in this chapter, and thirdly the symbiotes, or chorioptes ovis, the 



PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 



23c 



cause of foot scab. In studying the life-history of these para- 
sites WQ find they are virtually alike, in that they attack the 
skin of the sheep, and live on the fluid arising from the irritation 
from their bites. The scabs form oyer the irritated surfaces; 
and beneath these crusts the insects deposit their eggs. In the 
course of from two to three days the eggs hatch, the newly born 
parasite becoming adult in fifteen days. Each female parasite, 




0rcup of emaciated and Scabby Sbecp. 

according to Gerlach, will lay fifteen eggs, ten of which will 
bring forth females, the balance males. The young parasites 
as soon as they hatch spread and invade new territory, which 
gives the affected part the appearance of spreading by a constant 
advance of its circumference. The eggs being embedded in 
these crusts or scabs, are deposited on posts, feeding troughs, or 
bedding, etc., and become fresh centers of infection, it onlv 



emales. 


Males. 


10 


5 


100 


50 


1,000 


500 


10,000 


5,000 


100,000 


50,000 



236 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 

being necessary that they become deposited on the skin of the 
sheep for them to develop into live and aggressive parasites. 

Gerlach, the German authority mentioned previonsl}', com- 
puted that in three months time a single female would be re- 
sponsible for the existence of 1,500,000 progeny, as is shown in 
the following table: 

First generation after 15 days produces. . . 
Second generation after 30 days produces. 
Third generation after 45 days produces. . 
Fourth generation after 60 days produces. 
Fifth generation after 75 days produces. . 
Sixth generation after 90 days produces. . 1,000,000 500,000 

Unless the affected sheep is submitted to proper treatment 
to destroy these pests they will increase indefinitely in numbers 
until death to the patient ensues. The form of scabies com- 
monly affecting the sheep in the United States from the Atlantic 
seaboard to the Pacific Ocean is that caused by the psoroptes 
communis, which attacks the ])arts of the sheep covered by the 
heavy fieece, causing the animal to rub and pull the fleece, so 
effecting a shrinkage in the wool clip, which, when the large num- 
ber of affected animals are taken into account, will be found to 
annually mount up to millions of dollars, all of which could be 
prevented by intelligently carrying out the Federal and State 
regulations governing the same, subjecting all affected animals to 
a rigid quarantine and effective treatment, and heavily punish- 
ing the owner of a lot of infected sheep if he should wittingly 
allow them to run at large. 

The common scab attacks the backs, flanks, sides, shoulders, 
necks, bellies, and rumps of the sheep, the spot infected appear- 
ing ragged, the sheep frequently biting the part as if it was try- 
ing to tear the wool, or striking the spot with a hind foot; in 




Showing Scabies in its first Stages. 



238 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 

aggravated cases tearing the skin with the hoof, causing ulcer- 
ation and thickening of the cuticle. 

Cbc f)ead Scab. 

This disease, as has already been stated, is caused by para- 
sites called the sarcoptes scabiei. They are the smallest of the scab- 
forming parasites, being almost invisible to the naked eye. In 
appearance they are rounded, ovoid bodies, with small pointed 
proboscis, the full grown parasite having eight legs, four to a 
side, supplied with suckers or feelers, while the newly-hatched 
insect possesses only three pair of legs, the other pair appearing 
about thirty-six hours after birth. 

Location and Symptoms. 

This disease first makes its appearance around the nostrils, 
rarely on the eyelids, and around the ears. From these locations 
the scab extends over the whole face, cheeks and eyelids, even 
to the lower portion of the limbs, under the belly, and especially 
in the flexures of the knee, hock and pastern joints, wherever 
the wool is scarce, as this species does not attack the parts covered 
by the heavy fleece. The first symptom noticeable will be that 
the sheep rubs and scratches its head violently. On examination 
at this period, a very small whitish yellow pimple will be found, 
which, on being rubbed, ruptures, allowing the escape of a yel- 
lowish serosity. This in drying forms minute crusts, the aggre- 
gation of which tend to form a thick and hard scab. The 
vesicles themselves are formed by the parasites burrowing into 
the skin, where they find the necessary nourishment for their 
growth and the propagation of the species. The young as soon 
as they hatch out migrate to a fresh location, where they imme- 
diately bury themselves in the skin in the same manner as their 
progenitors. In this manner the disease spreads, slowly at first, 
but after the first thirty days by leaps and bounds. As the dis- 



PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 239 

ease progresses the scabby patches become confluent, thicker and 
liarder and white in appearance, extending over the lips, cheeks, 
nostrils, face, forehead, eyes and ears in one hard, thick scabby 
mass, causing an incessant, unbearable itching, in trying to allay 
which, by rubbing and striking the part with its feet, the animal 
tears through scab and skin, causing bleeding, soreness and ulcer- 
ation of the part. As these patches increase round the edges, 
the centers tend to heal, leaving scars and cicatrices to show the 
ravages of the disease. When the scabs cover the eyelids, the 
animal is in danger of starving to death, being unable to see 
where or how to obtain food. To find this insect it is necessary 
to raise the scab and examine the moist underlying exudate by 
the aid of a microscope. They are not to be found on the hard 
and dry portions of the scab. 

Head scab is not a common form of the disease in T^orth 
America, although cases of it are occasionally found. It is the 
most susceptible to treatment of the three kinds of scab, and 
wliile, unlike the common scab, it does not work direct injury to 
the fleece If neglected, the patient becomes poor in flesh, and 
indirectly by its effect on the general health, the normal growth 
of the fleece is prevented,. so curtailing the clip. 

treatment. 

The application of a good sheep dip or wash will effectually 
cure this trouble. 

ComTnon Scab, Psoroptcs Communis. 

The parasite causing this disease is much larger than the 
sarcoptes, being easily discernible with the naked eye, especially 
if placed on a black surface. It has caused more monetary loss 
to sheep breeders of all countries than any other condition or 
disease, not excepting the ravages caused by the liver-fluke; so 
rapidly does it run through a flock, and so destructive are its 



240 



PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 



effects on the wool indnstrv, that nearly all governments have 
enacted legislation aiming to control and eradicate the disease. 

Symptoms. 

When scab first breaks out in a flock of sheep the affected 
ones will be noticed scratching, biting, rubbing themselves, tak- 
ing hold of the wool and pulling it from the skin, causing the 
fleece to have a rough uneven look, the wool fibres being stuck 
together and wet where the animal has been biting the part. 




H Y«>u"9f 6ix-lcggcd Hcarus x loo. (Brown.) 

Sheep badly affected will be uneasy at all times, constantly 
pulling and scratching, especially is this the case if they are 
driven around and over-heated, the itching then becoming very 

severe. 

Co examine a Sbcep for Scab. 

Part the wool over the spot where the animal has been bit- 
ing, and by closely examining the skin small whitish-yellow 
elevations will be observed which present a marked contrast to 
the normal pink skin. These elevations are caused from the 
bites of the scab mites, which will be found on the wool fibres 
in close proximity. As the mites increase in numbers, 



PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 



241 




psoroptcs Commums Tel Dcrmatodcctcs Ovis. (©crlacb.) 



242 



PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 



the elevations do likewise, becoming closer together, finally 
uniting. The vesicles, on being rnbbed, exude a watery seros- 
ity. which accnnnilates and in drying forms a thin crnst, called a 







w^^^ 







6-' 



©roup of Scab parasites x 40. (Brown.) 



a. mature female acarus in a mass of scab. i>, young acarus after change of skin. 
c, cast-off skin of an acarus. <^, drum with yolk contracted. ?, drum containing a 
young acarus. /", orum with young acarus in interior about to be hatched. 

scab. The scab appears as a yellowish, thin, greasy layer. This 
as the disease progresses becomes thick and hard, spreading 
wider as the parasites invade fresh tissue around the edges of the 
scabs. These crusts in being' rubbed off or torn out bv the 



PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 243 

frenzied motions of the sheep carry with them tags of wool. 
leaving the affected surfaces denuded and sore. These become 
again covered bj scabs, which are thicker than the former, these 
being still further increased in circumference by the outward 
migration of the parasites. As the affected surfaces enlarge 
their centers tend to heal, but the skin remains thick and 
wrinkled for a long time, the growth of the fleece being re- 
tarded and sometimes destroyed from the injury to the hair 

follicles. 

Ixodes of Infection. 

Since scab is caused by insects which are being continually 
distributed by the sheep rubbing on posts or dropping tags of 
Avool containing pieces of scab, which on coming in contact with 
other sheep soon cause an outbreak on them also, it can read- 
ily be seen that the sources of infection are many, among which 
can be enumerated the shipping of infected sheep in railroad 
cars as one of the commonest methods of distribution, or per- 
mitting healthy sheep to graze on a range on which scabby sheep 
have been kept, or the exposure in any way of healthy sheep to 
the eggs of the parasite, which are more to be dreaded than the 
mite itself. The parasite itself cannot live for any length of 
time away from the body of its host, and experiments have 
shown that it will succumb after a period of from ten to fifteen 
days, but its eggs, being almost indestructible owing to their 
dense fibrous covering, will last indefinitely, and should tlie 
sheep pick up any particle of wool or pieces of scab containing 
these eggs it is only necessary for them to remain in contact with 
the skin for a short period for them to hatch and become the foci 
for new and disastrous outbreaks. Ranges when once infected 
are not considered safe grazing grounds for the space of one year. 
Pens when infected need to be thoroughly gone over with slaked 
lime wash, with some parasiticide added to it, before they are 



244 PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN, 

safe to hold sheep again. All railroad ears should be thor- 
oughly cleaned and disinfected after having been used for the 
transportation of sheep, especially is this necessary in the West, 
where cars frequently are kept in use till the manure has ac- 
cumidated to such an extent that it becomes almost impossible 
to load sheep in them. These manure beds teem with the eggs 
of the parasites, which arc picked up by the sheep's fleece, caus- 
ing a wholesale infection of all exposed, thus carrying the dis- 
ease from one district to another or from State to State, and in 
many instances from the far West to the Atlantic seaboard. 
There are few if any counties in the Western States and terri- 
tories in which scabies is not constantly present, and it is 
from these districts that the lambs are sold to be fitted by the 
Eastern feeder for the spring market, which accounts for the 
general distribution of this disease every fall and spring. AVhile 
at the time of sale and up to their arrival at the feeding grounds 
they may appear perfectly clean and healthy, experience has 
taught those who make a business of handling feeders that it is 
a waste of time and feed to neglect dipping the lambs at once on 
their arrival, and if possible before they go into the feeding pens, 
as when this is delayed, as soon as the animal begins to get on 
feed the scab is sure to break out, the disease then being almost 
impossible to cure on account of the infection of the pens. The 
writer, when sheep inspector at Fort Collins, Col., can remember 
one season in particular when the lambs from Xew Mexico ap- 
peared healthy on their arrival from that territory, but in a short 
time scab developed in every flock of feeders in Larimer County, 
and as there were 150,000 head on feed in fifty-five separate 
flocks the reader can well understand the loss sustained by the 
owners, some of whom were compelled to dip their flocks five 
times in as many months, and then were only able to keep the 
disease under control, but not eradicated. Had these sheep 




H Bad Case of Scabies, the affected area extending from the Crooh around the Hnimal's 

JS^cch to the thumb of the examiner. Che Cuticle is much tbichencd and raw 

with pus in the Sub-cutaneous Cissues. 



246 PAKASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 

been thoroughly dipped before shipping and then loaded on clean 
and disinfected railroad cars, this trouble would have been 
averted to a great extent, arid one more dipping on their arrival 
at the feed yards would have been all that was necessary to carry 
them through till spring. 

The mite causing common scab can easily be found at the 
edges of the scabs, and can be studied by means of a low power 
microscope, and so numerous are these parasites that one slide 
will often reveal the adult mites, the six-legged young and many 
eggs. Fall and winter are the seasons most favorable for the 
spread of this disease, owing to the animals being congregated 
together under sheds or in feeding lots, and the fleece at those 
seasons being long, facilitates the propagation and vitality of the 
parasites. In summer the change from dry food to green grass 
appears to effect a certain influence antagnostic to the spread of 
the scab, especially is this so after spring shearing. Scab if not 
treated will eventually cause extreme debility and perhaps death, 
owing to impoverishment of the blood and fatigue from loss 
of rest and sleep, caused by the intense itching due to the pres- 
ence of these pests. "Where breeding ewes become affected with 
scabies, there is great danger of abortion, and should this not 
occur, the newly born lamb will be weak and feeble, predisposed 
to sickness, and very hard to rear. Ewes not in lamb will sel- 
dom conceive when affected with this disease, and when this 
fact is taken into consideration, together with the depreciation 
of the value of the wool clip, from double ended wool, and a 
light fleece, it will readily be understood that the damages to 
flock owners from this disease which is spread so universally 
over the country, especially in th e "Western States, is enormous, 
and that without exaggeration it must amount to several millions 
of dollars vearlv. 



PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 



247 



Crcatmcnt. 

Treatment for common scab is of two kinds: 

(1). Dipping; where the animal is immersed in a watery 

solution containing parasiticides, which while they destroy the 

pests, are supposedly harmless to the sheep. 




Hn Hggravated Case of Scabies, showing the Subject Kiching with its f'oot and morh- 

ing its Mouth in Response to a Little Hdditional Xmtation 

from tb« Gxamimr. 

(2). Hand dressing; Avhich consists in the application of 
some such substance as the mercury stone or turpentine and lard, 
etc., which is rubbed on the affected parts. This method is only 
practicable where few animals are to be treated. In all cases 



248 PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 

where large flocks are infected, tliorougli dippings of all the sheep 
is the only practicable method of combatting the disease. 

Dipping. 

Under this head we cannot do better than quote verbatim 
some of the instructions given out by the Department of Agri- 
culture in a bulletin lately issued dealing with the subject. 

''(1). Select a dip containing sulphur. If a prepared 'dip' 
is used, which does not contain sulphur, it is always safer to add 
about sixteen and one-half pounds of the sifted flour of sulphur 
to every 100 gallons of water, especially if after dipping the 
sheep have to be returned to their old pastures. 

"(2). Shear all the dieep at one time, and immediately 
after shearing confine them to one-half the farm for two to four 
weeks. Many persons pref(?r to dip immediately after shearing. 

"(3). At the end of this time dip every sheep (and every 
goat also, if there is any on the farm). 

"(4). Ten days later dip the entire flock the second time. 

"(5). After the second dipping place the flock on the por- 
tion of the farm from which they have been excluded during the 
previous four or five weeks. 

"(6). Keep each sheep in the dip for two minutes by the 
watch, do not guess at the time, and duck its head at least once. 

"(7). Be careful in dipping rams, as they are more likely 
to be overcome in the dip than are the ewes." 

Be careful in making your choice of a dip. In these days, 
when manufactured non-poisonous preparations are obtainable 
there is no excuse for endangering the lives of the sheep, and not 
them only, but those of the other live stock of the farm by using 
poisonous compounds, especially those heavily charged wntli 
arsenic. In regard to arsenical dips, the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, in the bulletin already quoted from, says: 

There are both home-made arsenic dips and secret proprie- 



PAKASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 249 

tary arsenical dips. It is well to use special precautions with 
both, because of the danger connected with them. One of the 
prominent manufacturers of dips, a firm which places on the 
market both a powder arsenical dip and a liquid non-poisonous 
dip, recently summarized the evils of arsenical dips in the fol- 
lowing remarkable manner: 

"The drawbacks to the use of arsenic may be summed up 
somewhat as follows: 

"(a) Its danger as a deadly poison. 

"(b) Its drying effect on the wool. 

"(c) Its weakening of the fibre of the wool in one particu- 
lar part near the skin where it comes in contact wdth the tender 
wool roots at the time of dipping. 

"(d) Its not feeding the wool or stimulating the growth 
or increasing the weight of the fleece as good oleaginous dips do. 

"(e) The danger arising from the sheep pasturing, after 
coming out of the bath where the wash may possibly have 
dropped from the fleece, or where showers of rain, after the dip- 
ping, have washed the dip out of the fleece on to the pasture. 

"(f) Its occasionally throwing sheep off their feed for a 
few days after dipping, and so prejudicing the condition of the 
sheep. 

"(g) Its frequent effect upon the skin of the sheep causing 
excoriation, blistering and hardness, which stiffen and injure the 
animal, sometimes resulting in death." 

"Although this manufacturer has gone farther in his attack 
upon arsenic tlian this Bureau would have been inclined to do, it 
must be remarked that when a manufacturer of such a dip can 
not speak more highly of the chief ingredient of this compound 
than this one has done in the above quotation, his remarks tend 
to discredit dips based upon that ingredient." 



^50 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 

The extracts from the Bureau of Animal Industry concern- 
ing the use of arsenic are fully endorsed by the majority of flock 
owners. 

Among the most popular agents used for dipping purposes 
we find tobacco and carbolic acid; these two enter largely into 
the composition of the most extensively used prepared dips. 

Cobacco. 

Is a very efficient agent for the destruction of the acari. 
Its effects appear to last longer than those of the carbolic acid or 
coal tar preparations. We find it as the base of some of the 
most popular sheep dips. Home-made tobacco infusions, pre- 
pared by boiling a certain quantity of the natural leaf in a given 
amount of water, were formerly very popular with sheep owners, 
but since manufactured extracts have been placed on the market 
their extended use has largely been superceded by the prepared 
article, which possesses the advantage of always being uniform 
in strength and requiring only the admixture of warm water to 
be ready for use. 

Carbolic Hcid. 

Carbolic acid is also a reliable parasiticide. Many of the 
cold water preparations are largely composed of this article mixed 
with other ingredients, and presented to the public in such a 
form as to make a perfect emulsion when mixed with water. 
Zhe Dipping plant. 

This consists of a trough or vat and catching and draining 
pens. The vat is made either circular or straight. It should 
be at least five and one-half feet deep, and not to exceed six 
inches in wddth inside measure at the bottom, and twenty inches 
in the clear at the top. Its length will depend on the number 
of sheep intended to be dipped in it at any one time. For a dip- 
ping plant with a capacity for 5,000 sheep per day the following 
dimensions will be found satisfactorv: 



TAKASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIX. 251 

Che Catching pen. 

This should connect with a large pen, made to hold 1,000 
head of sheep, from which they are driven into the catching pen, 
which is built as follows: 

Its floor is raised eighteen inches above the ground, to be 
on a level with the sides of the dipping vat, which project about 
that distance above the ground; its size, to be convenient for 
catching sheep, should not exceed twelve feet by twelve feet. A 
gate is placed at the end communicating with the large pen, the 
sides are boarded up for about three feet in height, an opening 
two and one-half feet wide being left where the vat and pen join. 

Che Vat. 

The vat should be at least fifty feet long, the other 
dimensions the same as those previously given. It should be 
built of two-inch grooved pine lumber, well leaded in the seams 
when put together, to make it absolutely water-tight. It is sunk 
in the ground to a depth of four feet, so that it projects not to 
exceed eighteen inches above the ground ; the sides should be tied 
to beams sunk in the earth, level with the bottom of the vat, to 
prevent the outside pressure causing the sides to bulge in and 
make it too narrow. The end of the vat next to the catching 
pen is made perpendicular, while the end leading to the drain- 
ing pens is made to slant at an angle of forty-five degrees, with 
strips nailed across to form a ladder for the sheep to climb out on. 
Length of vat on surface fifty feet. Length at bottom forty 
feet. 

The draining pens are of great importance, as they effect a 
large saving in dip. They should be built as per the illustra- 
tion, the plan being to build one large pen twenty feet by twenty 
feet square, having a slope of one foot from back of floor to end 
of vat, the sides sloping towards the center, with about six 
inch pitch from side of pen to center. In the center is a gutter 




,JVIammotb Sbecp-Dtpping "Vat at the JVew "^orh Central Stoch "^ards, Buffalo, |N^. Y- t-engtb 

of Swim in the clear 1 36 feet. Capacity 100 Sheep at a time. Beatcd by steam and with 

all the latest improvements, mahing it by far the largest and best appointed 

Dipping plant in the United States. 



PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 



253 



eight inches witle running the whole length from back of pen to 
vat. The floor is made of matched flooring laid on rough two- 
inch lumber. In center of pen, in a line with gutter, a division 
fence is run, which forms two pens ten feet by twenty feet, a 
swing gate being placed at end next vat, which when closing one 




1. Draining- pens, 2. Steps leadinjir from vat to draining- pen. 3. Showing- di- 
vision of draining pen. 4. Swing gate at entrance to pens. 5. Slats of bottom of pens, 
leading from sides of pens to gutter in center. 6. Gates at e.xit of draining pens. 
7. Runway back to ground. 

})en leaves the other open, so that when one pen becomes filled 
with sheep the gate is brought over, leaving the other opening- 
free. When this pen is filled, the sheep in first pen will have 
been drained sufticiently, and the gate at rear of pen can be 
opened to give them exit. By this means a continual stream of 
^heep is kept passing through the pens. 



254 PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 

The entire cost of a dipping plant of this size should not ex- 
ceed $150, and is a very necessary investment for the successful 
raising of sheep. In the Western States, where thousands of 
sheep are fed for the Eastern markets, every feeder has a dipping 
plant close to or adjoining his feeding pens, so that on the first 
sign of scab the affected sheep can be immediately treated before 
the disease obtains much headway; and even where a few sheep 
only are kei)t, and those mostly for breeding purposes, a dipping 
vat is an indispensable necessity. The flock should be dipped at 
least once a year and better twice to rid them of vermin, which 
are the natural enemies of the sheep in its domesticated state. 
Ticks, lice, etc., of which we shall treat later, are common pests 
of sheep, and -are best reached by thoroughly dipping the ani- 
mals harboring them- 

F)and Drcsoing for 6cab. 

This can only be satisfactorily carried out when the flock is 
composed of a few animals. It consists in catching the affected 
ones and pouring a strong solution of a prepared dip along the 
middle of the back, first parting the fleece into a furrow, and 
also in the arm pits and flanks, any affected part is also thorough- 
ly saturated with the mixture. A mixture of lard and turpen- 
tine, or coal oil and lard is frequently used for an application to 
the affected patches. This, however, while effectual in killing 
the parasites, leaves a dirty black mark in the fleece, which re- 
mains for months, besides frequently so cauterizing the skin as to 
cause it to slough, and in no way are the effects superior or 
cheaper to an application of some standard preparation which by 
reason of its mixing properties with water is easily applied and 
does not leave any mark to show that it has been necessary to use 
such an agent. It should be borne in mind that the pens in 
which affected sheep have been kept are sources of contagion for 
future outbreaks. When dipping sheep in feeding lots, the pens 



PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 255 

should be thoroughly cleaned out, and the woodwork gone over 
with a solution of lime, or the ooze from the vat may be used in- 
stead, so that the pens are thoroughly disinfected before return- 
ing the sheep to them. Should this not bo done, the dipping of 
the sheep is only palliative at the best, for as soon as the effects 
of the dip leave the fleece the sheep will become re-infected 
from their own surroundings. 

Lime and sulphur has not been recommended here as a dip 
for general use, as, in order for it to be serviceable it has to be 
properly made, requiring much experience to be able to mix it 
so that the effects will not be deleterious to the fleece. The 
presence of lime in the mixture tends to harden the wool fibres, 
making them brittle and dry, appearing to rob the fleece of its 
natural yelk. While experimenters on a few head of sheep at 
agricultural colleges claim that its use does not set the sheep 
back or interfere greatly with their well being, it has been the 
experience of large feeders that hot lime and sulphur dips cause 
great damage, in some cases blinding the animals, and in all 
cases putting them off their feed for fourteen days or longer, 
Avhich does not seem to be the case where some of the standard 
preparations have been used. 

Sbccp Och. (Mclopbagus Ovinus.j Linn. 

A v'ery common parasite of the sheep found generally 
throughout the whole extent of the United States and Canada. 
This parasite, while not nearly so destructive as that causing the 
scab, produces sufficient damage to merit a study of its habits and 
life-history. In appearance the sheep tick may be said to repre- 
sent a greatly enlarged scab mite, witli the exception of its being 
minus suckers and feelers, and also only possesses six legs, 
wliereas the adult scab mite has eight. In length they are about 
one-(iiiarter of an inch, the body is short, broad, and tough. In 
C(»liir it is ferruginous, its abdomen being a greyish brown, 



256 



PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 



irregularly mottled. The head is small and resembles that of 
the common house fly in being disengaged from the thorax. 
The legs and body are covered with minute fine hair. Its legs 
are strong, each one being furnished with two strong, sharp 
claws. The abdomen of the tick when filled with blood 
from its host is immensely distended and transparent, the blood 
being plainly visible through its texture. The male and female 
differ from each other, the former being a little smaller than the 









Hdult Sheep Ctck, a: and puparium, /'. ( )^lelopbagu8. ) enlarged, after Osborn, 1896. 

latter. The eggs laid by the female are flat, ovoid in appearance 
and of a brownish color. They are nearly one-third the size of 
the abdomen of the parent. The eggs are laid one at a time, 
and are covered with a sticky dark material, securely fastening 
them to the wool fibres. When mature the embryo emerges 
through an opening in one end of the shell made by the splitting 
outwards of a portion of it, resembling a lid to a box, the young 
insect being an exact counterpart of its progenitors, and not 
having to pass through any intermediate stage of development, 
so generally the case in the reproduction of parasitic life. The 
life of the parasite is wholly spent on the body of its host. A 



PAKASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIX. 257 

sheep infested with ticks, is a source of infection for the whole 
flock. A sheep freed from ticks can only again become infected 
with them by contact with other sheep harboring the parasite. 

Symptoms. 

The severity of the symptoms depends to a great extent on 
the number of parasites infesting the sheep. While a few will 
cause the animal but a trifling annoyance, in a short time they 
increase to such numbers that they cause an intense irritation 
and restlessness, interferring greatly with the well-being of the 
sheep. Lambs particularly (owing to their tender skin) suffer 
from these pests, being especially noticeable after shearing. 
Animals harboring a large number of ticks will scratch and pull 
the wool, the condition being easily differentiated from scab^ 
however, as a casual examination will reveal the ticks. 

Crcatment. 

The best method is to dip the whole flock, and the best time 
is directly after shearing. One thorough dipping in any prepar- 
ation used for scabies will be sufficient to destroy all the live 
ticks, but as some of the nits are sure to be left in the fleece, it is 
good policy to repeat the dipping in two or three weeks time. 

Sheep should not be turned into the old pastures until two 
or three weeks after dipping. This allows a suflicient time for 
the death of whatever ticks may have been dropped on the 
ground. In fact it is a good plan to disinfect and clean out the 
sheep-pens on the farm at least once L year. Many ticks will be 
destroyed if this is carried out. Before introducing fresh mem- 
bers to the flock they should always be dipped. This is a useful 
precaution, and if taken will often prevent the spread of this class 
of parasitic diseases. These parasites being easily destroyed, the 
flock-owner should experience but slight difficulty in keeping his 
sheep free of the same. 



258 PARASITIC DISEASES OP THE SKIN. 

Ltcc. 

These parasites are frequently found auacking sheep. In 
appearance the sheep-louse resembles closely the common dog- 
louse. In length it is about one twenty-fifth of an inch, the 
female being slightly larger than the male; its general color is 
white, with the exception of the head, which is a reddish-brown. 




Sheep Louse— ■pcmalc. ( Cricbocepbalus Spboerocepbalus.) 

i, autenna. c, d, dorsal and side view of leg, enlarged. 
(After Osborn, 1896.) 

Their life-history resembles that of the sheep-tick; the adults 
lay their eggs at the base of the wool fibres, to which they are 
adherent by a sticky glutinous material. The eggs hatch out in 
the wool, the young louse emerging by pushing up a lid-like 
contrivance of the shell. They are often found in large numbers 



PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 259 

associated with scab. Their favored locations appear to be the 
inner part of the thigh and sides of the neck. 

Their presence on the sheep produces considerable discom- 
fort, a thickening of the skin, which becomes rough and covered 
w'itli dry blackened scales, the wool becoming dry, brittle, and 
lifeless, giving the sheep an appearance of being out of condition 
generally. Sheep harboring lice will rub against posts and nib- 
ble at their flanks, frequently scratcliing the elbows with the 
hind feet. "When afl^ected sheep lie in the sun, the parasites 
strike for the outside of the fleece, a careful examination reveal- 
ing multitudes of small brown parasites. 

treatment. 

A thorough dipping or a dressing with a preparation of 
sulphur will quickly rid the sheep of this form of parasite. 

li^bc fly. (LuccUia MarceUaria.) 

This insect is the chief cause of maggot in sheep in the 
United States. It, according to Xeumann, "measures from one- 
third of an inch to half an inch in length, and is recognized by 
its blue thorax, streaked with the darker blue bands of a purple 
tint; the pads are black, and the wings brown at the base. The 
larva measure from one-half to five-eighths of an inch in length. 
This fly is met with over a great portion of America, from the 
Xorth of the United States to the Argentine Republic." The 
fly deposits its eggs on the wool, the larvae living on the yolk, 
the most favored location being the base of the tail, especially 
should the animal be suffering from diarrhoea or dysentery, 
then all parts contaminated with the discharge are attacked by 
the fly. Any sores, such as those caused from fighting in rams 
or wounds and abrasions of any kind, are liable to attack during 
the fly season. As soon as the eggs hatch the larvae or maggots, 
as they are termed, begin to burrow into the tissues, causing 



260 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN, 

great pain and distress. The sheep shakes its tail, will bite itself, 
is very restless; or the reverse may be the case; it may stand with 
its head down, leave the rest of the flock, and have a listless, de- 
jected appearance; the wool at the parts attacked by maggots is 
raised and rough. An examination of the affected sheep will re- 
veal numbers of whitish maggots attacking the sore spots. 
Should the animal not receive any treatment, diarrhoea sets in as 
a complication, due to the enfeebled state of the animal's system, 
followed by marasmus and death. ■ 

treatment. 
Take flowers of sulphur and benzoated lard, equal parts, 
'and apply to the sore surfaces. Oil of tar applied to the diseased 
parts will quickly destroy the maggots and prevent fresh attacks 
from the fly. The fleece should be cut away exposing the whole 
surface of the sore before applying the tar. A few drops of fish 
oil sprinkled on the fleece will protect the sheep against the fly 
for a whole season, but owing to its very unpleasant smell and its 
injury to the fleece, due to its lasting properties, it is not advis- 
able to use this agent. 



CHAPTER XVI. 



Specific Diseases. 

Are those which arise fiom a certain germ or poison, which 
being introduced into the system prodvices the same disease as 
that affecting the subject from which the germ or poison origin- 
ated. For instance, tuberculosis (consumption) was proven by 
Koch to be due to the presence in the tissues of the body of a 
rod-shaped micro-organism, termed by him the bacillus tuber- 
culosis. He also proved that tuberculosis did not exist without 
the presence of this special bacillus, and that the introduction of 
these baccilli into healthy subjects produced tuberculosis and no 
other disease. This also holds good for all specific diseaoes. 
Every specific disease has its specific germ, which if introduced 
into the animal economy through some channel (by the mouth, 
inoculation, respired air, etc.,) and finding suitable sun'oundings 
to develop in, quickly reproduces itself and poisons the blood 
either by direct destruction of the red blood corpuscles or by pro- 
ducing an alteration of the normal blood constituents, which soon 
causes the death of the affected subject; and vice versa, should 
the system be strong enough to overcome the freshly introduced 
germs, the surroundings not being suitable for their reproduction 
and development, they soon perish, in many cases without affect- 
ing any constitutional disturbance. 

Germs, then, are the cause of all specific diseases, and the 
question arises, what are germs? They are vegetable micro- 
organisms, rounded, ovoid, or spiral in shape, which possess the 
property of reproducing themselves in the animal economy. 
Their waste products termed the ptomaines being chiefly re- 
sponsible for the damage and destruction they cause. They are 



262 SPECIFIC DISEASES. 

divided into many classes and sub-classes, which it would be im- 
possible to enumerate in this work, it being sufficient to say that 
the rod-shaped germs are called bacilli (rods), the ovoid ones are 
called cocci, generally termed micro-cocci, on account of their 
being microscopical in size, and the corkscrew-shaped ones are 
termed spirilla. Rod-shaped germs (bacilli) possess the prop- 
erty of reproducing themselves by fission, which is a breaking in 
two of the rod, each rod forming then two germs, and also by the 
formation of spores. These are roundish, clear bodies, which 
appear in the centers of the bacilli, and which also possess the 
property of forming bacilli, should they find suitable media and 
conditions for growth. It can be readily understood that these 
minute organisms are capable of indefinite and rapid multiplica- 
tion, which accounts for the short and virulent course of many 
diseases of this particular class. 

Htitbrax fever. Bv^xy* 

This is one of the most widespread diseases, its presence 
being recorded in all parts of the world occupied by animal life, 
and at the same time it is a very dangerous affection and highly 
contagious. "With few exceptions all warm-blooded animals are 
subject to its attacks and the poison from dead carcasses, con- 
taminating rivers and streams has been asserted to be a prolific 
cause for the mysterious deaths of numbers of fish. 

We find that it is strictly a specific disease due to a specific 
germ, and that although in different countries and kinds of ani- 
mals it is known under different names, still it is one and the 
same affection, due to one and the same cause. For instance, in 
the human family Ave find it occurring as wool-sorters' disease, or 
malignant pustule. In cattle it is termed anthrax fever, splenic 
apoplexy, also milzbrand in Germany and charbon in France. 
In the horse it has various names, depending on the locality in 
Avhich it occurs. In East India it is knoAvn as loodiana disease, 



SPECIFIC DISEASES. 263 

and in Africa as horse sickness. While in the sheep it is gener- 
ally called braxy, but is also known as Cumberland disease (Aus- 
tralia), or great head (Xorth England), or typhus, etc., etc. 

But as occurring in all animals it is strictly correct to term 
it anthrax, as in all cases it is due to the presence in the system 
of a rod-shaped, spore-bearing bacillus, termed the Bacillus An- 
thracis. The history of anthrax is very interesting, dating back 
as it does to the remote past. A reference is supposed to be 
made to this disease in the Bible, Exodus, Chap, ix: "Boils 
which came forth as blains, upon man and upon beast through- 
out Egypt," one of the plagues of Egypt. Ancient Latin and 
Greek recoTds describe its appearance about the time of the 
seige of Troy, and in 1617 at Naples, in Italy, 60,000 persons 
are supposed to have perished from eating the flesh of anthra- 
coid animals. 

In Erance its ravages have been severely felt. In the latter 
part of the century, it assumed a most virulent form, all 
kinds of domesticated animals succumbing to its attacks, and to 
the investigation of a Erenchman, the celebrated Pasteur, is due 
the recognized preventive treatment, namely, the inoculation 
of healthy animals with an attenuated virus of the disease, 
which renders them forever after immune to its attacks. 

In the sheep as well as in cattle a condition is met with 
which simulates anthrax. This is called black-leg, quarter-ill, 
etc., and while this is a very serious affection, its virulence is not 
to be compared with anthrax proper; in fact it is not due to the 
"bacillus anthracis," but to another form of micro-organism. 

Diseases which are specific in character and similar to 
anthrax, are classed generally as anthracoid. They are not due 
to the anthrax bacillus and must not be confounded with that 
disease. 



264 SPECIFIC DISEASES. 

Cause of Hntbrax. 

Certain influences seem to favor the development of the 
disease. It is found to be more prevalent in the early fall when 
the days are hot and the nights cold. Sudden changes in the 
weather are frequently attended by an outbreak of anthrax; 
humid weather, if associated with fogs, being especially liable to 
cause its development. Pastures bordering on rivers and streams, 
which are submerged at certain seasons of the year, frequently 
abound with anthrax infection, presumed to be carried there by 
the floods, which bring the germ from other localities where 
animals have succumbed to the disease. Hay from infected 
fields is liable to produce the disease, the spores having become 
attached to the blades of grass, only wait a suitable time and 
media for their development. Flies also spread the contagium 
by carrying the bacteria in their systems, and while resisting the 
influence of the virus themselves, they inoculate other animals 
with the germs, w^ith disastrous effects. Dietetic errors seem to 
predispose the system to attacks from this disease, particularly 
is this noticeable in changing from poor to highly nutritious 
foodstuffs,- especially if the same contain a high percentage of 
nitrogen. A plethoric condition is extremely favorable to the 
development of the anthrax bacillus, which would account for 
the fattest sheep in the flock generally being the first to suffer, 
especially those which have been thriving rapidly. It is also no- 
ticeable that the disease is very liable to break out after moving 
the flock from a poor to a rich pasture. Sheep on high feed pre- 
paratory to slaughter also frequently succumb to this complaint. 
Grazing animals on pastures or ranges, where deaths have previ- 
ously occurred from anthrax, is also a prolific cause of the 
trouble. 

Symptoms. 

Anthrax fever is more particularly marked by its lack of 
diagnostic ante-mortem symptoms, deductions being drawn from 



SPECIFIC DISEASES. 265 

the circumstances surrounding the affected sheep. Sudden and 
inexplicable deaths of several sheep of a flock, which have sud- 
denly been attacked by convulsions, rapidly terminating in 
death, the animals, prior to the seizure having been in a healthy 
condition, should cause the sheep-owner to at once suspect 
anthrax as the cause. Then if a careful watch is kept on the 
flock, some premonitory symptoms may be observed. A sheep 
here and there will be noticed to be off its feed. On examining 
the same, the mucous membranes will be found congested; the 
animal appears stiff, especially about the head and neck; it 
moves with a sort of stiff gait, or it may be dull, and refuses to 
keep up with the flock, and if made to move will stagger and 
appear dizzy. Where the disease runs a comparatively slow 
course the patient will be feverish, appetite lost, appears dull, 
leaves the flock, the head hangs down, and the ears cold to touch 
and pendulous; the sheep is stupid and at times delirious, fre- 
quently tries to urinate, the material passed being scanty and 
brown-colored, the animal lies down almost all the time, is con- 
stipated, apoplectic symptoms, supervene, speedily followed by 
death. Associated with the above symptoms will frequently be 
noticed a discharge of mucus streaked with blood from one or 
both nostrils, the faecal matter also containing quantities of a 
blood-colored fluid; the carcass may swell, more especially the 
head and legs; the swellings emit a crackling sound when 
pressed" by the hand, due to the presence of gases under the skin 
(a sign of mortification of the tissues). On the inside of the 
mouth patches on the mucous membrane are often present. 
These exhibit a light violet color. Twitching of the muscles and 
effusions of a bloody serum between the skin and carcass, more 
particularly in the region of the shoulders and neck, generally 
take place just prior to death. "When anthrax attacks a flock of 
sheep it will be noticeable that a very few, possibly 1 per cent, 
of those contracting the disease, make a recovery. This fact 



266 SPECIFIC DISEASES. 

alone should cause an observer to suspect anthrax in an outbreak 
of the above character. It will also be noticed that the fat sheep 
are the first ones to succumb and are also the first to be attacked 
by the disease. The sheep-owner must be a careful observer of 
conditions leading to sickness in his flock to be able to satisfac- 
torily diagnose and differentiate disease, and in cases where his 
intelligence appears to him to be at fault before the majority of 
the animals are destroyed, a professional man of known ability 
should be called in who can readily tell by microscopical exam- 
ination of the blood from the dead animals whether or not 
anthrax is the disease affecting the flock. As in almost all cases 
an outbreak of anthrax can be checked by moving the whole flock 
to an entirely new locality and vaccinating the healthy members 
with Pasteur's Anthrax Vaccine. 

Creatmetit. " 

In all cases of anthrax is only preventive, the disease run- 
ning such a rapid course, the subject frequently dying before 
even showing signs of sickness, medicinal agents cannot be used 
with any hope of success. The matter of first importance is to 
find out whether the complaint causing destruction to the flock 
is anthrax or not. Should it be this disease, the sheep should 
immediately be moved to different pastures or ranges, and Pas- 
teur's method of inoculation used on all the healthy members of 
the flock. This consists in the injection under the skin of the 
hind leg of an attenuated virus of the disease, which has to be 
specially prepared, and is obtained from the Pasteur laboratory 
in Paris, France, agencies for which exist all over the civilized 
world. Sheep when once treated with the anthrax virus are 
immune to the disease for the balance of their lives. This pro- 
cess is extensively carried on in European countries, and has been 
introduced in America mth good results. 

In Europe thousands of cattle as well as sheep are sub- 



SPECIFIC DISEASES. 267 

jectecl to vaccination, with the result that the losses in those 
countries practicing this method have been steadily reduced 
year by year. The sheep-owner must exhibit great caution in 
the handling of animals which have died or are suffering from 
this disease, as malignant pustule in man results from the inocu- 
lation of anthrax blood into his system by the slightest wound or 
abrasion of the skin, a pin scratch having been known to produce 
the disease. Steele says: "A case is recorded of a shepherd, in 
bleeding a braxy sheep, getting a drop of blood in his eye, not 
washing it out, and dying from anthrax in three days." 

Then again woolsorters' disease is caused by the inhalation 
of powdered anthrax material from the wool of diseased sheep. 
The flesh of animals which have succumbed to this disease is ex- 
tremely dangerous, and has proven fatal to pigs and dogs. So 
in all cases the carcasses should be burned without skinning, or 
buried to a depth of at least six feet, the carcass being thickly 
covered with quick lime. 

The after-death appearances of an anthrax carcass will re- 
veal the following: Liquid bloody effusions directly under the 
skin, the blood in the arteries and veins is black and does not 
coagulate, red spots will be noticeable on the peritoneum cover- 
ing the bowels, and on the kidney capsules, effusions of blood will 
be found in the stomachs and bowels, the spleen is greatly en- 
larged, and the trabeculae (partitions) on its inside are broken 
down, so that by holding it up by one end its contents will gravi- 
tate to the other. This condition is not present in any other 
disease, and is of itself diagnostic of the complaint. The liver is 
also enlarged, and the urine in the bladder appears to be mixed 
with blood. 

Blach-Lcg ; Quartcr-IU. 

Scientifically termed emphysema infectuosum and haema- 
tosepsis. This is an anthracoid disease, due to a germ which, 



268 SPECIFIC DISEASES. 

wliile being distinctly different to the anthrax bacillus, causes 
symptoms which simulate thofee of that disease. It is a very 
fatal affection, but does not spread so rapidly throughout a flock 
as anthrax fever. Like anthrax, it generally selects the fattest 
and best feeders in the flock for its victims. The disease runs a 
rapid course, and a very small percentage of the affected animals 
make a recovery. It is due to the introduction in the system of 
a vegetable micro-organism, which in size is slightly larger than 
the bacillus anthracis. It appears to localize itself in certain 
parts of the system, being present in the effusion of the affected 
quarter, but is absent in the spleen. Its methods of infection are 
very similar to those of anthrax. Low-lying pastures and 
grounds bordering on streams seem to be fertile localities for 
harboring the germs. The soil on which black-leg patients have 
died abounds with the bacilli, the grass on these spots generally 
growing very rank from the fertilizing effect of the carcass, and 
is eaten by the best feeders of the flock, which are not so par- 
ticular about their diet as those which do not feed so heartily, 
the consequence being that they become inoculated with the 
germs of the disease, which develop with fatal effect. This in 
part accounts for the fact that the fattest animals generally are 
the first to be attacked, their plethoric condition also favoring 
the rapid multiplication of the germs. It is a common dis- 
ease of both cattle and sheep, gcneraly seeming to prefer the 
young, immature members of the herd or flock, but older animals 

are not immune. 

Sjrniptoms. 

The sheep is noticed to be dull, off its feed, found lying 
down. If the disease has not progressd so far as to prevent the 
animal from getting up, it will be slow in its movements and 
very lame, either in front or behind, depending as to wdiether 
the fore or hind quarters are attacked. If the animal is down 
and unable to rise, an examination will reveal swelling of a fore 



SPECIFIC DISEASES. 26a 

or liiiul quarter, generally the latter. The swelling is emphy- 
sematous (air in tissues under the skin), and on passing the hand 
over it emits a crackling sound; it feels bloated to the touch, 
which is due to the rapid mortification and death of the part, 
taking place even before the death of the animal. The skin 
is bluish in color. The symptoms resemble so closely those of 
anthrax that it is only of late years the difference has been 
recognized, it being satisfactorily proven by comparing the 
bacilli of the two diseases and noting their different character- 
istics. 

Crcatmetit. 

Like anthrax, the medicinal treatment of black-leg animals 
does not recommend itself to our notice, the germs having gained 
access to the system, produce such grave and rapid tissue changes 
that no amount of dosing could be expected to restore normal 
conditions. Such being the case preventive treatment is relied 
on, and can be as satisfactorily administered as that used for 
anthrax fever. The Pasteur method of vaccination is used to 
this end, and 'has proved itself remarkably successful. It has 
been in vogue many years on the continent of Europe, and has 
been extensively used in large cattle herds throughout the West- 
ern States. It offers the same advantages for use in sheep, and 
is a subject well worthy of the attention of the flock-owner. 
Carcasses of black-leg subjects should be burned or buried with 
quick lime. Infected pastures should be quarantined and thor- 
oughly dressed with lime. When the members of a flock com- 
mence to die from black-leg, the rest should immediately be 
moved to fresh grazing grounds. Should this be done and the 
healthy members of the flock vaccinated in the majority of cases 
the death-rate will cease as suddenly as it commenced. 



270 SPECIFIC DISEASES. 

foot and Mouth Disease; also called Infectious Hphtba^ or 
Gczema Gpizootica. 

This is a specific eruptive fever, wliicli not only affects 
sheep but cattle, pigs, clogs, poultry and occasionally the 
human family. There have been repeated outbreaks of this 
disease in Europe, its history being almost as ancient as that of 
anthrax. England first experienced its attack in 1839, the first 
appearance on the American Continent being about ten years 
later. It is a highly contagious affection, evidenced by pustules 
in the mouth, mostly on the dental pad, and around the coronets 
just above the hoofs, and in the clefts of the digits, these pus- 
tules rapidly forming angry sores which extend their circumfer- 
ences and tend to coalesce. 

It is supposedly caused by a micro-coccus, although the 
germ of this particular malady has never been isolated, but that 
such a germ exists is beyond a matter of doubt, all the character- 
istics tending to prove that the disease is specific in origin. The 
infection is contained in the saliva and excretions. It can be 
carried from animal to animal by the attendant. The excretions 
from the sores, also containing the contagium, accounts for the 
wholesale infection of pastures and the wide distribution of 
this disease. Dogs may carry the virus on their feet from one 
district to another, as also beyond a doubt do rabbits and other 
animals. An instance is recorded by "Williams where the virus 
was evidently distributed by a shepherd, whose clothes had be- 
come infected a year prior to the outbreak of the disease. This 
appears doubtful, however. The period of inoculation is short 
— from tv/enty-four hours to six days. The disease usually runs 
a benign course, the mortality being light. One attack does not 
confer immunity against subsequent ones. 

Symptoms. 

The course of this disease is divided into four staii'es. 



SPECIFIC DISEASES. 271 

(1) In which fever, alternated with shivering fits, will be 
noticed; the pulse is rapid and the temperature high. The sheep 
appears dull; its nose is dry; the head feels hot; and in ewes 
suckling lambs, the milk secretion ceases. The urine is scanty, 
and sometimes slavering from the mouth is noticeable. This 
stage may last two or three days, then the second commences. 

(2) \^esicular eruptions appear on different parts of the 
body; the feet become swollen, the sheep being very lame. 
(This is often mistaken for foot-rot.) The vesicles are noticeable 
around the coronets, between the digits (toes), on the vulva if a 
female, and also on the teats, and in some instances, rarely how- 
ever in sheep, in the mouth on the dental pad. When the 
mouth is affected, the saliva flows from it freely, the appetite is 
good, the inability to eat being due to the sore mouth and not to 
constitutional disturbance. 

(3) The vesicles break and discharge; ulceration com- 
mences, the ulcerous patches having a tendency to extend and 
coalesce. Extensive sloughing of the skin above the hoofs fre- 
quently takes place, the sheep kneeling to eat, and also moving 
on its knees. In severe cases the sloughing extends into the 
joints, causing open-joint — a very serious and dangerous condi- 
tion. The duration of this stage is from a few days to perhaps 
two weeks, then being followed by the fourth. 

(4) The ulcers dry up, desication taking place; the sore- 
ness leaves the mouth, the animal eats well, exhibiting a good 
appetite, recovery being rapid and satisfactory. 

treatment. 

Medicinal treatment is of little avail, the disease running a 
regular course. Foot baths arc, however, especially beneficial 
to sheep, as they suffer more in this complaint "from foot soreness 
than other animals. 



272 SPECIFIC DISEASES. 

To administer this shallow troughs are made with fences at 
the side, and the sheep compelled to walk through them, the 
medicinal agents being mixed with water in the troughs. Fur 
this the following will be useful: 

Take. kSiili^hato of zinc 2 lbs. 

Acetate of lead 2| lbs. 

(^arbolic acid crystals S ounces 

Water 10 gallons 

Mix thoroughly, pour into trough and compel the affected 
animals to walk through it once or twice daily, and care should 
be taken that lame sheep immerse each foot, as they are apt to 
hop through on three legs. This mixture must be stirred thor- 
oughly before passing sheep through it. 

"Cubcrculosis— Consumption. 

This is a rare affection of sheep, and while tables 
mesenterica has frequently been reported as present in post- 
mortem, we must believe that it has been confounded with 
nodidar disease of the intestines, due to the oesophagostoma 
Columbianum, a very prevalent condition, which is described in 
the chapter on internal parasites. 

Walley, in his work, "The Four Bovine Scourges," writing 
concerning tubercle, says as follows: 

"Species of animal: The bovine tribe is pre-eminently 
disposed, equally so indeed with nian. Next in order comes the 
common rabbit, which animals in some districts are almost anni- 
hilated by the disease; the pig is very prone to tubercle, as are 
also poultry, our feathered household pets, and under certain cir- 
cumstances, game birds. I have even seen it in the rook, though 
it is curious that the palmapedes are exempt from it. Tubercle 
is rarely seen in the sheep, cat or dog." 



SPECIFIC DISEASES. 273 

Many conditions have been asserted to be due to tubercular 
infection, and are sadly lacking in proof. 

Where the disease is suspected, a subcutaneous injection of 
tuberculin would readily facilitate a correct diagnosis. 

8becp pox. Yariola Ovina. 

This is a very destructive and dangerous disease which fre- 
quently breaks out among sheep on the European Continent, 
but which has up to the present time been unknown in the 
hemispheres of the Xew World. The reason for this is due to 
its short period of incubation. Even should infected sheep be 
shipped across the Atlantic, the disease would break out while they 
were on shipboard, which would, owing to the excellent meth- 
ods of inspection and quarantine of imported animals, debar them 
from becoming a source of danger to the flocks of this country. 
Should, however, the time ever arise when cattle-boats would 
make the trip at the same rate of speed made by the present 
liners the dangers of introduction of this disease would be in- 
creased considerably and would call for extraordinary efforts on 
the ]:art of the authorities to overcome the same. 

Causes. 

Beyond a doubt this is a specific disease, although the 
special contagium or germ responsible for its appearance has not 
yet been satisfactorily demonstrated. It is a highly contagious 
affection, and all conditions, such as overcrowding, cold, damp 
spells of weather, or any such causes which facilitate the spread 
of other contagious affections, hold good for this disease also. 
The stage of incubation when arising from natural infection and 
not experimental inoculation is computed by Prof. Simonds to be 
from nine to twelve days. The disease may be carried from one 
locality to another on the clothes of persons who have been in 
contact with diseased sheep. The contagium contained in the 



274 SPECIFIC DISEASES. 

discharge of the sores on becoming dried and powdered up is 
carried by the wind and distributed over large areas, the virus of 
this disease appearing many times more volatile than that of the 
majority of the contagious affections to which the sheep are 
liable. 

Symptoms. 

The first apparent symptom is the presence of nodules which 
seem to be deeply imbedded in the skin. These are reddish in 
color and are more particularly noticeable on those parts not 
thickly covered with fleece, as the inside of the thighs and arm- 
pits, the prepuce of the ram, lips of the vagina in the ewe, and 
the under surface of the tail. The papillae enlarge and coalesce, 
and the animal is feverish from the first commencement of the 
attack. The red elevations enlarge in size, rising considerably 
higher than the surrounding skin; liquid forms under them; 
their centers become transparent and finally turbid; the liquid 
in the vesicles dries up, forming scabs which are desquamated, 
the under-lying part healing and gradually assuming its normal 
condition. 

In the malignant form it frequently does not produce typi- 
cal vesicles, but destroys the sheep from blood-poisoning. In 
this case the skin cracks in fissures, the nostrils become filled with 
foetid pus, and the animal soon succumbs to the disease. 

Crcatmetit. 

Consists in separating the healthy sheep from the sick and 
establishing a rigid quarantine. Keep sick animals in as cleanly 
condition as possible; the nostrils should be frequently syringed 
out to prevent the accumulation of pus, which would be liable to 
cause suffocation. Give the sheep good shelter and keep them 
warm, and should they desire to eat, feed nourishing, easily- 
digestible foods. Medicines do not effect much benefit, the 



SPECIFIC DISEASES. 275 

disease running a regular course, and should only be used to com- 
bat special conditions, such as diarrhoea or excessive rises in 
temperature. 

Rabies, IMadncss, Rydropbobia. 

The earliest writers described this most fatal affection. 
Regarding it Mr. George Fleming, in his work dealing on the 
subject, states as follows: 

"Its great antiquity is undoubted. Plutarch asserts that ac- 
cording to Athenodorus, it was first observed in mankind in the 
days of the Asclepiadae, the descendants of the god of medicine, 
Aesculapius, by his sons Podalirius and Mechaon who spread 
through Greece and Asia Minor, as an order of priests, prophets 
and phvoicians, preserving the results of the medicine experi- 
ence acquired in the temples as a hereditary sect. They were 
the earliest physicians known to us, and it is not unlikely that 
they may have been the first to observe the madness of dogs 
transmitted to man." The contagion seems to chiefly reside in 
the saliva, the infection being transmitted from animal to animal 
and also to man by a bite from an affected subject. It is un- 
doubtedly a specific disease due to a specific germ, although up 
TO the present time, notwithstanding careful investigation, fhc 
germ has not yet been isolated. It is important, so far as slieep 
are concerned, on account of their association with dogs, these 
animals seeming to be more susceptible to this particidar trouble 
than any other species. 

Rabies is only transmissible by direct inoculation with the 
saliva from an afi^ected patient. The deposition of the virulent 
saliva on an abraded surface will as readily produce the disease 
as a bite from an affected animal. This should be borne in mind 
when handling sheep which may have been bitten by a sup- 
posedly rabid animal. 



276 SPECIFIC DISEASES. 

The period of incubation varies considerably in the differ- 
ent species of animal, the shortest recorded in the dog being- 
seven days, the longest 155 days, while in sheep the disease 
is liable to develop any time between fourteen days to eight 
months. 

Sjmiptoms. 

The sheep will appear restless, evidences a desire for sexual 
interconrse, is off its feed and rapidly runs down in flesh, soon be- 
coming dull, a state of stupor developing. This is followed by a 
state of great excitement. The sheep shows a desire to attack 
whatever comes in its way, butting with its head to such an ex- 
tent and with such violence as to produce severe injury, being 
oblivious, however, to any pain. A frothy saliva dribbles from 
the mouth, the appetite is depraved, and rumination is suspended 
from the commencement of the disease. 

The sheep now manifests a desire to nibble and bite both 
animate and inanimate objects; does not appear to dread water, 
but is unable to swallow liquids. Muscular tremblings will be 
observed, accompanied by rapid and shallow breathing; the seat 
of inoculation appears to cause pain, evidenced by the sheep biting 
and pulling the wool from the part. The violent symptoms are 
quickly followed by paralysis of the hind extremities; coma sets 
in, death usually taking place between the sixth and eighth day 
after the first apparent symptoms of disease were noticeable. 

Crcatmcnt. 

After the disease has once manifested itself medicinal treat- 
ment will be devoid of beneficial results. "Where several sheep 
in a flock have been known to be bitten by a dog, supposed to be 
rabid, they should be separated from the flock and kept apart 
from all the other animals for at least three months. If rabies 
does not develop in that time it would be safe to infer that they 
had not been inoculated. 



SPECIFIC DISEASES. 277 

As a preventive, bitten animals should have the wourJs 
cauterized, actual cautery being preferable to the application of 
nitrate of silver or caustic potash. AVhere a rabid dog has run 
amuck in a flock of sheep the only safe procedure is to shear the 
whole flock, carefully examining each animal and cauterizing all 
the wounds which may have been inflicted. 

post-J^ortem Hppcarancc 

The fourth stomach contains a dark brown colored slime; 
portions of the brain and spinal cord are congested; there ap- 
pears to be a breaking down or softening of the brain substance 
and meninges, particularly at the base of the brain. The blad- 
der is usually empty, its mucous lining being covered with 
petechiae (spots). The lungs are congested, the capillary blood 
vessels being distended with a tarry, imperfectly coagulated 
blood. The spleen, liver, and kidneys coated with red spots, due 
to the capillary extravasation. 

Symptoms of Rabies in the Dog. 

As the dog is generally the agent in disseminating the virus 
of the disease, it will be appropriate here to describe the symptoms 
as they appear in that animal, which will act as a guide for the 
flock-owner in determining as to whether his flock has been ex- 
posed to the infection of rabies, or subjected to the bites of a 
naturally vicious animal. 

The first noticeable symptoms of rabies in the dog is a 
scared appearance; the animal is inclined to hide and will howl 
frequently; it appears to be very thirsty and endeavors to lap 
water, but is unable to swallow it, probably due to muscular 
paralysis of the throat; it will exhibit a depraved appetite, de- 
vouring excreta, sticks, earth and small stones; delirium sets in; 
a desire to gnaw is noticeable; the dog will bite frequently, often 
sitting up and snapping at the air. A ropy saliva flows from 
the mouth; the animal attacks everything in its path. Where a 



278 SPECIFIC DISEASES. 

dog attacks a flock of sheep, inflicting bites on a number without 
trying to kill outright any of them, it at once becomes an object 
of suspicion, such an animal should not be destroyed, (that, is to 
say, if it can be caught and confined without anyone being ex- 
posed to its attack), as, if rabid, the disease will run its course in 
a short time, four to eight days, after which there is still time to 
apply preventative treatment to the sheep, rabies not being liable 
to make its appearance among them for twenty days after 
inoculation. Where a dog has been found annoying sheep and 
is killed, a post mortem examination of its stomach will material- 
ly facilitate a diagnosis. If rabid, the stomach will contain rub- 
bish, such as sticks, stones, etc. This can be relied on as diag- 
nostic. 

Dogs which foam at the mouth and have fits are not rabid, 
and no danger is to be apprehended from them, even though 
they should inflict bites during the period of the fit. 

"Cctanus — Loch 'Jxvq* 

Is a condition caused by the direct inoculation with a germ 
called the bacillus tetani. It is decidedly a specific disease, and 
in no manner can it be said ever to arise spontaneously. Wounds 
and abrasions of the skin are very liable to be the channel 
through which the contagion gains access to the system. The 
germ of tetanus is of the character called anaerobic, meaning 
that it develops only in media free from oxygen; hence we find 
that slight wounds, especially punctures which tend to heal and 
close up immdiately after infliction, so excluding the oxygen of 
the air, are the most prone to be followed by tetanus. The germ 
appears to be present very generally in the soil, and only awaits 
the opportunity to gain entrance into the animal economy to de- 
velop and multiply with the most disastrous results to its host. 
Where cases are noticed arising without any apparent cause, it 
would be possible for the subject to have become inoculated 



SPECIFIC DISEASES. 279 

through an abrasion in the mucous membrane of the alimentary 
canal, the germ having been taken into the system with the food. 
That form of nervous affection, arising after exposure to cold 
storms or the hot sun, in which many sheep become affected 
simultaneously, cannot be said to be tetanus proper, but rather 
a condition of innervation, accompanied with tetanic spasms, as 
a result of the perverted nervous functions. This condition is 
not nearly so fatal as tetanus proper, and will frequently yield 
to treatment. 

Rams, when castrated, are liable to develop tetanus; sheep, 
after shearing, have also been known to suffer from this disease. 
It is also met with as a sequel to parturition, in which event 
metritis, (inflammation of the womb), is always present. 

Symptoms. 

First signs of this disorder are a stiffness of the head and 
neck, involuntary twitchings of the superficial muscles of the 
face; the animal grinds its teeth; the jaws in a short time become 
rigid; the whole carcass becomes affected, the muscles of the 
neck especially become hard and knotty; the neck is curved, 
drawing the nose out straight, pointing, if anything, slightly up- 
Avards; the limbs become stiff. The condition of rigidity is sub- 
ject to periods of excitability, during which the patient is thrown 
into convulsions, the rigidity being more marked and severe 
following each period of convulsion. The disease in sheep tends 
to run a rapid course, generally terminating fatally in from ten 
to twenty-four hours after the seizure. 

Creatmeiit. 

If due to wound infection or following castration, wash out 
the wound with a strong antiseptic wash — five per cent, watery 
solution of carbolic acid, or a one to 1000 solution of corrosive 
sublimate. In all these cases give the wound plenty of air en- 
larsfins the cut if necessarv. 



280 SPECIFIC DISEASES. 

The sick animal should be kept in warm quarters, and if 
the disease has been detected in the early stages, a full dose of 
Epsom salts is to be recommended, followed by such drugs as 
have a sedative action on the nervous system, such as potassium 
bromide, chloral hydrate, etc. 

As seen in ewes following parturition it is almost always 
fatal — in fact this disease is a most intractable and unsatisfactory 
one to treat — a small percentage of cases making a perfect recov- 
ery. "Where sheep ha\e suffered from tetanus and have been 
destroyed, they should not be used for human consumption. In- 
jections of tetanus anti-toxin are reported as being very success- 
ful in treating this disease in the human subject, and in case of a 
valuable animal becoming stricken, its use on sheep would be 
justifiable. 

erysipelas. 

This is a contagious and malignant affection of the skin, due 
to the introduction of a germ known as the streptococcus erysipe- 
latis, which on gaining access to wounds and abrasions of the 
cuticle is responsible for a deep-seated inflammation, which not 
only attacks the epidermis, but is prone to penetrate and involve 
the sub-cutaneous structures. 

Sheep frequently suffer from this disease, it being often ob- 
served after shearing, wdiere the cuticle has been injured, or fol- 
lowing any and all classes of wounds. Malignant metritis of 
ewes, following lambing, is frequently due to inoculation with 
erysipelas streptococci. The period of incubation is from fifteen 
to sixty hours. 

Symptoms. 

First recognize a tense, hard swelling of the skin, which is 
very painful to the touch ; the sheep exhibits symptoms of fever. 
In parting the fleece, and carefully examining the skin, numer- 
ous small blisters will be found, which contain a reddish, watery 



SPECIFIC DISEASES. 281 

serositj The affected part may at first be small in diameter, 
but exhibits a tendency to enlarge by constantly increasing its 
circumference. The line of demarkation between the healthy 
and affected part is well defined, the affected portion being of 
such a deep red, inflamed appearance, and spreading so quickly 
as to have merited the popular name of "wild-fire," especially 
appropriate when occurring in the epizootic form, when it at- 
tacks numbers of sheep in a flock or district almost simultaneous- 
ly, these cases appearing to arise spontaneously in the form of a 
violent skin inflammation. 

treatment. 

The affected animal, if in good condition, should receive a 
full dose of Epsom salts; mineral tonics, especially iron, are in- 
dicated in this disease. These are the best administered in the 
feed. 

Take. Sulphate of iron 2 ounces 

Gentian 4 ounces 

Quinine sulphate 4 drachms 

Licorice root powd 6 ounces 

Linseed meal 4 ounces 

Mix thoroughly. Administer one tablespoonful in dry 
chopped feed twice daily, or where the patient refuses to eat its 
feed give it as a drench, mixed with half pint of water. 

To the inflamed surface apply an antiseptic wash, such as 
the White lotion, the formula for which will be found in the 
chapter on "Medicinal Agents," or camphorated oil, or any other 
soothing antiseptic application will be all that is required. 

HctitioTnycosia. 

Is a condition caused by the presence in the tissues of the 
animal economy (most generally those of the mouth or lungs) 
of a vegetable fungus termed the actinomyces or ray fungus. 

Every stock-owner is familiar with this disease, as it occurs 



282 SPECIFIC DISEASES. 

in cattle under the name of "lump- jaw," but in sheep its pres- 
ence is very rare, and when occurring in them is generally found 
located in the soft tissues of the mouth; the writer remembers 
one case, however, where the lungs were affected. 

The presence of the fungus in the tissues of the body acts as 
'an irritant, causing excessive cell proliferation in the immediate 
surroundings, resulting in a tumor formation, the swelling being 
composed of fibrous tissue, which exhibits a tendency to granu- 
late, and finally break down, forming a large firm mass with one 
or more centers of suppuration. The liquid pus from the tumor 
contains small, yellowish, cheesey granules, which, if properly 
treated under the microscope, will prove to be colonies of ac- 
tinomyces. 

While actinomycosis generally locates itself in the tissues 
of the upper or lower jaw, still the tumors may be found in any 
part of the animal economy. The fungus being a common para- 
site of certain grasses and grains, on being taken into the animal's 
mouth along with the fodder, causes actinomycosis principally by 
direct inoculation; should the sheep have a hollow tooth or 
abrasion of the mucous membrane of the mouth, its localization in 
that part of the system can readily be understood, and this ac- 
counts for those parts being more frequently' the seat of the tumor 
than the internal organs. The internal organs, such as the liver, 
spleen, etc., must evidently, when affected, become so through 
the media of the blood supply, and the fact that these organs at 
times are the seat of this disease would go to prove the danger 
attendant to actinomycotic infection. 

Actinomycosis occurs in the human family, cattle, sheep, 
swine, etc. This being the case, the flesh of animals suffering 
from the disease should be viewed with suspicion. "When once 
the disease has obtained a firm foothold, medicinal treatment is 
of no avail, and the subject had better be destroyed. 



BLOOD DISEASES. 283 

Blood Diseases. 



Red QIatcr. dangutticous Hscitcs. 

This disease is frequently seen occurring in lambs, in those 
still sucking, as well as those already weaned. It also occurs in 
adult sheep. It is a very fatal affection, running a rapid course, 
death frequently taking place in six hours or less, after the first 
symptoms have been manifested. 

The cause of this condition appears to be in the nature of 
the food, — turnips and other foods containing an excess of water, 
and a lack of flesh and fat-forming materials, are especially re- 
sponsible for this disease. Spooner states: "It usually attacks 
both sheep and lambs when feeding on turnips, and particularly 
when there is a hoar-frost, and the sheep are folded on them 
during the night." It is a condition which all herbivora appear to 
be liable to, even the deer and other of the wild ruminants when 
kept in captivity, are liable to contract the disease. The writer 
was so fortunate as to be present at a post mortem on a young 
moose at the Park Zoo, Buffalo, 'N. Y., which evidenced every 
symptom of this interesting and obscure complaint. This animal 
had been running in a paddock containing succulent grasses, 
notably clover, which in the mornings would be heavily coated 
with dew; that, and the fact, perhaps, that the food supplied 
lacked some essential characteristic contained in the material 
eaten by the moose when roving wild, was evidently, partly, if 
not wholly, responsible for its death. 

Symptoms. 

The first noticeable symptoms will be a refusal to feed on 
the part of the sheep; rumination is suspended; the animal ap- 
pears dull; the eyes have a staring look; the breathing is labored; 
belly enlarged; the bowels may be very loose, with foetid dis- 
charges, or the subject may be constipated. Swellings will frc- 



284 BLOOD DISEASES. 

quently be noticeable under the jaws and lower part of the neck. 
In some cases the animal falls dead suddenly, without having 
evidenced any marked symptoms of sickness, or they may be 
suddenly seized with giddiness, fall down on one side, become 
delirious, and succumb very quickly. 

Lambs, when attacked, appear to lag behind the flock; are 
dull and listless; succumbing suddenly without previously show- 
ing signs of acute pain. 

treatment. 

Consists in a change of diet; internally iron and mineral 
tonics are indicated. If the stock have been grazed on rape or 
turnips, they should be given plenty of dry food to compensate 
for the watery qualities of the other. 

Where the symptoms have once manifested themselves, the 
sheep is almost sure to perish, medical treatment being of no 
avail. The other members of the flock, however, should at once 
be moved to dryer pastures, and receive the tonic treatment 
already mentioned before greater losses ensue. 

post-]Mortcm Hppearanccs. 

The abdomen will be found to contain a red, watery fluid; 
the tissues of the body are anaemic, and present a glistening 
appearance, being pale in color; the blood vessels, and cavities of 
the heart, are comparatively empty; the kidneys are pale, the 
tubules containing a viscid fluid; the liver is enlarged and soft- 
ened, appearing as if it had been boiled; the peritoneum shows 
evidences of inflammation, frequently being covered with 
petechiae (spots). 

All conditions on post-mortem point toward anaemia with 
great debility, and extravasation of blood from the capillaries, 
the blood itself being altered in character. 



BLOOD DISEASES. 285 

Hnacmia— Bloodlcssness. 

This is a term used to designate a condition of the system, 
where a poverty, or deficiency of the normal constituents of the 
blood exists, arising from various causes, mismanagement being 
directly responsible. 

It is a condition frequently seen accompanying debilitating 
diseases, or where the system has been (subjected to hardships 
which have overtaxed its strength. Ewes suckling lambs, when 
not supplied with sufficient nourishing diet, frequently become 
anaemic. The ravages of both internal and external parasites 
tend to produce this condition, owing to their ability to extract 
nourishment from the blood supply at the expense of the subject 
harboring them. Loss of blood, diarrhoea, insufficient food, ex- 
posure to sudden changes of temperature, foods containing an 
excess of water in proportion to the flesh-forming materials, wet 
grasses, and all such causes are prolific of this trouble in sheep 
as w'ell as other animals. 

"Williams states that "During the winter of 1ST2-3 this con- 
dition was exceedingly prevalent, owing to the inferiority of the 
grasses, the moist condition of the turnips, and the humidity of 
the atmosphere, for in many instances no organic disease or 
parasitic invasion were present." 

Symptome, 

When not caused by some parasitic invasion, or, as resulting 
from some other diseased condition, can be summed up as fol- 
lows: 

The visible mucous membranes are very pale in color, al- 
most white; the pulse is feeble; the subject is easily tired; the 
bowels are very irregular, frequently being constipated, owing 
to lack of tone in their muscular coats; dropsical swellings fre- 
quently appear round the joints, or dependant parts, especially 
beneath and between the rami of the lower jaw, giving the sheep 



286 BLOOD DISEASES. 

a puffy appearance of the head, termed by some "chockered" or 
"poked." The tongue is cool, moist, and very pale in color. 
Steele, writing on this condition, gives the following as having 
appeared in a report on diseases among the sheep of Oregon: 
"The lambs were weaned in 1872, on the 20th of July, on tim- 
othy aftermath; four weeks afterwards they looked miserable and 
• died fast. Last year the lambs died rapidly shortly after wean- 
ing. This season they gave way while sucking. The symptoms 
both in young and old were 'tucked-up' appearance; cough, wool 
rough and dry, with fleeces partially cast, and wool on faces car- 
ried longer than usual; the lambs do not gambol. Some of the 
animals droop their heads; run at the nose; have gatherings under 
the chin, which occasionally dispel and at other times break out 
into running sores; a marked bloodless appearance of the mucous 
membranes and skin. The above animals were long-wooled 
sheep which for six months in the year were continually wet; 
the Merinos, being comparatively healthy, their thick, close, 
greasy wool seeming to prevent the moisture from penetrating to 
the skin." 

Ewes in lamb are very subject to a fatal form of anaemia; 
the wool is dry and hard; they become feeble, and fall away in 
flesh, becoming very weak just prior to parturition. 

treatment. 

In all cases of anaemia it is necessary to seek for the cause 
and, if possible, remove it. When due to parasitic invasion, this 
must first be attended to before a change for the better can be 
expected. If due to faulty management, not sufficient nourish- 
ing diet, or a superabundance of moisture, these conditions must 
first be changed and then the proper medicinal agents applied in 
order to effect a cure. In all cases of anaemia iron and vegetable 
tonics are indicated, such as the following: 



BLOOD DISEASES. 287 

Take. Sulphate of iron 2 ounces 

Common salt 4 ounces 

Gentian powd 4 ounces 

Licorice root powd 8 ounces 

Mix thoroughly, and administer one tablespoonful twice 
daily in ground dry feed. 

"Where ewes heavy in lamb show signs of anaemia, great 
care must be observed in their treatment. They should imme- 
diately be moved to high, dry ground, and supplied with a differ- 
ent diet to that which they had been having. Ground grain fed 
dry, with the addition of warm quarters for the very weak ones 
to sleep in will be found necessary to effect improvement. Par- 
ticular attention should be given to the pastures, to be certain 
that no causes exist there which are responsible for the trouble. 

Rbcumattsin 

appears to be particularly a blood disease dependent upon some 
imascertained alteration of the blood. It may exist in one of 
three forms — acute, sub-acute, and chronic. The mature sheep 
are easily affected with this condition; it seems, however, to fre- 
quently attack lambs, generally in the acute form. The predis- 
position for this disease has always been looked upon as heredi- 
tar}^ and in every case where mal-nutrition of the body is present 
rheumatism is frequently observed. As it occurs in mature ani- 
mals it is supposed to follow some debilitating disease. The ex- 
citing cause in sheep and lambs, in most cases, seems to be expos- 
ure to cold and damp. 

Symptoms, 

First notice lameness. The animal is feverish; the affected 
joint or part feels hot to the touch and frequently commences to 
swell; the pulse is hard and rapid; the swelling feels firm and 
tense; if the joints become involved, inflammation of the perios- 
teum and synovial membranes frequently follows, accompanied 



288 BLOOD DISEASES. 

by the deposition of porcelaineous deposits between the heads of 
the bones constituting the joint, in which event the lameness be- 
comes permanent. 

In sheep the neck and loins are frequently attacked, making 
the animal stiff and weak in its back; if the trouble locates in 
the neck, it will be carried bent to one side, or the disease may 
suddenly leave the neck or other parts and locate in a limb, the 
ability to leave one part of the body only to at once re-appear in 
anotlier being termed metastasis. 

Affected sheep generally assume the recumbent position. 
The acute form of rheumatism may terminate fatally. In 
such an event, a metastasis to the heart is generally the cause. 
This is not frequent, however, as the disease has a tendency to 
become chronic, the animal remaining stiff, with a liability to 
relapse to the acute condition during cold weather. 

Crcatmcnt. 

Acute cases of rheumatism require good hygienic surround- 
ings if a cure is to be expected. The affected sheep should have 
warm, dry quarters and nourishing food. Internally salicylate 
of soda in fifteen grain doses should be administered twice daily, 
or potassium iodide can also be given wnth good results. Ex- 
ternally to the inflamed parts a stimulating liniment should be 
applied, such as 

Strong water of ammonia 2 ounces 

Spirits of turpentine 2 ounces 

Linseed oil 8 ounces 

Chronic rheumatism incapacitates a sheep for further use- 
fulness in the flock. Animxals so affected should be destroyed, 
or, if in good condition, should be sold to the butcher. 



BLOOD DISEASES. 28» 

pining — Tinquisb. 

Is a disease due to grazing sheep on pastures containing a 
large amount of astringent plants, which by their action on the 
system, cause a fatal constipation of the bowels. This condition 
is not reported as having caused any serious losses in this country, 
but it has occurred frequently, accompanied with great fatality, 
in the North of England, being said to be mostly met with in the 
region of the Cheviot Hills. 

S>miptoins. 

The affected sheep are dull, languid, lying down most of the 
time, the ears droop, eyes run, the hair on the face becomes dry, 
the wool having a bluish cast. Death usually takes place in a 
month's time after the first symptoms of ailing were noticeable. 
A whole flock may be affected simultaneously, or only a few 
sheep at a time. Change of pasture to good succulent herbage 
generally affects a cure. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



Operative Surgery and Diseases of the 6ye» 



Operative Surgery. 

In the management of sheep, surgery as a part of the medi- 
cal treatment is, with the exception of such operations as cas- 
tration, docking and possibly at times spaying, very seldom 
called for. Sheep, with the exception possibly of valuable pure- 
bred animals, should they meet with such accidents as fractured 
limbs or other severe injuries are, as a rule, at once turned over 
to the butcher, the carcass being valuable as mutton, whereas 
surgical skill in such cases besides being costly might not at all 
times prove successful, and if unsuccessful, would result in a 
total loss to the owner. We shall treat more particularly in 
this chapter of the surgical operations necessary to the proper 
management of the flock, describing also methods of setting 
fractures and treatment of wounds, etc. 

Castration. 

Is an operation for the removal of the testicles of 
lambs, by which they become deprived of sexual desire, and 
their ability to fatten becomes materially increased, the subject 
maturing earlier, the quality of the mutton being improved, as 
also is that of the fleece. Opinions differ considerably as to the 
best age at which this operation should be performed, many 
experienced flock-masters preferring to operate as soon as possi- 
ble after the lamb is dropped, from twelve to twenty days of age, 
provided the weather is favorable, and claim that when thus early 
operated upon there is less danger of loss, the young animals 



OPEKATIVE SUKGEKY. 291 

hardly appearing to notice the absence of their male appendages, 
while others prefer to let the lambs run until three or four 
months of age, or even longer, claiming that the carcass is in- 
creased in size, and the animals grow stronger and thrive better 
by the delay. However it is a mere matter of choice on the 
part of the owner as to what age to operate. All that is neces- 
sary is to perform the operation properly and in seasonable 
weather. 

Co Operate. 

Set the lamb on its rump, and make a careful digital exam- 
ination of the scrotal sac to be sure that hernia is not present. 
If the parts are in the normal condition, with the fingers and 
thumb of the left hand draw up the lower end of the scrotum 
(bag) and make a clean cut right across the end, severing it en- 
tirely. This is far preferable to slitting the sac, as such a wound 
is liable to heal prematurely and be the cause of serious trouble; 
whereas if the end of the sac is entirely removed the aperture 
will be forced to close gradually, thereby insuring good drain- 
age, which is very essential for the ultimate success of this oper- 
ation. After removing the end of the sac, grasp the upper end 
of the scrotum, forcing the testicles covered by their investing 
tunics to project from the opening, with the scalpel or knife 
now cut a longitudinal incision across each testicle, severing the 
tunics but not necessarily cutting the testicles; then take the 
testicles one at a time and draw downwards gradually, twisting 
the cord and scraping it with the knife, until it finally becomes 
severed. If this is properly performed and the cord slowly 
drawn out until it resembles a fine string, there will be little if 
any bleeding; whereas if the cord is directly cut across there 
is danger of excessive bleeding from the severed sper- 
matic artery. The after-treatment, should the operation have 
been performed in fly-season, consists in dressing the parts with 
a carbolic salve to prevent the wound becoming maggoty. If 



292 OPERATIVE SURGERY. 

the operator will be careful in performing this operation in a 
cleanly manner, taking care that not only his hands and knife 
are clean, but that the dirt from the soil does not gain entrance 
into the wound, unfavorable results are not to be feared. In 
cases where tetanus follows castration, it is always due to a want 
of the above mentioned precautionary measures, the wound 
being infected by the germs of that disease. (See tetanus.) 

Many operators, especially in Europe, use elaborate meth- 
ods in performing this very simple operation, all of which, how- 
ever, with the exception of clams for scrotal hernia, of which 
we shall treat later, are quite uncalled for and liable to produce 
the very results which they are supposed to guard against. For 
instance, the method of searing the cord with a red hot iron, 
while the operation is necessarily antiseptically performed, the 
wound sloughs from the cauterization, requiring a longer time to 
heal without acquiring any material benefit to the subject. 

Crapping. 

Which consists in tightly binding the scrotum between two 
pieces of wood, until it sloughs off, is a slow, tedious process and 
decidedly antiquated and cruel. 

Cying and Lashing. 

Is virtually the same as trapping with the exception that a 
cord takes the place of the wooden clams. It has nothing but 
its antiquity to recommend it. The French method, termed 
Bistournage, is exceedingly severe and cruel to the subject. It 
consists in so manipulating and dislocating the testicles that 
their blood supply is shut off, the organs gradually withering 
away; a ligature is necessary, tightly tied around the scrotum 
below the testicles, which are forced upward into the inguinal 
canal. This process is mentioned here simply as an illustration 
of a simple operation made complex and painful by ignorance, 
or an inborn desire to produce unnecessary suffering on dumb 
brutes. 



OPEKATIVE SURGERY. 293 

'Cbc Covered Operation for Scrotal F)emia. 

"Where the small intestines descend the inguinal canal and 
occupy the scrotal sac in company with the testicles, the condi- 
tion is termed scrotal hernia. Ir is necessary when per- 
forming castration on subjects with this condition to use a 
special method to prevent prolapse of the intestines, which 
would inevitably take place if the scrotum was opened in the 
manner used where the parts present normally. Where scrotal 
hernia exists the subject must be laid on its back and the intes- 
tines returned to the abdominal cavity. An incision is then 
carefully made in the sac exposing the testicle covered by the 
tunica vaginalis (investing membrane), wooden clams are then 
applied to the cord. These are two short, flat-sided pieces of 
wood which are placed one on each side of the cord above the 
testicle and firmly tied together by pieces of string at each end of 
the clams. These are then left on until the compression by ar- 
resting the circulation of the parts causes them to slough and 
finally drop off, the parts above the clams becoming adherent, 
preventing egress of the intestines. In fact the inflammation 
which this process as a rule sets up is generally so extensive as 
to obliterate the inguinal canal, effectually preventing a future 
descent of the intestines. 

Dochttig. 

This very simple operation is generally performed on lambs 
at an early age as a rule, and properly so at the time of castra- 
tion. A sheep's tail is, to say the best of it, a useless appendage. 
It cannot be used to brush off flies or anything else, and while 
most likely it had its use in prehistoric sheep, domestication by 
relieving it of whatever use it may have been put to, failed to 
prevent its appearance, atavism being stronger than years of 
domestication. Should the tail be left intact it collects mud 
and dung, giving the animal an uncleanly appearance. The 



294 OPERATIVE SURGERY. 

accumulation of filth is also liable "to cause fissures in the skin, 
which become attacked by the fly. The tail may be severed by 
the knife without any after treatment, or should it be preferable, 
after cutting, the parts are seared with a red hot iron, which in- 
stantly checks the hemorrhage. 

Ewes for self-evident reasons should always be docked even 
If the wether lambs are allowed to go without. 

Spaying. 

This is the removal of the ovaries of the female, a counter- 
part of the operation of castration of the male, and while it is 
rarely performed on ewes, owing to the fact that their breeding 
qualities are more to be valued than the slight improvement in 
the mutton and facility to fatten which this operation is sup- 
posed to confer, still as it is a common operation on other classes 
of she stock, notably swine and cattle, and as beyond a doubt a 
spayed female will take on flesh quicker and do better as a feeder 
than one which is entire, which would be an advantage in fitting 
ewes for exhibition in the fat stock class, we shall briefly de- 
scribe here the modus operandi of the operation. 

Place the ewe on its back on an inclined plank, having as- 
sistants to hold the subject securely in position; make an incis- 
ion directly back of the umbilicus (navel) extending backwards 
towards the mammae about two inches in length, cutting directly 
through the skin and sub-cutaneous structures, exposing the lin- 
ing of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum) ; pierce this by insert- 
ing the knife at right angles to the body of the subject, and 
widen the opening suflEiciently to permit the insertion of the two 
first fingers of the hand, by reaching backwards and slightly to 
one side the horn of the uterus will be felt. This can be traced 
forward until the ovary manifests itself, situated at the extrem- 
ity of the cornua; bring the ovary to the surface and hold it 
with one hand, employing the fingers of the other to trace and 



OPERATIVE SUEGERY. 295 

secure the other ovary, the possession of the first materially as- 
sisting in finding its fellow. The ovaries are twisted off to pre- 
vent hemorrhage, which would be liable to occur if the parts 
were directly cut with the knife. The horns of the uterus are 
then returned to the abdominal cavity and the lips of the incision 
brought together by sutures. It is well to take one deep suture 
through the skin, abdominal walls and peritoneum, and two 
superficial ones through the skin, just bringing the edges of the 
cuticle in apposition. The sutures should not bring the edges 
of the wound tightly together, as the inflammation which al- 
ways results would tend to tear out the stitches, which would be 
followed by serious if not fatal results. 

The after-treatment consists in dressing the seat of the oper- 
ation with pine tar or some such agent to keep the wound in an 
aseptic condition and prevent attacks of the fly. 

fractures. 

A fracture of a bone is the solution of its continuity. A 
simple fracture is where the bone is broken without injury to the 
soft tissues covering it. 

A compound fracture is where an open wound exists which 
connects with the broken bone. 

"Where the bone is shattered into fine fragments, the frac- 
ture is said to be comminuted, and complicated, when together 
with the broken bone, severe injury to the adjacent tissues, or 
deep-seated bruising of the parts also exists. 

Symptoms. 

Great lameness, inability to bear weight on the limb, which 
hangs limp, the animal being unable to exert any control over 
the affected member. Manipulation of the part reveals crepitus, 
the sound made by the broken ends of the bones coming in con- 
tact with each other. The animal exhibits great pain when the 
parts are being handled. 



296 OPERATIVE SURGERY. 

Creatmcnt. 

Consists in bringing the ends of the fractured bones to- 
gether and holding them in place bj putting the parts in splints 
or a plaster of Paris cast. 

A sheep will, as a rule, nurse a broken leg and make a good 
recovery if the parts have been properly dressed, but unless the 
animal be a valuable ram or ewe, especially desired for breeding 
purposes, it is best not to try treatment, but to turn the animal at 
once over to the butcher. 

Cdounds. 

These may be divided into four classes : 

1. Incised or clean-cut wounds. 

2. Punctured. 

o. Lacerated or torn. 
4, Contused or bruised. 

Xnciscd or Clean-cut CClounds. 

A clean-cut wound will as a rule unite by what is termed 
first intention, that is the parts when brought in apposition, ad- 
here and heal without any visible process of granulation. The 
proper treatment for incised wounds is to wash them with a 
four per cent, solution of carbolic acid to remove any foreign 
matter which may have gained access, and at the same time de- 
stroy bacteria, rendering the parts aseptic; bring the lips of the 
wound together by sutures and apply to the surface some dry- 
ing antiseptic powder, such as: 

Calomel 1 drachm 

Sub-nitrate of bismuth 1 ounce 

Mix. Dust over affected parts once or twice daily. This 
as a rule will be all that is necessary. 

punctured bounds. 

Punctured wounds require frequently to be enlarged to per- 
mit drainage. As this class of wound heals by granulation and 
suppuration, the healing process to be satisfactory should com- 



OPEKATIVE SURGERY. 297 

luence at the bottom, extending outwards; the parts must be 
kept clean, and daily injections with some mild antiseptic solu- 
tion will be found to promote the process of healing and prevent 
danger of septic infection, to which this class of wound is 
especially liable. 

Lacerated or Corn bounds. 
Remove all the torn, hanging shreds of tissue and wash out 
the parts with some antiseptic solution, then dress daily with 
some powder such as calomel and bismuth, or 

Take. Boracic acid , . . 1 ounce 

Iodoform 1 drachm 

Powdered chalk 2 ounces 

Mix and dust over the parts once or twice daily. 

A lacerated wound heals by granulation. At times these 
become excessive, projecting above the surface and bleeding- 
very readily. These should be reduced by touching lightly 
with lunar caustic or sprinkled over with burnt alum. 
Contused or Bruised bounds. 

A bruised or contused wound is rarely met with in sheep, 
excepting those which have been shipped to the market in over- 
loaded cars and getting down are trampled upon. The treat- 
ment when applied consists in removing the inflammation by 
means of hot fomentations and dressing the parts with some 
cooling agent, such as the White lotion. 

Brutscd. 

The sheep in the pasture or feeding lot rarely becomes 
bruised owing to the protection afforded by its fleece. Sheej) 
which are shipped on railroad cars, from overcrowding, are often 
trampled on and bruised, the treatment for which is the same as 
that prescribed for contused wounds. 



298 OPEEATIVE SUEGEEY. 

Strains or Sprains. 

A sudden stretching of a soft strncture, accompanied by 
rupture of the muscle fibres or extension of the tendons, is often 
followed by acute inflammation, swelling and fever. The 
affected parts are then said to be strained or sprained. 

The sheep, owing to its naturally slow and careful move- 
ments, rarely becomes affected with this condition. The sudden 
frightening of sheep by dogs or other causes might, however, 
result in the sprain of a limb from a sudden mis-step. 

Crcatmcnt. 

Consists in bathing the affected part with either hot or cold 
water to reduce the inflammation, and then applying some cool- 
ing lotion such as: 

Distilled extract of witch hazel .... 4 ounces 

Tincture of arnica 1 ounce 

Soap liniment 1 ounce 

Alcohol 2 ounces 

Water 8 ounces 

Hb9CC39. 

Is the collection of pus under the skin or in the deeper seat- 
ed tissues. It may follow the infliction of a bruise or result from 
some constitutional ailment. 

When an abscess is in process of formation the affected part 
feels hot to the touch; is painful and as a rule the animal shows 
signs of constitutional derangement, such as high fever. 

When the abscess is formed, by pressing the part, the fluid 
contained in it is felt to fluctuate, but the part does not pit on 
pressure like dropsical swellings. When the part feels soft to 
the touch the abscess is said to point. It is then ready to open 
and if left to itself would burst. This, however, leaves a gaping 
wound which takes time to heal. The knife should alwavs be 



OPERATIVE SURGERY. 299 

used before this stage is reached. Insert the knife in the most 
dependent part of the abscess, making a wide opening to permit 
free drainage, after the contents have been evacuated the injec- 
tion of an antiseptic solution will be all that is necessary. • 

Any unnatural swelling or protuberance of the tissues of 
the animal body is termed a tumor. Tumors are virtually hyper- 
trophies or overgrowths of tissue. A tumor may be composed 
of tissue similar to that sun-ounding it, in which event it is 
termed a homologous tumor; or it may be entirely different 
from the contiguous tissue, and is then termed heterologous. 
Tumors grow in size, either by central or peripheral 
growth; both, however, depend on cell proliferation, the 
growth being formed in the same manner as normal tissue. 
The blood-vessels leading to the tumor usually become enlarged^ 
to supply nutrition to the growth, new blood vessels form among 
the meshes of the tumor cells. Consequently, as a rule, we find 
overgrowths of tissue to be very vascular, and bleed extensively 
when excised. Tumors are said to be malignant when they tend 
to destroy the tissues in which they are situated, and have a 
tendency to recur after removal. A benign tumor is that which 
does not differ materially in structure from the tissue surround- 
ing it, and does not show a tendency to degeneration and ulcer- 
ation, as do the malignant variety, neither does it as a rule recur 
after removal. 

Tumors are classified generally according to the structure 
composing them. We shall not here, however, enter into this 
subject, as the sheep rarely, with the exception perhaps of goitre, 
is affected with overgrowths of tissue, and malignant cancerous 
swellings in this species of animal are exceedingly rare. 

The etiology or cause of tumor formation has never been 
verv satisfactorilv denionstratcrl. Bevond a doubt a blow or 



300 OPERATIVE SURGERY. 

injury to a part may be followed by tumor formation, not merely 
a simple swelling of tlie tissue resulting from inflammation con- 
sequent to the injury, but by the formation of new adventitious 
tissue growth; but in the human family, and also in some of the 
herbivora we find heredity undoubtedly is a vital point in the 
situation. Then again, Cohnheim's theory of the misplacement 
of embryonal cells undoubtedly is frequently correct. And of 
late years parasitic origin appears to be receiving much consid- 
eration at the hands of investigators. 

Cystic tumors are enlargements containing a fluid-like 
serum, and, according to Paget, originate by three different 
methods: Either by enlargement and fusion of the spaces of the 
connective or other tissues, the fluids accumulating in these 
spaces, causing the tissues to become rarefied, the dividing septa 
of the spaces becoming broken down till a sac or cyst is formed, 
the outside boundaries of which continue to secrete fluid which 
accumulates in and press out the walls of the sac, so enlarging it; 
or by dilatation and growth of natural ducts; or by rapid growth 
of new elementary structures, which is the form occurring as 
goitre, in the thyroid bodies of young animals, lambs frequently 
being oo afl^ected. 

Creatment. 

Treatment of tumors consists in their early extirpation by 
n.eans of the knife or destruction of the cell elements with strong- 
caustics, etc. The ram is at times affected with a tumor of the 
penis, which appears to belong to the carcinomata, and which 
necessitates early removal by knife or ligature. 

For the removal of a malignant growth to be successful 
every particle of the foreign tissue must be removed, it being a 
safe plan to dissect out some of the normal tissue contiguous to 
the growth, and so guard against the possibility of leaving be- 
hind any of the adventitious tissue. Yet even in many instances 
where the growth is malignant, it tends after removal, to recur 



OPERATIVE SUEGERY. 301 

in other parts of the system by a process termed metastasis, 
making such growths one of the most dangerous and unsatis- 
factory conditions to deal with which affect animal life. Further 
mention will not be made of any special class of tumor liable to 
affect the sheep, with the exception of goitre, which will now be 
considered. 

Goitre. Struma* 

This is an affection of the thyroid glands, in which they be- 
come enlarged, sometimes to such an extent that the functions 
of the trachea and oesophagus become interfered with, so as to 
threaten the subject's existence. It may exist in any one r)f 
four forms, viz: 

(1) Real Goitre, when the swelling is due to enlargement 
of the gland follicles, the whole gland or only part of it being 
involved. 

(2) Fibrous Goitre, where the connective tissue of the 
gland is increased, the follicles remaining normal or nearly so, 
])ortions of the gland as a rule only being affected. 

(3) Dilatation of the veins, or varicose goitre. 

(4) Cystic Goitre — or bronchocele. This last form is 
that generally found affecting sheep, lambs more especially, and 
is supposed to be due to the presence of magnesia in the drinking- 
water. 

Goitre is a common affection of the human family as well as 
animals, and up to the present time the causes do not appear to 
be very well understood. The locality appears '"o have a predis- 
posing effect. Williams states that animals grazing on soil ricli in 
magnesian lime are prone to this affection. As it attacks ani- 
mals, sheep especially, lambs, appear to be more subject to tlie 
condition than mature sheep. Heredity appears to have a strong- 
relation to the transmissibilitv of the disease, instances havin«r 



302 ; DISEASES OF THE EYE. 

l)eeii recorded where a number of affected lambs in a flock were 
all got by one ram wliicli had the disease. Lambs from flocks in 
certain localities have been attacked enzootically at various sea- 
sons. Low sitv.ations or a damp atmosphere upon elevated situ- 
ations, according to Williams, will act as a cause of bronchocele. 

Symptoms. 

Swelling immediately under the larynx, at one or both sides 
of the trachea. This may not increase in size very rapidly, and 
in some instances tends to diminish and disappear of its own ac- 
cord. Where the gland increases in size so as to compress the 
trachea and interfere with deglutition as well, an operation for 
removal of the gland might be permissible. 

Crcatmctit. 

Consists in the administration internally of iodide of potas- 
sium in full doses, also giving once a week a cathartic dose of 
Epsom or Glauber salts. The wool should be clipped from 
affected surface, and the parts painted with iodine, or the com- 
pound ointment of iodine applied. Goitre, due to cancerous 
invasion, such as carcinomatous goitre, should be sufficient cause 
for slaughter of the animal. The meat on no account should 
in this instance be offered for human consumption. Removal of 
the affected gland or glands is not liable to result satisfactorily, 
in that the subject will become checked in its growth, and is 
liable to anaemia with marked debility. There would be noth- 
ing to recommend this' operation so far as sheep are concerned. 



Diseases of the 6ye. 

The sheep frequently suffers from eye affections, as do other 
of the lower order of animals. Many of these disorders are 
liable to produce permanent blindness, which is less noticeable 
in sheep than in other animals from the fact that their hearing 



DISEASES OF THE EYE. 303 

being unimpaired tliey are enabled to keep with the flock and ex- 
perience but slight difficulty in grazing. 

Simple Ophthalmia. 

Inflammation of the conjunctivae or mucous membranes lin- 
ing the eyelids. It may be caused from foreign matter such as 
hayseed or dirt gaining access to the eyes, or bites from insects. 
It arises also as the result of exposure or as a complication of 
nasal catan-h. 

Symptoms. 

The eye is partly closed, the eyelids are swelled, the eye is 
retracted into the orbit, there is a copious secretion of tears which 
flow down over the cheeks. On turning back the eyelid the con- 
junctiva is found to be congested, with red streaks running 
across it. 

When occurring as a complication in nasal catarrh it in- 
vades the eye through the lachrymal duct. Should it attack the 
cornea, exudation often takes place infiltrating the tissues of that 
organ. The organization of this exudate produces a condition 
known as opacity of the cornea. 

Crcatmcnt. 

If due to the presence of foreign material this must be re- 
moved, this in some cases is a matter of great difficulty, es- 
pecially when the object becomes embedded in the tissues of the 
eyeball, and in many cases it may be necessary to transfix the 
membrana nictitans (winking eyelid) by means of a suture before 
the particle can be abstracted. After-treatment consists iu bath- 
ing the eye with cold water and using some simple lotion, such as: 

Sulphate of zinc 2 grains 

Sulphate of morphia 2 grains 

Distilled water 1 ounce • 



304 DISEASES OF THE EYE. 

Drop a few drops into the eye two or three times daily, 
^'here the mucous membrane of the eyelids has been cauterized 
by some such agent as lime, (this is frequently seen following the 
use of lime and sulphur as a dip for scab), introduce something 
into the eye which will lubricate and have a soothing effect, such 
as a drop or two of linseed tea, or a kernel of flaxseed may be in- 
serted under the lids. 

Ophthalmia proper, also called the Blinds. 

This is a condition of inflammation of the conjunctiva simu- 
lating in symptoms simple opthalmia, with the difference while 
that is due to foreign matter, or the extension of inflammation 
from other diseases, such as nasal catarrh, this appears often 
as an epizootic; is recurrent in character, each successive attack 
being more severe, the result being total blindness in the major- 
ity of cases. This disease appears to be closely allied to the dis- 
ease known as specific ophthalmia to which the equine is liable, 
which is also a recurrent disease apt to terminate in cataract and 
blindness. The cause of this affection so far has not been de- 
termined, but that it is infectious in character is extremely doubt- 
ful. The symptoms are the same as those noticed in simj)le oph- 
thalmia, but that there appears to be a certain amount of consti- 
tutional derangement and a tendency for the complaint to run a 
malignant course. The treatment would be the same as for 
simple ophthalmia. It is a good plan, however, to commence with 
a mild physic, such as four ounces of Epsom salts; use cold appli- 
cations to the eye and the zinc sulphate lotion. In extreme 
cases bleeding from the angular vein appears to afford relief. 

Hmaurcsis, 6utta Serena, Glass Gye, 

Is a condition in which there is paralysis of the optic nerve, 
rendering the eye useless. It may be caused from injuries, such 
as a blow over the head with a crook, or may be due to tumors in 



DISEASES OF THE EYE. 305 

the cranium which interfere with the functions of the djjtic 
nerve. This condition is incurable. 

fungus Raetnatodcs. 
This is a malignant, cancerous disease attacking the cavity 
of the orbit. It is most commonly seen attacking cattle, but 
sheep are by no means exempt. It makes its first appearance as 
a small red spot at the side of the orbit, which enlarges rapidly, 
involving not only the eye itself but the bones and tissues sur- 
rounding it. 

CrcatmcTit. 

Consists on its early removal, to accomplish which the 
eye must also be extirpated. If the bones are already attacked 
they must be scraped and the parts cauterized. The actual 
cautery being preferred, the removal to be successful must be 
complete, otherwise the growth will quickly recur. Unless the 
sheep be a very valuable animal and it is desired to keep it for 
breeding purposes no treatment should be attempted, but as soon 
as the condition manifests itself the patient should be turned 
over to the butcher. 

Opacity of the Cornea. 

Is a sequel to inflammatory conditions of the eye, such as 
ophthalmia. It is due to the organization of the exudates which 
follow inflammation. This is of very common occurrence in 
sheep, due to the fact that unless the animal is valuable or is a 
member of a very small flock, ophthalmia would pass unnoticed 
by the flock-ow^ner, and if observed would not as a rule be- 
thought worthy of treatment, in wdiich event the disease running 
its course uninterrupted would in the majority of cases terminate 
with this condition. 

bounds in the Gyc, 

These, when occurring in the conjunctiva, would be accom- 
panied by all the symptoms of simple ophthalmia. "When the cnr- 



306 DISEASES OF THE EYE. 

nea is injured, as may occur from a sharp instrument penetrat- 
ing the eye, and the aqueous humor is evacuated, the len& is 
liable to fall out, in which event of course the usefulness of the 
eye is lost. In the treatment of all ^younds of the eye try to 
keep down the inflammation and endeavor to maintain an 
aseptic condition. Always use weak solutions to drop into the 
eye, and in many cases the addition of one drachm of a four per 
cent, solution of cocaine added to one ounce of the lotion will 
give excellent results by relieving the pain. In all cases of in- 
flammation in and around the eye, it is a good plan to use atro- 
pine directly to the organ. This by dilating the pupil prevents 
the organization of the inflammatory exudates, or, better still, 
use the atropine solution in the following manner: 

Sulphate of atropia 2 grains 

Cocaine hydrochlorate sol. 4 per 

cent 1 drachm 

Distilled water 1 ounce 

Use for two or three days, applying a few drops to the eye several 
times a day. And then 
Take. Eserine 2 grains 

Distilled water 1 ounce 

and use this for two or three days. 

The atropia solution dilates the pupil while the eserine solu- 
tion has the opposite effect. In this manner the pupil is kept 
moving, lessening the possibility of organization of the products 
of inflammation. An opaque cornea, when of recent occurrence, 
can often be corrected by stimulation. To effect this apply with 
a feather or camel's hair brush a solution of the nitrate of silver, 
such as 

Nitrate of silver x grains 

Distilled water 1 ounce 

Apply this directly to the opacity once or twice a day. It is a 
good plan to administer internally saline diuretics, such as nitrate 
of potash in drachm doses, and a full dose of Epsom salts. 



CHAPTER XVIII, 



Local ]Von-Contagious Diseases. 

In the arrangement of this work a few diseases which did 
not especially belong with those already classified have been in- 
serted under the above heading. Among snch are several of 
those affecting the integument and glands of the skin and also 
certain conditions affecting the feet. We shall now consider 
such diseases of the skin as are dependent on constitutional 
derangement either from errors in diet or from faulty excretion 
of effete materials, due to an abnormal condition of the glands, 

eczema. 

This is a common affection among sheep, especially with 
young immature animals which are highly fed to prepare them 
for exhibition purposes. 

"While eczema is recognized in several different forms, we 
find that the vesicular is that to which sheep are more generally 
liable. 

The attack comes on suddenly, the parts attacked generally 
being the face and lips, but it also may attack any of the parts of 
the skin, especially those where the fleece is lightest, such as the 
belly, inside of thighs and armpits. 

The visible symptoms are intense itching, the animal rubs 
itself violently, small vesicles appear on the affected parts. 
These rupture, discharge a M'atery fluid, and, on drying up, a small 
nodule remains in the place of each vesicle, which might be mis- 
taken for scab, from which, however, it is easily differentiated, 
as an examination of the parts will reveal the absence of para- 
sites. 



308 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 

Crcatmctit. 

This condition is invariably due to dietetic errors, from 
over-feeding, or feeding certain grains and grasses in excess^ 
such as clover or buckwheat. An entire change of diet will as a 
rule effect a speedy cure, especially if it is possible to put the 
sheep on fresh grass. When show sheep are attacked with this 
condition it is well to decrease their rations and give a saline 
cathartic such as Epsom salts. Combined with the food such 
medicines also may be given as exert a special action on the skin, 
as Fowler's solution of arsenic, which can be administered in 
from one-half to one drachm doses twice daily. As a local ap- 
plication to relieve the itching and prevent the animal tearing its 
fleece and thereby becoming ragged, a cooling lotion will be 
tV'und beneficial. 

Take. Acetate of lead -i drachms 

Water 1 pint 

Apply to affected parts once or twice daily, or, if preferred,, 
finely powdered boracic acid may be dusted over the parts. 

This is simply inflammation of the skin and may arise from 
one of several causes, such as stings of insects, frost bites, etc.; 
chapped teats in ewes, due to lying on wet ground, is also 
erythematous in character. 

It is characterized by a redness of the affected portion. Ac- 
companying the abnormal redness, the parts feel hot to the 
touch; appear swelled and are sore 

Anything interfering with the normal functions of the skin 
is liable to produce erythema, cold and wet being very common 
causes. It is also seen following debilitating diseases, where the 
system is weakened and the functions of the skin interfered with. 

The udder of the ew* just previous to or following par- 



LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 30& 

turition is very liable to this condition. Sore teats in ewes when 
not due to infection of aphtha maligna must be classed a& 
erythema. 

Creatment. 

It is always good practice to administer a saline cathartic in 
these cases. The parts can be dressed with a cooling dressing, 
such as the White lotion, the prescription for which is to be 
found in the last chapter but one of this work. Nitrate of pot- 
ash in one-half drachm doses can be given with advantage twice 
daily in the feed. For chapped teats in ewes dressing with some 
astringent mixture, such as 

Tannic acid 40 grains 

Glycerine 2 ounces 

will quickly effect a cure. 

CcUuUtis. 

This is inflammation of the cellular tissue underlying the 
skin, which it also involves. It appears to be due to a derange- 
ment of the circulation or may occur from blood-poisoning; it also 
occurs as an extension of erysipelas; in which case, however, its 
origin would be specific. Abscesses fomi in the cellular tissue, 
producing mortification and gangrene of the skin above them,, 
which sloughs off. This condition is very rare in sheep. 

Crcattnetit. 

Consists in administering tonics, such as iron and arsenic, or 
vegetable tonics, such as gentian and quinine, feeding stimulat- 
ing, easily digestible food, and adopting good hygienic measures 
generally. 

prurigo. 

This is a condition of the skin characterized by intense 
itching, but not accompanied by any eruption. It appears to be 
due to an altered sensory condition of the periphery of the 



310 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 

nerves and seems to arise as a sequela to indigestion, probably 
from some peculiar effect which indigestion produces on the sys- 
tem generally. Overfeeding is also liable to produce this condi- 
tion, especially where the diet has lacked a change. Associated 
with prurigo is generally a plethoric condition. 

Creatment. 

When due to indigestion, such agents must be administered 
as will tend to correct that condition, as charcoal and vegetable 
-and mineral tonics. 

Take. Sulphate of iron 1 ounce 

Gentian 4 ounces 

Powdered willow charcoal 4 ounces 

Fenugreek 1 ounce 

Nitrate of potash powdered ^ ounce 

Linseed meal 4 ounces 

Mix. Give one tablespoonful in feed once or twice daily. 

When accompanied by a plethoric condition, commence 

treatment with saline cathartics, Glauber or Epsom salts, and feed 

green food, such as fresh grass, etc., when possible. When 

sheep on high feed are attacked with this condition it becomes 

necessary to reduce the ration if a cure is to be expected. 

Impetigo Labialis. 

Is a pustular condition found affecting the faces and lips of 
lambs. Some fever and other constitutional symptoms accom- 
pany the breaking out- of the eruptions, but these, however, soon 
disappear, a change of diet being as a rule all that will be neces- 
sary to effect a cure. 

foot-rot, paronychia Intcrdigitalis. 

We shall consider this disease under the head of non- 
contagious affections because its contagious character has not, up 
to the present time, been properly established. Not that it is de- 
sired to take issue with any of the noted authorities, who have 



LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 



311 



expressed themselves as satisfied witli its contagiousness, but that 
it is necessary when claiming a specific character for a disease to 
be able to show incontrovertible proof that such is the case, and 



Tig. 1. 










Fig. 3. 



Fig. 2. 






^1 





Fig. 4. 



Fig-. 1. — 1. Shrivelled or decayed horn. 2. Dark spot indicating- a cavity. 
3. Minute fissure. 

Fig. 2— Early stage of foot-rot induced by rubbing matter on interdigital cuticle 
at a. 

Fig. 3. — Advanced foot-rot. Hoof-horn overgrown to a degree highly abnormal; 
undjr-surface broken and rotten at 6. From one digit the hoof-hora is nearly 
detached, exposing inflamed foot at a. covered with fibres of soft horn, 

(These three illustrations are from originals of Prof. Brown.) 

Fig. 4. — Section of foot through horn-fissure (a), showing extension of the crack, 
to the interior; (6) edge of hoof bent under, permitting collection of dirt. (Brown.) 



313 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 

while certain experiments have been carried out by different 
noted veterinarians to that end, they have only been attended 
with success in very few instances, and then under such circum- 
stances that it is reasonable to believe that the methods employed 
Avould have caused the condition without the introduction of the 
discharge from affected feet. 

Foot-rot is the cause of very severe monetary losses to 
flock-owners, not that it is liable to terminate fatally, but that the 
irritation and fever it produces so interfere with the animal's 
well-being as to make it unthrifty, causing it to lose flesh, and 
thereby inflicting serious injury on its owner. The fact that 
a large number of animals in a flock often become affected 
simultaneously, has led many sheep-owners and also veterinarians 
to believe it to be a contagious affection. The question of its 
contagiousness has been affirmatively answered by many noted 
European authorities, among whom may be mentioned Gohier, 
Gasparin, Girard, Reynal, Mr. George Fleming and many others, 
and as directly denied by such eminent authorities as the late 
Prof. Dick of Edinburgh, and Profs. Brown and Williams. The 
late Mr. Eead of Crediton, Eng., after making exhaustive in- 
vestigations on the subject, concluded against its contagious char- 
acter, and stated that it was caused from the soil not being- 
adapted to graze sheep over, and that the mere moving of infected 
sheep to healthy land was sufficient in itself to perfect a cure. 

Before considering the causes of this disease it may be as 
well to consider briefly the anatomy of the foot, a knowledge of 
which will materially assist in determining the cause of the 
trouble. The hoof of the sheep is composed of two separate 
digits, each enclosed in a horny box or framework, the passage 
between the digits being termed the cleft. AVe find under the 
horn or wall of the foot a membrane termed the subcorneus 
membrane, which is composed of a number of leaf-like bands 



LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 313 

running parallel one with the other. This laminal tissue covers 
the digits in the same fashion as a sock does the foot, the horny 
covering outside of everything being similar to the boot. The 
outer surfaces of the claws are convex, while the inner surfaces 
are slightly concave, which permits them to come in contact one 
with the other only at their extremities. Situated between the 
pasterns we find a gland known as the interungulate gland, its 
opening being protected by a few long projecting hairs. This 
gland secretes a yellow viscid fluid, intended to lubricate and pre- 
vent friction in .the cleft of the foot, and were it not present the 
continual movements of the claws and their constant contact with 
grit and other foreign matter would set up a chronic state of in- 




Xnterungulatc Sinus of Sheep, 

a— Inner aspect of first phalanx. ^— Hoof or claw, c— Interung-ulate gland, 
a'— Orifice of its duct. 

flammation. This canal at times becomes diseased. Inflamma- 
tion and disorganization of the structures of the hoof then de- 
velops, which if permitted to exist will eventually terminate in a 
condition simulating foot-rot. The hoof-horn is secreted from 
the coronary band, situated at the juncture of the skin and hoof. 
This structure is very vascular, and anything which would inter- 
fere with its normal functions would necessarily affect the secre- 
tion of the hoof-horn, either to decrease such secretion or through 



314 LOCAL NON-OONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 

some false stimulation abnormally increase its formation, al- 
though its character would be changed and degenerated. 

Now it would appear plausible that if sheep are grazed on 
wet pastures, the continual maceration the horny covering re- 
ceives would eventually affect its structure, and that the coronary 
cushion would also from the same cause secrete a softened ab- 
normal horn, the oily covering of which being washed off, es- 
pecially in the cleft, would render the parts liable to not only 
soreness and inflammation from friction and contact with dirt 
and foreign matter, but would render them liable to absorb ma- 
terial, the presence of which would tend to set up inflammation 
and disintegration of the horn substance, and if that state is per- 
mitted to endure for any length of time the bones or soft struc- 
tures of the foot would perforce of circumstances also become in- 
volved in the process of degeneration. 

In considering the causes liable to induce foot-rot we must 
then lay great stress on the grazing of sheep in wet, low-lying 
pastures, and every authority, even those who advocate the 
theory of its contagiousness, admit that for the disease to exist it 
is necessary that the sheep should have been grazed on wet land. 
Mr. Read in an essay upon the subject, which has been frequently 
mentioned by different authorities, says: 

"Low situations conjoined with moisture are the fruitful 
and primary causes of foot-rot. Sheep in these situations have 
their hoofs and the integument above, to which they are united, 
and the highly elastic tissue situated between the claws constantly 
in a wet and humid state. Go into any of these pastures after 
the sheep have been placed there for only a short period and 
look at their feet. "Will there not be an increased growth of the 
hoof? "Will not the skin around the coronet and highly sensi- 
tive membrane be blanched? Will not the vascularity of the 
parts be weakened from its circulation being enfeebled? Now 



LOCAL NON-CO.NTAGIOUS DISEASES. 315 

this is all produced by wet. In a few days, perhaps, we have a 
change of temperature; evaporation is produced from the surface 
of the land and from animal bodies as well, and the ground be- 
comes drier. A reaction takes place; the circulation is quick- 
ened ; the hoof swells or rather is pushed from the parts beneath ; 
the skin between the claws inflames; the heels bulge; the coronet 
enlarges; abscesses form; matter penetrates between the horn and 
the substance beneath, and disunites the sensitive from the horny 
laminae, and, in the worst forms of the disease, the hoof falls 
off." ^ 

This description by Mr. Read very properly and accurately 
covers the subject, given the cause, namely, prolonged unnatural 
surroundings, and it is not necessary to have any specific germ to 
assist in producing the changes in the hoof-horn. The fact that 
so many members of a flock appear to become affected simulta- 
neously, is easily explained, they all having been subjected to the 
same cause. The hoof to maintain its normal healthy condition 
must be submitted to a certain amount of wear and tear, other- 
wise the horn being continually under the process of formation, 
unless worn off and kept to its proper proportions, would grow 
abnormally long and favor changes in the horn substance. For 
this reason foot-rot is at times met with on dry, sandy soils, the 
softness of the soil not furnishing sufficient wearing properties to 
the feet. The mere fact of healthy sheep contracting foot-rot 
from being placed with those already diseased, in no manner 
proves that the disease is contagious, as the sheep are submitted 
to the same causes which produced the condition in the former. 
The form of the disease met with on high, gravelly soil is pro- 
duced from an excessive wearing away of the claws from contact 
with sharp, gritty particles, and while they go lame and at times 
abscesses form with fungoid growths of horn, it cannot be said to 
be malignant foot-rot, meaning the kind which arises from moist- 



316 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 

ure, as by moving the sheep .to less gravelly surroundings and 
employing simple treatment, such as an application of pine tar, 
a cure is speedily effected, the horny secretion in this instance not 
being perverted and changed, as Is the case where the parts have 
been kept in a super-moist condition. 

Symptoms. 

The sheep is noticed to walk with difficulty, appearing to 
rest frequently after progressing for a short distance. Distinct 
lameness will be observed in a day or two, the animal then lags 
behind the flock and soon assumes a lank appearance. 

On examination a moist foetid discharge will be noticeable 
between the claws of the affected feet. The feet are hot, the 
animal exhibiting signs of pain when they are pressed, and the 
coronet is swollen. In the commencement of the attack only one 
foot may be affected, or both fore-feet, or both hind, rarely all 
four feet are affected. At first the disease appears located in the 
foot, but it is liable to extend, involving the soft tissues of the 
coronet, forming abscesses above the hoof, and at times invading 
the bones and tendons of the knee. This, however, is very rare. 
The hoof -horn, as the disease progresses, takes on a species of 
dry-rot ; falls away piece by piece, exposing the delicate sensitive 
laminae situated underneath. These sprout outwards, forming 
fungous growths resembling excessive granulating tissue, in that 
they bleed easily when touched. The discharge from the affected 
surface is extremely offensive, and so strong in character that if 
only a few sheep in a flock are affected the disease can be recog- 
nized at some little distance from where the diseased flock is 
grazing. 

The horny sole becomes attacked and peels off, exposing the 
sensitive parts covering the pedal bone. The subject is then 
quite lame and should the fore-legs be the ones affected, it will 
move around on its knees, crawling on its belly if its hind feet 



LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 317 

are diseased. The affected sheep lie down frequently; fall away 
in flesh, becoming eyesores to their owners. In extreme cases 
the claws are shed and the animal is liable to succumb to the dis- 
ease from the pain and inability to procure food. In the summer 
season the odor from the affected feet appears to act as an attrac- 
tion to the fly; the sores become infected with maggots, produc- 
ing a most deplorable condition. In a prize essay by Hogg, the 
Ettrick shepherd, we find the following: 

"On examining the foot in the first stage of the disease, the 
coronary edge, while no external injury can be traced, is some- 
times found a little swollen and inflamed; at other times the 
hoof is eroded, but whether it be shattered or entire, an intense 
heat is always perceptible in the feet, with a strong pulsation in 
the arteries where they are inserted in the coronary edges of the 
hoof, and, however sound the hoof may appear externally, the 
connection between it and the interior of the foot is always dis- 
solved, though the separation is not evident until the hoof is 
pared away. A peculiar smell is perceptible, especially in the 
advanced stages or when the ulcerous part is newly opened, yet 
even in the worst cases a large quantity of ichor is never dis- 
charged, there being little more than will wet the finger and that 
only when pressed out." 

This extract from Mr. Hogg's essay places the first symp- 
toms of this disease very plainly before the reader, and it only 
remains to describe the differences between foot-rot and a disease 
which it, to a certain extent, simulates and for which it has been 
mistaken namely, aphthous fever. (Foot and mouth disease.) 

f^oot-rot in its primary Stages, 

Is not associated with constitutional fever. The appetite 
remains good and the milk-supply of ewes suckling lambs is not 
materially diminished, hardly at all in the first stage of the 
disease. 



318 LOCAL NON-OONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 

In foot-rot, as a general rule, one or two feet only are 
attacked at first, generally the two fore-feet. In foot and mouth 
disease all four feet generally are affected, vesicles extending 
over the front of the digits, and almost always around the heels. 
In foot-rot vesicles do not appear in other parts of the body, 
as on the udder, skin, or in the mouth, which is the case in foot 
and mouth disease. 

In foot-rot the separation of the wall of the hoof from 
the digit proceeds from below upwards, the reverse being the case 
in foot and mouth disease. 

Lastly, foot and mouth disease is highly contagious. By an- 
nointing a wisp of hay with the discharge and drawing it through 
the mouth of a healthy sheep, a definite diagnosis can be arrived 
at, as this is always in case of foot and mouth disease sufficient 
to inoculate and produce the condition in the healthy subject; 
whereas in foot-rot the effects would be nil, it being impossible to 
propagate it in such a manner. 

treatment. 

This must be prompt and in many cases heroic if a speedy 
cure is to be expected. When a large number of a flock become 
affected, the daily turning of each diseased sheep would be a 
mattter requiring a large expenditure of time and trouble. To 
overcome this, various foot baths have been adopted through 
which the flock is driven once a week or oftener, if desired, and 
it is highly proper here to describe this method before taking up 
the individual treatment of the members of the flock. 

A shallow trough about two feet in width and eighteen 
inches deep, the length being a matter of convenience, depending 
upon the number of sheep to be treated, is set in the ground. A 
low fence is made to run the entire length and on each side of 
the vat, so that the sheep will be compelled to stand in it. A 
solution of arsenic made as follows: 



LOCAL N0N-C?ONTAGI0US DISEASES. 319 

Take. Arsenioiis acid 3 lbs. 

Carbonate of potash 2 lbs. 

"Water 14 gals. 

The arsenic and potash mnst be boiled for at least half an hour in 
the fourteen gallons of water in order that the arsenic may ho 
well dissolved. A sufficient quantity of this solution is then 
poured into the trough so that the liquid will be about three 
inches deep, to permit it to thoroughly cover the feet and pas- 
terns of the sheep. 

Affected sheep before being stood in the bath, should have 
their feet pared; all fungoid growths should be removed. It is 
not necessary to stand the sheep in the bath for any length of 
time if the trough is over ten feet in length, the mere passing of 
the sheep through it will be sufficient. After leaving the bath 
care must be taken that the sheep are not allowed to graze until 
the liquid has drained from their feet, otherwise the drippings on 
the grass being eaten by themselves or other animals would 
cause arsenical poisoning. 

It is a good plan to place the trough on some bare place as 
far away from the farm buildings as possible, having a pen at 
each extremity of the trough, so that the sheep can be driven 
through without difficulty. The pen at the outlet to be used as 
a draining pen, the sheep to be held there until the feet have 
drained dry. The trough also should be provided with a water 
tight lid and kept locked, otherwise it would be dangerous to the 
live-stock of the farm. In mild cases of foot-rot, sulphate of 
copper (blue stone) may be used in the place of the arsenic, this 
should be used in the strength of one pound to the gallon of 
water. 

After the sheep have passed through the bath, it is found 
very beneficial to apply quick lime to their feet. The easiest 
method being to sprinkle the floor of a barn with the quicklime 
and compel the sheep to walk on it. It must be borne in mind. 



320 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 

however, that treating the disease without bettering the sur- 
roundings which led to, and are responsible for the condition, 
will be a very unsatisfactorj^ undertaking. If the disease has 
arisen from the excessive moisture, this must be changed before 
a cure can be expected; the same holds good when the soil is 
gravelly and liable to make the animals foot-sore. If possible run 
the sheep on ground which is suitable and accords with their 
habits. Where it is impossible to do so, it becomes necessary to 
house the sheep at night on dry ground or in sawdust-floored 
pens, and to adopt all such measures as will tend to counteract 
the drawbacks of the locality. 

Where a few sheep only in a flock are affected, those which 
show signs of lameness should be caught and turned. The affect- 
ed feet should be pared down, all shreds of horn or fungus being 
removed. The ulcerated surfaces should be cauterized to stimu- 
late the secretion of healthy horn. Many different agents have 
been used for this purpose with more or less success, such as 
butyr of antimony, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, creosote, chromic 
acid, terebene, and many others. Perhaps that which gives as 
good if not better results without danger of excessive cauteriza- 
tion is butyr of antimony. After applying this or any of the 
other agents to the sore surfaces, the parts should be dressed with 
Stockholm tar or carbolized tar, which makes an antiseptic and 
healing dressing having the tendency to stimulate the growth of 
healthy horn. 

When the granulations are very profuse, it will be found 
good practice to apply the actucil cautery, the red-hot iron in 
these cases appearing to exert a special action not to be obtained 
by the use of any chemical astringent and caustic agents. Ewes 
in lamb require careful handling, and unless the disease is far 
advanced they should not be turned for dressing; it will be found 
safer to stand them in the arsenical or copper solution. Quick- 



LOCAL NON-OONTAGIOUS DISEASESv 321 

lime is liiglily recommended by many experienced flock-owners 
for this condition. It can be applied as already stated, and, as 
its cost is comparatively small, it certainly justifies a trial. 

Bear in mind that foot-rot generally prevails on moist land 
in wet weather, and on dry land in very dry weather (the ground 
then being hard on the feet). During such seasons special vigil- 
ance must be used by the flock-owner and measures adopted to pre- 
vent the occurrence of this troublesome affection. 

ItifUiTiTnatioii of the Ititcrdigital Canal. 

On the anterior of the pasterns superior to the claws, mid- 
way between the coronet and the upper pastern joint, is situated 
a small aperture from which project three or four hairs about 
one fourth of an inch in length. This aperture is the opening of 
the canal leading to the gland known as the interungulate gland, 
the uses of which have already been described. 

At times this canal becomes inflamed from irritation caused 
by the entrance into it of foreign bodies, such as pieces of grit 
or dirt, etc. Should these not be removed ulceration of the part& 
is liable to occur and abscesses form. The pus burrows through 
the walls of the canal between the digits, setting up intense in- 
flammation of the foot, which may, if not speedily relieved, proA'e 
fatal. This condition is readily separated from foot-rot in that 
the disease only attacks one foot and commences at the inter- 
digital canal, the orifice of which is swollen; in the same manner 
it will not be mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease, as only one 
member is affected, whereas in that complaint the likelihood 
would be that all four feet would be involved in the inflamma- 
tory process. 

Symptoms. 

Great lameness, an examination reveals the orifice of the 
interdigital canal swollen, the surrounding parts being swollen 



322 LOCAL XON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 

and the skin very red. The sheep is feverish aud uii its feed; ex- 
hibits symptoms of intense pain. It carries the, affected leg off 
the ground, limping aronnd on three legs while grazing. 

treatment. 

Consists in removing whatever may have entered into or 
blocked the outlet of the gland. The foot should be washed in 
warm water, the canal syringed out with a carbolized solution 
and the foot then placed in a poultice. After-treatment consists 
in applying some astringent application, such as a tincture of 
myrrh. 

Where the inflammation has been excessive, sinuses and ab- 
scesses already having formed, the canal must be laid open and the 
parts dressed with a strong antiseptic solution. 

When it is necessary to operate in this manner the applica- 
tion of a four per cent, solution of cocaine hydrochlorate will 
make the operation painless to the subject. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



parturition and the Diseases Incidental Cbereto, 

Normal parturition is the act of expulsion of the foetus 
from the womb of its mother after the completion of its full 
period of development within that organ. 

The period elapsing from the time of its first conception and 
its final expulsion from the uterus is called the term or period of 
gestation. This, as it occurs in sheep, extends over a period of 
nearly five months, or, to be more exact, from 142 to 150 days. 

The act of parturition, while a natural physiological process, 
is attended in all mammalia with more or less pain and risk to 
the existence of the subject. The foetus, being fully developed, 
acts as an irritant to the organ in which it has been elaborated, 
inducing a marked disturbance of the nervous system, accom- 
panied with violent contractions of the womb, aiming to expel 
that which has now become a foreign body. 

Expulsion is not effected by one effort, but by successive, 
slow and progressive contractions, becoming more severe and ex- 
hausting as the labor becomes prolonged. At first the pains are 
of short duration, increasing gradually in force. Normal con- 
tractions take place at the fundus, (center of the body of th6 
womb); the cornua (horns) shorten towards the fundus; the 
womb towards the neck, and the neck towards the opening into 
the vaginal cavity called the os. The water-bag enveloping the 
foetus acts as a mechanical dilator to the neck of the womb, 
which, as the pressure increases, becomes thinner and shorter^ 
permitting the water-bag to dilate its opening or os. The limb? 
and head of the foeUis acting as a wedge maintain the dilatation) 
of the parts, which, as the pains increase in severity, finally fi- 



324 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 

large, obliterating the os entirely, making the vagina and uterus 
one large distended cavity. When this stage is reached delivery 
takes place very rapidly. 

Sheep frequently bring forth twins, and these may be born 
one directly after the other, or, after the birth of one lamb, a 
period sometimes of two or three days may elapse before the de- 
livery of the other takes place. 

Ewes, during the period of gestation, should be kept quiet 
and free from such distvn-bances as would be liable to result in 
premature delivery. Chasing of pregnant ewes by dogs, sudden 
changes in diet, improper hygienic surroundings, are all liable to 
result in abortion, and endanger the lives of the ewes themselves. 

The act of parturition is liable to be prolonged, owing to a 
number of causes which may arise, many of which are of such a 
serious nature as to result in the death of the ewe. As causes re- 
sulting in protracted labor we find: (1) Exhaustion from gen- 
eral debility. (2) Cold weather at time delivery is due. (3) 
Premature rupture of the envelopes (water-bag), permitting the 
escape of the liquor amnii (water); the uterus then becomes ex- 
hausted from contracting on the foetus, the neck of the womb 
not being dilated. (4) Obstructions in the genital passages, 
such as tumors in the neck of the womb or vagina. (5) Rigidity 
of the neck of the womb, frequently due to some injury inflicted 
in a previous delivery. (6) A complete obliteration of the os, 
which condition, however, is rare. (7) Torsion of the uterus, 
in which event the womb has become twisted on its neck — a con- 
dition caused by violent motions on the part of a pregnant sub- 
ject, and which has to be rectified before delivery can take place. 

The first set of causes, such as exhaustion from general 
debility, exposure, etc., are due wholly to mismanagement on the 
part of the flock-owner, and are not to be overcome at the last 
moment, but should be guarded against and prevented by proper 



PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 325 

care of the ewes from the time of intercourse with the ram till 
delivery is due to take place. Where labor is prolonged from 
premature rupture of the water-bag, injections of warm water, 
or warm infusions of slippery-elm bark will facilitate the de- 
livery. 

Where obstructions, such as tumors in the genital organs, 
exist, their removal must take place before parturition can pro- 
ceed. 

In cases of rigidity of the os, whether due to previous injury 
or perverted nervous function, applications of warm water 
douches, or smearing the os with the extract of belladonna will 
often overcome the difficulty; should this not prove successful, 
however, it becomes necessary to operate, the proper procedure 
being as follows : 

Pass the hand in the vagina. This is a matter of some diffi- 
culty, as the passage is very small as compared with that of the 
cow or mare, but by diligent manipulation, using vaseline to pro- 
tect the mucous membranes, it can be accomplished; pass a probe- 
pointed bistoury into the os, and make three slight incisions, as 




theoretical Drawing, showing JMethod of Incision of Os Oteri. 

■^ — Outer circumference of os uieri. B — Supposed centre of same. C C C— Incisions 
starting^ from B to circumference .^ 

shown in illustration. This will permit the os to dilate and de- 
livery to take place. Where ewes have been delivered in this 
manner they should not be bred from again on account of cica- 
tricial tissue forming in the os. After the lamb is weaned, the 
ewe should be fattened for the butcher. 

Where obliteration of the os uteri exists, the above operation 



326 PARTUKITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 

can be performed, but it is then n matter of great difficulty to lo- 
cate the proper point for making the incision. A great deal will 
depend on the experience and skill of the operator. 

Torsion of the uterus is a very difficult matter to overcome, 
especially in the ewe, where the passage is of such limited size. 
The proper method is to introduce the hand into the vagina and 
up into the uterus, where the spiral turn can be felt. After 
deciding as to whether the twist is to the right or left side, have 
an assistant turn the body of the ewe in the opposite direction, 
the operator leaving his hand in the cavity, endeavoring to exert 
his force in the direction opposite to that in which the assistant 
is tuaning. When the womb regains its natural position, deliv- 
ery will be able to take place in its normal manner. 

Parturition is frequently interfered with by malposition on 
the part of the foetus, its presentation not being suitable for its 
expulsion through the genital passages, or deformities of the 
foetus, termed monstrosities, may interfere with its delivery. 
These are to a certain extent common in sheep, and when present 
the skill of the operator will be required if the life of the ewe is 
to be saved. 

The various mal-presentations may be summed up as fol- 
lows: 

(1) Where head and one fore-leg is presented, the other 
being retained. To overcome this condition, gently repel the 
foetus back into the womb, and endeavor to obtain possession of 
the retained leg; bring it up into position, and allow parturition 
to proceed naturally. 

(2) Where the head alone is presented — both fore-legs 
being retained — push the head back, bring up the fore-legs, so 
permitting delivery to take place. 

(3) Where the two fore-legs are presenting, but the head is 
turned back — in this instance the head may be directly turned 
backwards, or may be dropped either between the legs or to one 



PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. i.T 

side of them. It will be necessary here to obtain possession of 
the head. Introduce a finger into the mouth of the foetus, or 
get the hand round the mouth, using force suificient to bring the 
head up into the passage, and deliver the lamb. 

(4) Where the side of the foetus only can be felt, it must 
be turned to its natural position. This requires judgment, 
patience, and skill on the part of the operator. No iron-clad 
rule of procedure can be laid down. The operator must manipu- 
late the parts until he can obtain possession of a limb, which 
should be brought up into position and another one sought for, 
which, when obtained, the foetus can be extracted. Either hind- 
legs or fore-legs are sufficient, — of course, if the fore-legs are 
brought into position the head must present properly, as in 
paragraph three. 

(5) "Where the back of the foetus presents itself the same 
procedure recommended in paragraph four must be employed. 

(6) Where the breech presents, the hind-legs being re- 
tained, repel the foetus, standing it on its head in the uterus; 
reach for a hind-leg, bring it up into the canal, then bring up the 
other, and extract the lamb by pulling it out backwards. 

(7) Where the foetus is too large for delivery. These 
cases call for embryotomy, the foetus having to be extracted 
piece at a time. Frequently, in these cases, if the operator can 
disembowel the foetus the carcass will collapse sufficiently to per- 
mit its being extracted. Where the head is enlarged (hydro- 
cephalic), it must be punctured to allow the fluid to escape; the 
head can then be crushed and delivery take place. Monstrosities 
also come under this class. They frequently necessitate the use 
of the knife on the foetus if the ewe is to be saved. 

In all cases where it is necessary to offer assistance to the 
ewe in lambing, care must be exercised to see that no dirt or 
foreign substances are introduced into the womb, which would be 
liable to result later in septic poisoning and death to the subject. 



328 PAETUEITIOX AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.. 

Force, when used, should be exerted gradually, in order that the 
soft parts are not injured or torn. 

It is always proper to thoroughly wash the hand and arm 
before inserting it in the vagina, also using vaseline or carbolized 
sweet oil to lubricate the passage and prevent abrasion of its 
mucous lining. Assistance should only be offered when it be- 
comes apparent that the ewe is unable to lamb without it; even 
where labor has been protracted, if the presentation is right, and 
the ewe still possesses good strength, it is better to let nature 
take its course than to try to hurry matters along. 

Conditions liable to occur incidental to parturition are as 
follows: Retention of the foetal membrai:'-^. These should be 
expelled from the uterus shortly after the lam 'as been born. 
Where they are retained for over twenty-four hours their pres- 
ence is very liable to cause septic poisoning. Take the ^ • o-fe^-. 
ing portions, twist them round a stick, and pull gently and stead- 
ily. This is generally all that will be required. After removal^ 
give the ewe four ounces of Epsom salts, or better still. 

Take. Epsom salts 2 ounces 

Carbonate of ammonia '^O grains 

Nitrate of potash .... ....... 1 drachm 

G inger, powdered 1 drachm 

Dissolve in eight ounces of water, and give as a drench. 

This is a very useful prescription to give ewes a week before- 
lambing is due. T^ :;:£ists in preparing the subject for the su- 
preme act in nature and prevents, to a great extent, such condi- 
tions a; ;;.: apt to follow parturition in well-bred pampered ani- 
mals. 

Blccdiiii?, flcx^iing, post-partcm J^cmorrbagc. 
May occur ?.s a result of the retention of the foetal membraneS; or 
from their being too suddenly severed from their attachments, or 
from exhaustion following protracted labor, which interferes with 
the natural contractions of the womb. 



PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 329 

Crcatmcnt. 

Administer a quick stimulant, such as the following: 

Take. Sulphuric ether 2 drachms 

Aromatic spirits of ammonia .... 2 drachms 

Alcohol 2 drachms 

Add one half pint of water and give as a drench. 

Then make an examination, and if the womb is distended, 
filled with clots of blood, syringe it out with warm water. "When 
•cleaned out, inject a solution of iron : 

Take. Tincture of iron 4 drachms 

"Warm water 1 pint 

Inject it into the uterus, apply cold water to the vulva, and 
internally administer the following: 

Fluid extract ergot 2 drachms 

Inversion of the Womb.— prolapsus Cltcri 

This may be partial or complete. In partial inversion the 
fundus of the womb only is inverted into the vagina, or the 
whole may be inverted, projecting outside of the vaginal cavity, 
resembling a glove turned inside out. Where the condition has 
not existed for any length of time, it can readily be remedied. 
Wash the inverted portion with carbolized warm water, and be- 
ginning at the most dependent part, commence to turn it in by 
pressing the part forward and inward, turning it back into itself, 
as it were. 

"Where the condition has existed for some time, the parts 
may need scarification — this is done by lightly criss-crossing the 
organ with a knife, not cutting deeply, then apply common salt 
or a mixture of equal parts of powdered allspice, salt, and ginger; 
then turn the part back as before. 

Where gangrene has set in, amputation of the uterus will be 
necessary if the life of the ewe is to be saved. This can be done 
by taking a needle with a double thread and passing it directly 



330 PAKTUEITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 

through the neck of the organ as far up as possible. Cut the 
ends of thread next the needle, leaving four separate ends; then 
take the ends of one thread and tie a simple knot, bringing it 
tight. This will enclose and effectually stop the circulation of 
half the stem. Do the same with the other thread, and then 
sever the parts outside of the suture with a sharp knife. After 
the uterus has been amputated, place the ewe in such a position 
as to raise the hind parts. Administer also an opiate, such as four 
drachms of laudanum or one grain of sulphate of morphia. 

In cases of inversion of the uterus, if the womb tends to pro- 
lapse after it has been returned to position, it may be necessary 
to take a deep suture with sterilized silk through the lips of the 
vagina, or a pessary can be inserted in the vagina, a simple and 
efficient method being the introduction of a pig's bladder, pre- 
viously softened by soaking in warm water; its external surface 
is well oiled, and after it has been placed in position, is blown 
up through a tube inserted in the neck; the neck of the bladder 
is then secured to prevent the escape of the air and is left inside 
till all danger of prolapse is over. 

Inversion of the Tagina. 

This is a condition very similar to prolapse of the uterus^ 
and may be accompanied by that condition. When occurring, it 
is generally as a sequela to premature rupture of the foetal mem- 
branes and escape of the "waters." 

The young animal, on being extracted in a rough manner, 
so lacerating; and bruising the delicate mucous lining of the vagi- 
na, and also the underlying connective tissues, causes a flaccidity 
or lack of firmness in the tissues, leading to inversion, which 
may take place immediately following the delivery, or at a 
later period, caused by straining due to after-pains, or it may take 
place any time during several days subsequent to parturition. It 
is also met with followine; abortion or retention of the foetal 



PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 331 

membranes. It i? an accident which may occur in other than 
pregnant females, due then to lack of tone in the parts, or some 
injury, and also can occur during pregnancy in the latter period 
of gestation, caused then by pressure from the gravid uterus. 

Symptoms. 
Notice a circular reddish mass projecting from and between 
the lips of the vulva. Its surface is smooth unless lacerated and 
covered with particles of foreign matter from contact with the 
soil. The tumor appears larger when the ewe is lying down. 
An examination of the mass will be necessary to differentiate 
between this condition and inversion of the uterus. In that con- 
dition the cotyledons or placental papillae are easily discernible. 
In inversion of the vagina, the mass is perfectly smooth and 
marked on its under surface with a furrow, leading to the ure- 
thra, and in some cases the cervix uteri can be seen situated in the 

middle of the mass. 

Creatment. 

Wash off with a warm antiseptic solution, and commencing 

from each side, at tl^e lips of the vulva, turn the edges inward'?. 

gradually manipulating the mass till it has regained its normal 

position. "Where the parts have become lacerated it is necessary 

to apply topically some astringent anodyne agent. 

Take. Lead acetate 1 ounce 

Dissolve in one pint of water, to which may be added two 

ounces of laudanum. This can be injected into the vagina, and 

if necessary a deep suture can be taken through the vulva, the 

same as advised in inversion of the womb. 

Inflammatton of the Tagina.— Tagitiitis. 

This follows generally as the result of injury inflicted to the 
vagina during parturition. It is as a rule accompanied with in- 
■flammation of the womb (metritis), in which case it is a very 
grave affection. 



332 PAKTUEITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 

Sjnnptoms. 

In appearance the lips of the vagina are very much swollen, 
the mucous lining of the cavity being of a deep red or livid color, 
frequently covered with patches of congestion; the parts feel hot 
and dry; the natural secretion having ceased. Pain is evidenced 
by the ewe when urinating; the vulva itches intensely; the ewe 
will rub against posts, etc., and in so doing is liable to lacerate the 
parts. As the inflammation progresses, the mucus secretion 
which was at first suppressed becomes abnormally increased, flow- 
ing as a serous liquid, streaked with blood, changing into a puru- 
lent discharge, which in passing over the thighs exerts a caustic 
and excoriating effect on the skin. Where the inflammation is 
excessive it has a tendency to terminate in gangrene, in which 
event the ewe is liable to succumb from septic poisoning; this 
termination, however, is rare. 

Creattnctit. 

Wash the parts in warm water, and use astringent injec- 
tions; that suggested in "Inversion of the Vagina" can also be 
used in these cases with good effect. Should there be danger of 
gangrene, iron and quinine can be administered internally and the 
parts dressed with carbolized oil. 

Inflannnation of the ^QotTib— Metritis. 

Parturient fever is a serious condition, due to one 
of several causes, such as injuries to the genital canal during 
parturition, retention of the foetal membranes (after birth), or 
the introduction of septic material, and exposure to cold during 
lambing has also been claimed as a cause of this condition. 

Symptoms. 

The ewe evidences symptoms of distress; the pulse is full 
and bounding; the respirations are hurried; the visible mucous 
membranes are congested; the lining of the vagina is inflamed^ 



PARTUEITIOX AX'D DISEASES IXCIDBNTAL. 333 

and the vulva swollen; the bowels are constipated, and the natur- 
al secretion of milk is suppressed. The ewe lies down, and if 
forced to rise does so reluctantly. A discharge from the vagina 
is noticeable — at first transparent, soon becoming reddish in color 
and thick. The rumen is liable to become distended with gas, 
and in cases which terminate fatally the temperature will remain 
persistently high. Where the inflammation extends to the peri- 
toneum dropsy of the abdomen frequently follows as a sequela — 
in these cases the abdomen becomes enlarged, giving the subject 

a full appearance. 

Crcatmcnt. 

In these cases it is always advisable to commence treatment 
with a full dose of Epsom salts. The following is a useful pre- 
scription : 

Take. Epsom salts 2 ounces 

Common salt 2 ounces 

Ginger 1 drachm 

Molasses 8 ounces 

Mix and give as one dose. 

Place the ewe in warm comfortable quarters, and where the 
temperature appears high, give full doses of quinine and aconite 
combined. If the udder is swollen, bathe frequently with hot 
water, and after each fomentation apply some soothing ointmenr, 
such as 

Poke root powdered . ; -^ oz. 

Benzoated lard 2 oz. 

jMaH^^nt partunctit fever. 

This is a very grave condition indeed, due in all cases to 
septic infection, complicated frequently Avith erysipelas. It is 
virtually a blood-poisoning, and must not be confounded with 
simple parturient fever. It can be carried from ewe to ewe by 
the lamber making examinations of ewes which are in the act of 
parturition, after having handled an affected subject. 



334 PARTUEITION A'SB DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 

Symptoms. 

All the symptoms of parturient fever are present in an ag- 
gravated form; the bowels at first are generally constipated, but 
as the disease progresses they become relaxed, diarrhoea setting 
in, the discharges being foetid, and in many cases accompanied 
by or streaked with blood. The udder is very much swollen, and 
shows symptoms of erysipelas infection. When this occurs the 
patient rarely, if ever, recovers. The ewe shows signs of abdom- 
inal pain, and strains frequently', a sanious foetid discharge being 
ejected from the vagina during these efforts. The disease runs 
a rapid course, the animal becoming delirious, coma setting in just 
prior to fatal terminations. 

post-^lortcm Hppearances. 

The womb is enlarged and thickened; the mucous mem- 
brane lining it is of a darkish brown color, darker patches being 
noticeable in places. In the cavity of the womb, a chocolate- 
colored fluid is present, in which remnants of the foetal mem- 
branes are often found; the whole organ presents the appearance 
of rapid decomposition, and has a very foetid odor. The vagina 
frequently has ulcerous patches on its mucous surfaces, particu- 
larly round the vulva and meatus urinarius (opening of the ure- 
thra into the vagina). The abdominal cavity contains a reddish 
liquid, the whole peritoneal surface showing signs of intense in- 
flammation; this is particularly noticeable in that part covering 
and supporting the womb. The muscular tissues are dark, at 
times almost black. The udder is sometimes spotted with gang- 
renous patches, resulting from a previous erysipelatous condition 
of that organ. Plain signs of general septic infection are also 
noticeable. 

treatment. 

Should be on the same lines as that prescribed in "Metritis." 
A laxative drench is always to be recommended in these cases, 
especially at the commencement of the trouble. 



PAKTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 335 

The womb should be thoroughly syringed out with warm 
antiseptic douches. Permanganate of potash, one half drachm, in 
one pint of water, or injections of carbolic solutions in strength 
of one to forty will be found beneficial. Internally, quinine and 
iron are indicated, or salycilic acid combined with carbolic, and 
administered frequently but in very small doses. The strength 
of the ewe must be maintained by such stimulants as aromatic 
spirits of ammonia, alcohol, etc. 

Take. Salicylic acid grs. x 

Carbolic acid 90 per cent sol m. iii 

Dissolve in one ounce of gruel and give as one dose, repeating 
every two hours, or 

Take. Sulphate of quinine 1 drachm 

Tincture chloride of iron ^ ounce 

Water 12 ounces 

Mix and give one ounce as a dose, repeating every two hours. As 
a stimulant, the following is useful: 

Take. Sulphuric ether 3 cz. 

Aromatic -pirits of ammonia 3 oz. 

Alcohol 3 oz. 

Dose one ounce in four ounces of water, repeated every three 
hours. To the inflamed udder apply warm fomentations fre- 
quently. Between these the gland should be dressed with the 
ointment of poke-root and lard previously mentioned, or covered 
all over with a thick coating of vaseline. In all these cases the 
lamb should be taken away at the commencement of the attack. 
This disease is very liable to terminate fatally, to prevent which 
careful nursing is very necessary. 

6argct— Matninitis, or Mastitis. 

Is a congested condition of the udder, which may be due to 
several causes, among which may be mentioned exposure to eo^l 
or wet, or the udder becoming bruised from contact w'.tl: l::.-i 



336 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 

ground when the ewe lies down, or when the ewe has only one 
lamb to suckle, which is unable t(j take the full supply of milk; 
or it may arise as a sequela to diseases of parturition, such as par- 
turient fever, or puerperal septicaemia. This is a very frequent 
condition with ewes, attacking them more often than it does other 
species of mammalia. It is a troublesome and dangerous affection, 
sometimes proving fatal from mortification of the parts taking 
place, and very often leaving the udder in an enlarged, indur- 
ated condition, ruining the ewe for breeding purposes, necessi- 
tating her being fattened and sold for slaughter. 

Symptoms. 
As seen occurring following injuries or exposure, swelling 
of the gland or part of it, appears suddenly. This swelling is 
hard and tense; the secretion of milk is impaired, that which is 
secreted being frequently streaked with blood; in mild cases, the 
ewe suffers very little pain, and there is no perceptible fever. 
These conditions tend to make a favorable recovery, but in cases 
of septic infection, the symptoms are aggravated, the disease 
being prone to run a malignant course. The swelling generally 
commences at one of the teats, rapidly spreading to other portions 
of the gland. The swelled portion pits on pressure, having a 
doughy feeling; symptoms of fever are well marked; the ewe 
appears dull and off its feed; rumination is suspended; the pulse 
is quick and hard, all signs of systemic derangement being pres- 
ent. The skin of the udder is very red and, in severe cases, turns 
black, mortification setting in. The gangrenous portion of the 
gland commences to slough; the disease has a tendency to extend 
to the skin of the abdomen, simulating erysipelas; the affected 
ewe loses flesh rapidly; death may ensue from blood-poisoning. 
This malignant form of inflammation of the udder is generally 
considered to be contagious. Severe cases run a very rapid 
course, sometimes fatal terminations taking place in twenty-four 
hours after manifestation of the first signs of the trouble. 



PARTURITIOX AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL 337 

Where recovery takes place, the part of the udder which 
was affected is liable to remain in an indurated, scirrhus condi- 
tion, and even should this not be the case, the condition is liable 
to recur, making the ewe of little value to breed from. 

Creatmcnt. 

In all cases of garget, the lamb must be taken away and put 
to another ewe or raised on the bottle. The udder must be fre- 
quently bathed in warm water, using about two ounces of cook- 
ing soda in every quart of water. Between the fomentations 
dress the part with camphorated oil. Internally, in all cases ac- 
companied with high fever, aconite can be given with good re- 
sults. A full dose of Epsom salts should be given at commence- 
ment of treatment. 

"Where blood-poisoning is to be anticipated, quinine and iron 
will be found useful, and also fluid extract of poke-root, internally, 
given in half-teaspoonful doses every three hours, which often 
contributes materially in controlling the inflammation of the 
gland. 

If abscesses form, they must be opened and the contents 
evacuated, the after-treatment consisting in washing out the 
pockets with some antiseptic fluid and seeing that the parts are 
kept clean. Where gangrene sets in, the affected portion must be 
amputated. This can be done without danger of excessive hem- 
orrhage if the parts are incised inside of the line of demarkation. 
The edges of the wound should be dressed daily with oil of tur- 
pentine. 

Recovery from malignant attacks is a slow process. The 
ewe will generally "slip its fleece." This is of frequent occur- 
rence, however, following febrile conditions in sheep. 

Cracked Ccats. 

This is quite a common condition, which may be caused by 
the lamb pulling on an empty teat, or may be the result of infec- 



338 PAETURITION A^D DISEASES I^XIDENTAL. 

tion,as in aphtha, where the disease is transmitted from the month 
of the lamb to the ewe's udder, or may arise from a number of 
simple causes which it is unnecessary to enumerate here. 

Cracked teats, when not due to contagious affections and 
where the fissures are superficial, will, as a rule, readily yield to 
treatment. But where the fissures are deep and bleed readily 
they are extremely sensitive, and the ewe wall not permit the 
lamb to suckle. This condition then is liable to result in oblitera- 
tion of the duct, and may finally terminate in inflammation of 
the udder from the retention of its contents. 

treatment. 

Consists in drawing off the milk with milk tubes, and dress- 
ing the fissures with flexible collodion or glycerine and tannic 
acid. 

Take. Tannic acid grs. xx 

Glycerine 1 oz. 

Mix and apply to sores with a brush or feather. 

foundcf, following Lambing— parturient Laminitis. 

The causes leading up to this condition are not very well un- 
derstood. The symptoms are lameness due to inflammation bo- 
tween the claw^s, extending up to the coronets and heels. Cold 
applications appear to give more satisfactory results than hot. 
Internally aconite in small frequent doses combined with quin- 
ine, to which, if the pain seems excessive, opium may be added. 
A moderate dose of Epsom salts should be administered ; the ewe 
should be kept in comfortable quarters, and given light, laxative 
food. The secretion of milk is suppressed from the commence- 
ment of the attack, and the return of milk can be regarded as a 
sign for quick recovery. 



DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 339 

Diseases of the JVewly-Bom* 

Hspbixia. 

This is generally due to interrupted circulation in the um- 
bilical cord, from pressure on it in the passing of the foetus 
through the pelvis. 

Clean any secretion from round the nostrils; close the mouth 
and blow into the nostrils; should respiration be established, give 
a stimulant, or pour a few drops of brandy into the nostrils, place 
the lamb where it will be kept warm. 

Bleeding from the Umbilicus — Umbilical f)acmorvbagc. 

This comes, as a rule, from the cord being severed too close 
to the body. The application of styptics or astringents, such as 
nitrate of silver, or tannic acidj will as a rule, correct this condi- 
tion. 

Inflammation of tbc Umbilical Cord— Navel 111. 

This is a very serious and fatal affection, appearing to be of 
specific origin. It first appears as inflammation of the umbilical 
vein, but rapidly spreads to the adjoining tissues, t'^rm.inating in 
systemic blood-poisoning. 

This disease generally runs a malignant course, the inflam- 
mation rarely being confined to the umbilical vein. A clot forms 
at the umbilicus, which causes suppuration and the forming of a 
pervious opening or fistula. The inflammation ascends the um- 
bilical vein, as the clot enlarges and ascends, until the whole 
course of the vein as high up as the liver becomes affected, the 
trouble extending frequently to the portal and hepatic veins. 

Symptoms. 

The umbilical cord, instead of drying and withering up 
after birth of the lamb, remains moist and commences to swell, 
projecting from the navel slightly, feeling hard and unyielding, 



340 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORX. 

and ill size about the thickness of a common lead pencil. From: 
the center of the projection flows a thin, viscid fluid, which dues 
not possess any particular odor. The mere fact of the umbilicus 
presenting this appearance is evidence of the disease. 

The general symptoms are as follows: First notice the lamb 
to appear dull, assuming a recumbent position, rising with reluc- 
tance, and when made to rise, stands with the back arched, all 
four feet drawn together. The lamb will not care for the teat; 
appears to be suffering from a dull pain; the respirations are hur- 
ried, particularly so when septicaemia ensues. 

As the trouble progresses all the symptoms become aggravat- 
ed; the region around the navel commences to swell, and is pain- 
ful to the touch; the bowels which at first may have been consti- 
pated, become very loose, the discharges being offensive, which 
is nearly always the case in systemic blood-poisoning ; the urine is 
scanty and at times verv red in color; the visible mucous mem- 
branes become yellowish — an evidence of liver complication; 
swellings take place in various portions of tlie body, particularly 
around the hock joints. When these appear the subject shortly 

succumbs. 

Crcatment. 

This is mainly preventive, and as the cause is fairly well de- 
termined, and the preventive treatment being simple to use as 
well as effective, there is hardly any excuse for the occurrence 
of this fatal complaint. 

Cleanliness is the main preventive agent, adopting measures 
to prevent the freshly-severed umbilical cord of the newly-born 
lamb from coming in contact with filth or other material liable to 
harbor the germs of this disease. 

Direetlv, or as soon as possible after birth, anoint the fresh- 
Ij-severed cord with a solution of carbolic acid, or some other 
powerful antiseptic agent. If this is carefully followed out dur- 
ing the lambing season, there will be very few deaths from 
"navel-ill." 



DISEASES OF THE MEWLY-BORN. 341 

But when the disease has once obtained a foothold, its 
treatment will be found very difficult and unsatisfactory. Even 
when successful, recovery is tardy, the lamb taking a long time 
to mature and proving an unprofitable feeder. 

SjTinge out the opening of the umbilical vein with an anti- 
septic solution : 

Take. Acid salicylic 20 grains 

Acid carbolic 90 per cent, (sol.) . . . ^ drachm 

Water 2 ounces 

Mix. Use as an injection several times daily. 

Internally, those agents should be given which have a ten- 
dency to counteract blood-poisoning and support the system. 
Give the salicylate of soda in ten-grain doses every hour, alter- 
nated with fifteen minims of the tincture of iron (med). Feed 
skimmed milk warm, or fresh cow's milk diluted one-third with 
warm water. If the lamb will suck, give the teat. See that the 
ewe gets plenty of nourishing diet to eat. 

Where navel-ill breaks out as an epidemic, the flock should 
be moved to fresh pastures or lots, and care taken to treat each 
lamb as fast as it is dropped. 

Retention of the Meconium. 

The contents of the intestines of the foetus are called the 
meconium. They are as a rule voided immediately after the 
lamb is born. Should this not take place, however, means must 
be taken to insure the removal before ill-results appear. This is 
effected by oiling the anus with sweet oil, injecting a small quan- 
tity, or inserting therein a small piece of soap. If removal does 
not take place the lamb will show signs of pain, refuse to suck,, 
and after a few days of suffering will succumb from inflamma- 
tion of the bowels. 

Imperforate Hnus. 
Is a malformation, the rectum not being communicable with the 



342 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 

outside of the bouy. iSometimes the termination of the gut can 
be felt under the skin where the anus should be. In these cases 
an incision can be made and the end of the gut fished up and 
sewed to the edges of the incision. Success is doubtful, however. 
The cheapest and best method is the destruction of the 
lamb, as it otherwise would liave to linger and suffer, only ulti- 
mately to succumb. The same condition may exist in connection 
with the vagina, or the prepuce of the male. They are simply 
mentioned here as malformations, and not to advise any special 
treatment. 

Is also another mal-formation of young animals. It ic caused by 
the non-closure of the foramen ovale at the time of birth, which 
produces a mixed venous and arterial circulation — hence the 
name of "Cyanosis" — (blue disease), from the blue color of the 
mucous membranes. 

Xo cure. Death usually takes place in a short while after 
birth. 

8hiti Dryness. 

This is a condition when the lamb after being dropped, 
through neglect or inability of the ewe to reach it, becomes dry, 
the result being that the ewe does not recognize it as her off- 
spring, from its lacking some peculiarity which it seems to possess 
when wet with the amniotic fluid. 

This is frequently met with in young ewes with their first 
lambs, and it is a fact that smearing the lamb with the foetal 
membranes will cause the ewe to recognize and care for it. 

To make a ewe care for a strange lamb, something which is 
very frequently necessary in the lambing season, select a ewe 
which has just been delivered of a single lamb, rub the strange 
lamb against the fleece of the other while it is still wet and smear 
it freelv with the amniotio, fluid which flows from the uterus of 



DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BOEN. 343 

the ewe. Then present the lamb to the ewe, she will at once 
take care of it, bestowing the same amount of affection on the 
stranger as it accords to its own offspring. 

Hbortion. 

Is the expulsion of the foetus before it is sufficiently devel- 
oped to exist external to its parent. 

"Where the lamb is not carried the full term, but is suffi- 
ciently developed to exist for any length of time in the external 
world, it is said to be born prematurely. 

"When the foetus is dropped twenty days previous to its 
proper time or anywhere between the period of its first concep- 
tion and that time, the ewe is said to have aborted. 

Abortion may occur from several causes, such as climatic 
influences, cold rains, sudden changes in temperature, or from 
injurious ingredients in the food-supply, over-feeding on stimu- 
lating and easily digestible food, excessive drinking of cold 
water, partaking of certain herbs or eating corn-fodder which is 
mouldy or covered with smut. 

TJoses of purgative medicines often are responsible for abor- 
tion, as are injuries, sudden back slips, etc. Excitement or fear, 
such as the chasing of pregnant ewes by dogs; the forcible tup- 
ping of a pregnant ewe by a ram, neglect, starvation, and many 
similar causes, but last and the most serious of all, bacteria, 
which, on gaining access to the vagina of a pregnant animal, 
quickly cause this condition, and which we shall consider here 
under the head of 

Infectious Hbortion. 

This is now recognized as a separate and distinct affection, 
being due to the introduction of certain germs into the genital 
passages of the pregnant female, and while experiments and in- 
vestigations have all been conducted with a view to fix the 
specificity of this disease as occurring in cattle, without a doubt 



344 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 

the causes producing the condition in dairy cows are identical 
with those inducing the same affection in sheep. 

It has been conclusively proven that the introduction of a 
cow to a herd will often be followed by abortion of a number of 
the members composing the herd, that is to say, if the new-comer 
is from a herd where abortion has frequently taken place. 

It was also found that a bull which served cows that had 
aborted was liable to carry the infection to other previously 
healthy cows, with the consequence that while they would con- 
ceive and carry the foetus for a certain length of time, the ma- 
jority would abort, or be prematurely delivered about the seventh 
month of gestation. 

A Scotch commission, selected to enquire into the causes 
and devise methods for the prevention of abortion among dairy 
cows in Scotland, made a voluminous report in which the con- 
clusion was drawn that it was virtually a contagious affection, al- 
though they were unable to isolate the particular germ respon- 
sible for the trouble, but it was shown that the introduction of 
small quantities of the vaginal discharge from an aborting sub- 
ject into the vagina of a healthy pregnant cow would be invari- 
ably followed by abortion on the part of that animal. In fact it 
was only necessary to soil the posterior parts and tail of a healthy 
pregnant subject with the foetal membranes from an affected 
animal to shortly produce the same condition in the former. It 
was also apparent that the concagium was very active in the 
foetal membranes and tissues of the prematurely delivered calf, 
and that these being allowed to remain in the field or on compost 
heaps were a constant source of danger to pregnant animals. As 
has previously been stated, so far all experiments have been con- 
ducted to determine the nature of this affection among cattle — 
dairy cows in particular. Tke loss to the dairyman having as- 
sumed large proportions, the production of milk was seriously 
•curtailed by its ravages. While this condition among ewes has 



DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORX. 345 

not called for or been made the subject of special investigation, 
it must not be construed that the trouble does not affect them, 
but rather that the damage to the ewe flock from this disease has 
not yet been properly recognized, or assumed such proportions as 
it has among dairy cows. Abortion resulting from whatever 
causes manifests certain premonitory symptoms which will at 
once be noticed by the careful shepherd and place him on his 
guard to prevent the trouble if possible. 

Symptoms. 

The first noticeable symptom will be dullness and refusal to 
feed; the ewe bleats frequently and appears very uneasy. 
Should these first premonitory symptoms pass unnoticed, no 
effort being made to alleviate them by proper treatment, all the 
signs become aggravated, labor pains set in, and in the course of 
from six to twelve houi's abortion takes place. Cases of abortion 
arising from accident, fear or improper food, etc., are usually 
manifested by the premonitory signs ah-jady described; while in 
cases due to infection there is apparently little if any warning. 
The ewe 'i ludder-.y ^eized with labor pa'ns, delivery shortly fol- 
lowing. 

Abortion in ewes is very liable to be followed by inversion 
of the uterus or vagina, or both. Where the foetus is dead be- 
fore delivery, the placenta is very liable to precede its expulsion, 
and in these cases inversion of the uterus is frequently met with. 
In cases of abortion due to infection from septic material, the 
foetus is generally born dead, the foetal :i/i?mbranes showing 
mr rked evidence of being diseased. 

Crcatmcnt. 

This is both preventive and curative. When abortion oc^ 
curs in a flock of ewes and several are affected, it is always proper 
to move the flock to fresh pastures, being careful to separate the 
ewes which have already aborted from the balance of the flock. 



346 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 

The cause must diligently be sought for and removed if possible. 
For instance, if the season has been wet and cold it is well to sub- 
stitute at once dry food and to move the flock to high ground 
where the herbage is shorter and less succulent. Ewes which 
have been subjected to excitement and fear, and show signs of 
abortion, should be placed in quiet quarters and given some nerve 
sedative, such as chloroform, opium, or viburnum prunifolium 
(the black cohosh which is given with very satisfactory results 
in these conditions), and can be given in teaspoonful doses in 
the form of the fluid extract, or an infusion of the crude drug 
can be made and two ounces given to such of the ewes as mani- 
fest symptoms of abortion. 

In all cases of abortion, whether due to infection or other 
causes, the dead foetus and its membranes should at once be de- 
stroyed, and not left in the pasture where other pregnant females 
may come in contact with them. The flock-owner must exhibit 
great caution and should on no account handle any other healthy 
members of the flock after attending to an ewe during abortion, 
as he can readily carry the infection, which is liable to spread 
like wild-fire through the whole ewe flock. 

Following abortion in ewes where the foetal membranes are 
retained the following will, as a rule, cause their expulsion. 

Take. Laurel berries, powdered 2 ounces 

Fennel, powdered , . . 1 ounce 

Bi-carbonate of soda 2 ounces 

Infuse in two quarts of water, giving eight ounces as one 
dose, repeating in six hours time if necessary. This mixture is 
highly recommended by Zundel, who claims that it proves 
efficacious in nearly every instance. 

In small flocks of ewes where infectious abortion is to be 
feared wash the vulva and base of the tail with an antiseptic 
solution such as a five per cent, watery solution of carbolic acid. 
This is an effectual preventive. In these cases it is well to in- 



DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 347 

ject a small portion of the solution into the vagina. ^ This treat- 
ment, however, would only be practicable in small flocks, where 
the value of the animals would warrant individual treatment. 
In all cases of threatened abortion the ewe should at once be re- 
moved from the flock and should be isolated therefrom for a 
period of at least ten days. Abortion frequently takes place 
where the ram has been overworked, having too many ewes 
to serve, in which event there seems to be a disposition to 
weakness on the part of the foetus, which prohibits its being car- 
ried the full term. This can be rectified by limiting the number 
of ewes to the ram — a matter which every careful shepherd 
gives attention to. Ewes in lamb should not be fed on excessive 
quantities of watery foodstuffs Roots, such as turnips, especial- 
ly should be fed sparingly. The management of pregnant ewes 
calls for close attention and care on the part of the flock-owner, 
which will be more than compensated for in percentage of lambs, 
besides materially reducing the amount of losses to the ewes 
themselves during the lambing season. 



CHAPTER XX. 



jMedtcinal treatment in General. 



Hgcnts Used, Cbcir "Cbcrapcuttc Hctions and Doses. 

The medicinal treatment of sheep, when applied to a whole 
flock, differs to a certain extent from that used in the treatmeiifc 
of the individual members of a flock, in that when a disease 
breaks out in a herd, requiring that all the members or a large 
number of them be subjected to the actions of remedial agents, 
we find it impracticable to use drugs, which, however much they 
may be indicated, possess a nauseous taste, or properties prevent- 
ing them from being exhibited in the food. To overcome this 
difficulty the practitioner or flock-owner has to chiefly rely on 
hygiene, combined with the presence of simple tonic agents ad- 
ministered in the food or drinking water, several such prescrip- 
tions being inserted for their guidance in the part of this work 
describing disease. Hov/ever, in the treatment of small num- 
bers, where each animal can be caught separately and the agents 
administered, by far the most satisfactory results will be obtain- 
ed, as the animal then will receive just the required amount of 
the drug or drugs to obtain the desired systemic effect. Medi- 
cines which when taken in quantity (as would have to be the case 
in wholesale prescribing) are violent poisons, become invaluable 
aids to restore normal healthy conditions when given in 
correct doses. So in prescribing for large numbers of animals, 
where we have to rely on what each individual member will con- 
sume along with its food and water, we are at once placed at a 
disadvantage, as the only medicines suitable for such prescrip- 



MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 349 

tions are necessarily not of the kind suitable lor grave systemic 
derangements. To combat this disadvantage, as above stated, 
hygiene must be relied on. This cannot be too strongly enforced 
on the minds of the flock-owner. For instance, in cases of foot- 
rot, remove the flock to high, well-drained ground, where the sur- 
roundings are dry. This, in connection with the treatment pre- 
scribed in this work, will effect a speedy cure, but to give foot- 
baths, etc., and leave the animals in the same locality will not be 
attended with the degree of success sought after. In medicinal 
treatment it is well to remember that in the animal economy 
there resides to a great extent what is termed "vis medicatrix 
naturae," (power of nature to cure itself), and that medicinal 
agents are only useful in so far as they assist that power, and 
that animals are frequently injured or recovery retarded or per- 
haps the sheep are killed outright by the promiscuous adminis- 
tration of drugs. Xo agent should be given without the party 
administering the same knowing just what he is giving, what re- 
sults he expects to obtain from the drug and in what manner it is 
supposed to act, and finally, the correct dose for the subject to 
which it is to be given. This is a fundamental rule in prescrib- 
ing medicine. If you would be successful in treating your flock 
in disease, study their wants and desires when in health. . Re- 
member for sick animals no dosing is far and away preferable to 
the ignorant use of powerful drugs or nauseous concoctions com- 
pounded by ignorant and bigoted quacks, who consider that the 
filthier the agent is which they prescribe the more salutary will 
he its effects. "When in doubt what to use, call in someone who 
is qualified by his education and experience to prescribe. Use 
what he tells you, and don't follow the advice of every loud- 
mouthed empiric, who is generally talking for effect, but when 
put to trial lacks knowledge of even the simple necessaries per- 
taining to the treatment of disease. 



350 MEDICIINAL TKEATMENT IN GENEKAL. 

Medicinal Hgcnts. 

Are substances liquid, solid or gaseous, which are adminis- 
tered with a view to their exerting some particular effect on the 
animal economy by which changes incidental to a perversion of 
normal conditions arising from any cause whatsoever may be 
overcome and the subject restored to health. 

By the therapeutic action of a medicine, we mean 
the result obtained on the system from the amount of a certain 
drug necessary to alleviate or cure disease. By the physiological 
action of a drug, we mean that action obtained on the system by 
a drug which is the same both in health and disease. 

The following columns describing the therapeutics of the 
common drugs used, doses and also a certain number of prescrip- 
tions, are not written so much for the use of the veterinarian, 
who by his education is specially fitted to know what agents are 
indicated and how to combine them t# meet certain conditions^ 
but for the sheep-owner, who can refer to them for guidance, the 
matter being written in plain language without Latin terms, or 
abbreviations, so that it can readily be understood, a slight 
definition of certain terms describing the medicinal actions of the 
drugs being all that will be necessary. 

Hstringents. 

Agents which cause a contraction of the tissues. 

Hltcrativcs. 

Drugs which by their modification of the nutrition over- 
come certain pathological conditions, permitting the parts to re- 
turn to a healthy condition. 

Htiti-Spasmodics. 

Are feeble cerebral stimulants, which by their action on the 
nerve-centers increase their tone, thus overcoming minor spasms 
and nervous conditions. 



MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 351 

Agents which cause a temporary loss of sensation. There 
are two classes of anaesthetics: (1) Local; (2) General. 

(1) Local, where the agent being applied to the body pro- 
duces anaesthesia only at the seat of application. 

(2) General. These produce a general condition of 
anaesthesia to the whole system. They are administered by in- 
lialation. 

Hntbclmintics. 

Drugs which either destroy or expel intestinal worms. 

Hnt-Hcids. 

Alkalies which, by their chemical action in the system, 
counteract excessive gastro-intestinal acidity. 

Hnodytics. 

Drugs which by their power to diminish excitability of 
nerves or nerve centers, overcome the sensation called pain. 

3titxseptic9. 

Agents which prevent the development of bacilli or spores, 
causing a condition of septic decomposition. 

Cathartics. 

Are agents which stimulate the action of the bowels, caus- 
ing an increased flow of fluids to the parts. Of these there are 
three classes. 

(1) Laxatives. 

(2) Purgatives. 

(3) Drastics. 

A laxative, causes a mild action. Purgative, a slightly 
stronger. While a drastic causes a severe purgation. 

(Swlphur. 

Laxatives (Epsom salts. 

(Cascara segrada. 



352 MEDICINAL TEEATMEXT IX GENERAL. 

(Senna. 
(Castor oil. 

Purgatives (Epsom salts. 

(Jalap. 
(Aloes. 

(Croton oil. 

Drastics (Gamboge. 

(Colocynth. 

Carminatives. 

Are agents which facilitate the expulsion of gases from the- 
stomach or bowels. 

Cholagogues. 

Agents which cause a removal of bile from the intestinal 
canal, by exciting the bowel movements. 

Diuretics. 

Medicines which increase the secretion of urine. 

Diaphoretics. 

Are drugs which by their action on the glands of the skin^ 
increase its secretory functions, producing perspiration. 

Rj'pnotics. 

Agents which, by their action on the system, induce sleep 
withoat causing ;^revious cerebral excitement. 

Vermifuges. 

Are agents which remove parasites from the bowels hj me- 
chanical action, the parasites not necessarily being killed in the 
process of removal. 

Vermicides. 

Agents which destroy intestinal parasites. 



MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 353 

Monies. 

Are medicines which produce a permanent though scarcely 
perceptible excitement of all the vital functions. 
Dose for the dbeep and Lamb. 

Has been arbitrarily set down in the following pages. 
That of the sheep being close to the maximum amount to be ad- 
ministered in any one dose. 

That for the lamb being the amount safe to administer to 
the young animal of three to four months of age. However the 
flock-owner must use judgment and grade his dose in accordance 
with the age and size of the individual animal to which the medi- 
cine is to be given, as no hard and fast rule can be laid down in 
this regard. All the doses given, except when otherwise stated, 
are for the amount called for of the crude drug. The more con- 
venient form in which to administer medicine is that of the fluid 
extract, the doses for which being exactly the same as those of 
the crude drug, prevents mistakes being made as regards the 
required amounts. 

Fluid measure: 

60 minims 1 drachm. 

8 drachms 1 ounce. 

16 ounces 1 pint. 

2 pints 1 quart. 

4 quarts 1 gallon. 

Weight measure: 

20 grains 1 scruple. 

3 scruples, 60 grains 1 drachm. 

8 drachms 1 ounce. 

12 ounces 1 pound. 

S)Tnbols : 

m stands for minim 

dr drachm 

oz ounce 



354 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



I 
1 

C5 


Must be freely diluted Avhen given in- 
ternally. Vinegar, which is dilute 
acetic acid, is best for internal use. 




Forms the basis of many patent sheep 
di])s. As given internallj' it is use- 
ful in rinde pest, anthrax,' etc. 


Internally it has been used in tetanus 
(lock jaw), with beneficial results. 
Externally, mixed w ith water and 
I)otash, it allays itching. 
Take: Liquor potasse 1 dram. 

Prussic acid X'di'ani. 

Aqua 1 pint. 

Mix. Apply, being careful the skin 
is not abraded. 




It is commonly combined with other 
drugs, being used as a vehicle for 
their active principles. 




< 




■A 
co' 

a 


IS 


> 


> 


3 






t 


y. 

% 


y. 


•A 


o 


1— 1 

i pi- 
1 < 
1 tf 
1 w 



CO 

p 
. <l) 

ii a 
^^ 

af O 

CC 73 
fc- c> 

F' 50 

^o 
•r 4) 
^ =P 

p 3 

?^ a 

u 

p 


P 
+j 

5 

a 

Oi 

as 

S 

O 

aj 
fcc 

_p 

.5 


Internally it is antiseptic; used to 
prevent the multiplication of or- 
ganisms in the blood. p]xternally 
it is used as a parasiticide and dis- 
infectant. 


Paralyses the ends of sensory nerves, 
and allays irritation when applied 
externally. Internally it is a car- 
diac depressant. 


Heduces temperature, lowers pulse 
beats, relieves pain. It is useful in 
peritonitis or other acute inflam- 
matory conditions. 


Stimulant. Useful in colic and ab- 
dominal pains, equalizes irregular 
circulation in chills; is benefici;il 
in Inmbing if followed by chills. 


C 

i 
i 


\ 


Acetic Acid. 


P 

+-1 

aj 


Acid Carbolic. 


1:1 

P'O 
•~^ Ol 






i 

p 

in 




o 
o 

< 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



355 





oT • 

* % 
fcc ■= 
a 
a '- 

g 
o 

-a" 
ij 

a 

C^ X 

S o 

rt X — 

3 eS < 


oc 

a 
c 

a 


c 

a 

a 
O 


OD 

0) 
X 

O 
rc 

a 

.i 

e5E 

aj a 

d X 

a- ;- 








lO 
Q 


X 

< 


OD 

o 


O 








OB 

o 

«3 


o 

r-l 


OD 

U 

CO 


x' 

3 

u 


o 

1— ( 

< 


Stimulant and tonic combined with 
Buch remedies as gentian, etc. 


Cathartic and purgative; not Cer- 
tain in its effect on slieej). It is 
useful, however, in indigestion, 
also inflammatory conditions, and 
is best given combined with 
salines, gamboge or croton oil. 


Is given as an astringent, in cases 
of diarrhoea, or applied externally 
to prevent bleeding, etc. 


Taeniacide and vermifuge. Especial- 
ly recommended in cases of tape- 
worm; it is not superior to male 
shield fern, however. 


1 

\ 
1 

c 

i 


3 
3 

H 
3 


_i| 








OD 

< 


3 
< 


3 

% 
< 



356 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



REMARKS. 


Is recommended in the first stages of 
pneumonia. It is supposed to stim- 
ulate the cutaneous circulation. 


Arsenic forms the basis of many pois- 
onous sheep dips, which, at the pres- 
ent time, when non-poisonous equal- 
ly as efficient preparations are to be 
had, are dangerous and unprofitable. 
Used in a watery solution, however, 
in shallow troughs, combined with 
carbonateof potash, it provesagood 
agent for the treatment of foot-rot. 




If a solution is desired, mix with an 
equal quantity of compound tincture 
of myrrh; water decomposes it. 


Belladonna is fi-eciuently added to lin- 
iments and ointment, on account of 
its soothing effect. It is also useful 
in eye surgery, the alkaloid being the 
form used. 


i 
I 

IC 
1 


CQ 


a 
t 


Powder, 

Solution, 
Yi dram. 


X 

to 

•A 




1 

•A 


c! 
u 
[£ 

M 


X 

a 


Powder, 
2 grs. 

Solution, 
2 drams. 


1 dram. 


s a 
t^ a 


a 


THERAPEUTICS. 


Quickens the circulation, stimulates 
desire to urinate. Used externally 
to relieve inflammation in sprains, 
etc. 


Is given as a tonic, combined with 
opium and ant-acids. It is useful 
in cases of imperfect digestion 
with diarrhoea. Externally it is 
used for foot rot, etc. 


Carminative, mild stimulant; it is 
also useful in cases of constipa- 
tion, combined with aloes or salts. 


Caustic; useful in foot-rot. Diseased 
surface to be paretl off and dressed 
once or twice a week with the 
agent. 


I« useful in catarrh, sore throat, 
pneumonia, bronchitis, or where- 
ever there is an excessive mucous 
secretion to be counteracted. 


1 

c 
1 I 

1 


J 

J 


3 

a -^ 


Arsenic, 

(Fowler's 
Solutioa of) 


s 
1 


•Antimony, 

(Bntyrof) 


Belladonna, 
( Fluid extract) 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



357 



'i OS 

< 


Friar's balsam, the compound tinct 
lire of benzoin, is a splendid applica 
tion for wounds, ulcers and sores o 
any descrii)tion. 


As a vehicle to apply, ia conjunction 
with other agents, benzoated lard 
has much to commend it. 
Take: Tannic acid 1 dram 


£ 

O 
11 


N 

c: 
o: 


Benzoated lard.... 2 ozs. 
Mix. As an application to sores, oi 
for the maggot it will be found un- 
excelled. 


5 

3 ^ 

la 

i? 

.3:3 

■X -^ 

^3 

*5 


Take: Linseed oil 1 pint. 

Spts. turi)entine 2 ozs. 

Add slowly sulp- 
huric acid 6 drams. 

Leave bottle uncorked until chem- 
ical action subsides. This is a useful 
prej)aration for foot-rot. 


1 


< 


X 

X 




x 

> 






r-l 








THERAPEUTICS. 


Is a mild stimulant, and is useful in 
pneumonia and bronchitis com- 
bined with other remedies. 


X 

C 

X 

+i 

s 

Cl. 4. 
^■= 

o ^ 
ge 

3 


Internally in gastric diarrho'a of 
lambs. 


X 

.'- 

t' 'z 

X X 


1 




a 

"5 

M 

a 


O 






- 


1 


x' 

_2 







358 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



of 

PC 

PS 




In ointment form, combined with other 
ingredients, it makes a valuable an- 
tiseptic application for wounds. 


c 

X 

K 

c 


■J 

= 
,c 

a 


Mix. Makes a useful application to 
allay itching in skin affections, and is 
also a servicealile douche to be inject- 
ed after prolonged and difficult par- 
turition, where antisepsis is desired. 


X 
O) 
X 

03 
o 

3 

X 

3 . 

o) ;3 
> c 

•^ o 

X 

Oj 

be 
a 
o 
i) 

"a! 

X 




Is prescribed in cases of nervous excit- 
ability, to ward off fits of epilepsy, 
and to promote sleep. 




It is used in diarrhoea, combined with 
other agents; also to relieve bron- 
cliial irritation. Dissolved in oil, or 
j)ut up in ointment form inbenzoated 
lard, it will i)revent attacks of the fly. 


In eversion of the rectum, frequently 
observed in sheep suffering from an 
atonic condition of the lower bowel, 
a Buppositoi-y of caco butter and 
cannabis indica, after the protnsion 
hasbeen reduced, will effect beneficial 
results. 


i 

o 

i 
1 


< 




x 

> 


'fi 

> 


5 




X 

So 




X 

bo 


X 




5 

o 

1) 

.3 


X 

•■~ 
> 


x 

So 


o 

r-l 




r-l 


a' 
1 

CD 


t 

T5 


X 

•A 
y< 


02 

Oh 


s 

>, 

"a 
a 

u 

0) 

0/ - 

■-5 

& 

Ol 
X 

+J 

3 


Valuable antiseptic, useful in sore 
mouths, used as a wash. .\lso 
given internally in cases of gastric 
irritation. 


-i-j 

a 

a 
'■5 




6 
> 

eg 

> 

aj 


15 

X 

'C 
a> . 

X ~ 

2 >-. 

c 

O 'x 

1 


aJ 
+3 

s 

5 

3 

X 

+-) 

X 

CO 

C 


i . 

>— X 

. a 
|l 

X •— 

S 

1! 

5 i 

3 ^ 
3 .5 

F a 

1 a 
< 





7 
5 


3 
O 
-u 

X 
OJ 
3 


03 
'o 

o 


X 








aj 

c 

X 


e« 'X 

:2 o 


a" 

CO 
a; 

ca 

u 
CO 

cS 

"5 


3 
c 

g 

3 


03 ^ 

1 3 

3 « 

3 a 

03 3 

a ;= 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



359 




fee 



u E.o 
i 3 '+3 
'~ "S ^ 
O C iC 

IP 

C a; +3 . 

^ ^ t: 8< 
^ Of r oi 



lis 

5 X «= 

o^ £ 
^ ^ 2 

0-- ^ 
'"^ c 

5 ?• cu 

ci 4i .S 

a as 



o 

S CD 



1^ >-. 



C CO 'E IE '/. r^ 

CC N N N N O 

C O O O O r< 

■^ VN\»iXN;0 CD 



5r, aJHS 



rSi'O JU 






. o 

i£! OJ Q, tl 



O 2 ^ 

S-? _ 

•5^^ jP-t CD 

C^ e3 J •— ►^ — 



2 'Sj 



S E^i-^ 



^ 



!J0 CJ K o 



B ^ ; t« ^Z 






2 -If 5 

3 5 '^ 



O; g 



>^ 



O o3 
03 .2 



<U T. ZJ 

-2 >--^ . 



+i to 



w 



he 



a 
a i * 
^ '-1 ;^ 

CO +J^ 

5 c 






p. o 



? oj S 

§■= « • - 

%£.'" ^ P 

cc c S^ o-^ 

C3 i^ C "^-^ 

S -, oj &C oj 

TO p 00 s X 

a: I' ..O ^, O 



05 • — 

o 5 



•^'§ 



IC 






5 OB 



■^ cot; t^ 



r 'O c3 o 
S ^ it*^ 

TO n- 1- 

* O i 

a o ^ 0^ 

cc '-M .t: 'H 
jj * > a 
+j a* P oi 

s 5 o 'S 

'^ C H !E 

■£- §^ 

■"aa5-S 
c > a> i^ 



S i.a 






s 


C 






a> 


fp 




a; 


C 






a 




o 


+j 


c 


C3 





IE 4, 

'c S 

■^ 5 

a ^ 

^ a . 

s ?; «^ 

N .— a 



'a 2 

fee ^ a 
a .5 « 



QD QO ^ 

a ^ a 



^ S 

0-; 



a-'-' 

I O 4) 

. t- — 






360 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



■< 




To relieve pain it is combined with 
oi)ium or morphine and belladonna. 
It is useful in severe cases of jjarturi- 
tion. 


1 

a 


Administered in syrup or mucilagin- 
ous gruel, to avoid scalding the 
mouth. When administered as an 
aufesthetic it is inhaled, requiring 
about 1 oz. to produce complete an- 
aesthesia. 


To be well diluted with water, on ac- 
count of its cauterizing effect on the 
buccal mucous membrane. 


Useful in cases of diarih(ea and dys- 
entery. 


CO 

c. 




3 

'a 


3 


X 

o 




X 


i><i 

X 

« 


B 


X 

a 

cS 
•O 
(M 


X 

a 

a 


X 
N 

o 


1^ 


•r. 

y. 


a 1 

cS 
rH 


o 

H 

P 
K 

< 
pi 

K 


3 
"3 

a 

X 

3 

's 




Quiets irritability, causes sleep. 
Combined with bromide of potas- 
sium it is used in inflammation of 
the brain. 


of 

b 
1 

X 

Oj 
X 

X 



OJ 


H 

^^ 

X _ 

= 3 

"5 .'id 
3 -5 

o o 

a a 

X 

'^ X 

^■i 

3 ^ 

If 


3 X 

->^ 3 

3 

3 "Xj 

o 

3^ 

3 ■" 

3 t; 

X _3 
^1 

s 


Is a combination of drugs contain- 
ing chloroform, Indian hemp, mor- 
])hine, tincture of capsicum, prus- 
sic acid, aconite, hyoscamus, oil 
of peppermint, hydrochloric acia, 
and simple syrup. 




3 
3 


■i 

as 
P5 

=3 

d 




c 

u 

o 

1 




aj 

^ a 

3 3 
§-< 


1 

i ' 1 

3 1 
1 ■ 1 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



361 



c = 

CC — tc 

^ t. fj 



o 

CO a 

o - (u 5 
=J i 0- cd 

•^■^ ^ 



pj 3 



c; 3- S =° 
P ^ ^ J 






P. QQ 



5 i - t- .i F^ 



C S f .. 

o X 9 

o 3 cd o 

5 CCT3.P 

!- -2 o ^ 

S OJ CC 3 

_ 0) & 

S ctf ;< C 



^TS' 



2 S — 



^ . 

f i 

• - 5 

a: 1^ 

i: o 

5 ■/! 
^ X 

ss 

•" a 

C :d 



<a 



c - =* S 

f-i O - O 

o a ^ 

c s- 5 > 

S Qj o - 






a^ 



X 






cw Ol » ra 
0:= i'x 

*-' "^ fe 
so. 2 



.9 cs g 

<a 1^ o 



4^ 


1 


aj 


Tl 


u 


—1 


.c 




0/ 









P 








oT 


,0 


01 




c 




>, 


^' 


p 


7^ 


^ 


p 


^ 


.J3 




.=; 


f» 


OD 


■73 





£ 




p. 


p 


p 


n< 



^ S aj 4; 



X 3 X _^ 



a 9^ 



3 0;^-P 


ri 




c 



Oj X .0^ 


p cd X +; 


^^ 


0^ '— cs 




tj3 _ B Cb 


0) 


fl p - 


c 






'"' 





P o 
c 



Sr3 



3 P '-•" 

a) S-C-^ 



01 



ca 



X 



01.^ ■- j: r-: 

o =^ tj = £ 

5^ •- r -p" 3 

r -^ .p - a 

^ p " X a 

X P a; a 

= i: S s= - 

p'S^ 2 =i r 

_:; !E _ ,-, 

S^ +j a O 

-- -Mi-4 O a 



«3 

a 

I ° 



*2 



p. 


a 


X 







X 






O) 

.a 





-M 


Tl 




u 




1> 




a 


R 


n 


cS 





aT h'S -S 

g O X § 
aj 11 j]J S 

« ? a!.a 
P 03 " fc- 

^ « -^ "^ 
+^■33 *-> 

.- X 'O O 

^ = 2 - =0 

S ^^ i'S 



362 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



ii "^ . • « X rj <r- 



s t;--^ '/■ = 






« o I* .9 '£ 



n 
o 

CO " a 



O o^ _ 

o a g 

ft o 



u 4^;:^ X 



§^ 



— • =— X ■" 






3 Q, a» 
=- c^i <*• o 



■'• "• li 

c S c 

£ u u 
•-•o'a' 






i2 c:L,t^ ;> 









.9.9 

, eg 
0) a- • 

M2 ft >-. 
O 41 t- 



Oi 



o S 



M '^ •-' 






S 5 S 



^■^^ c 

■^.9 O £ 
aj X ^ 

rS X ''^ *" 

^ ^ '-^ ■£ 

a >j o 

cS -— ' , ei 

^ X X 

> X o •" 
•— s •'- a 

"t^ 0* "t^ •"■ 

5 w cs'i; 



a T3 t- 

g aj 03 



.2 feJJc 



CC cS *> Sh 

ft.^ -p u 

X c r <* 

^ % <A 

_a *- S ^ 

_« be fl 

"3 41 a "" 

Si S f' I* 
X o oj 

2 cj c3 0) 

1-5 Ox 

•3 -^ +-' >> . 
i ° o fee ^ ^ 

a jri a X o) 

,2|-^§x 

! p ? o ;> '-C 



-" o a a_ ^ 
X a 



O X 

t< — 

OJU X 

i = 



CO 



a P A 



O 
O 

br-i_ 
X ^ i a ^- 



a- 



" ft CC ti. 



-M CS 

a 



c 



+j a 
TS'x- s^ 

^-a|^ 
a * o 

ox).^ g a 

H Cij O) Oj 

^ S ft a 



CO Qj 



ri 3 *" 
5- S - 



5 ^-i 



a <- 

COT 



C O ? 

g X «^ 

+^ 5S >-' 

■M ^ 4, 

a 3 +j 

S « ?y 



^, 



*-" X o a.i 



f^ a 
t3 -p a 

g S 5 

1) rt 3 

05 CO 
oil %, iJ 

sib 
S^ft^ 

-^ X 

•- oi'a 



33 

1 t- X 

'— I' 
ra X 

a o 

Cfl-O 

,^ « 

X 3 
PT, 



+^ co.t: 

S =^ S 
^xi ce 
a 0) ft 
3 X "^ 

.9 ==-r^ 

X — a 
03 3 +j 

- X 



O £ 



4< 'X, 



S (<! t) 

X 

■.Z 4' ft 
*J > Oi 

o; :— X . 
a T5 a, 

£ «^ "St: 

OX3 " 



a:s 

c3 '^^ 



a 



CJ 



MEDICINAL AGEi'fTS. 



363 



1 


After expulsion of intestinal worms iu 
sheep it is advisable to feed them 
condition powders in the feed, con- 
taining sulphate of iron. Or in the 
case of individual animals whose 
value warrant particular care, the 
following will be found to be an ex- 
cellent tonic. 

Take: Tincture of the chlor- 
ide of ii-on 1 OZ- 


X 

a 
a 

o 
> 

3 

^. i 


Water enough to make 4 ozs. 
in all. 
Dose — 1 tablespoonful, in 4 ozs. of 
water, twice daily, after being fed 
grain. 






Dose given is that of the extract, 
(solid.) 




o 

i 


a 


X 

be 






a 
t 

-3 


bo 


02 


X 

be 
y. 

•A 






4 drauis. 


X 

bii 
> 

X 


1 
c 


c 

J 

Q 
U 

d 


internally it is a haeraatinic tonic 
and astringent, useful in aniemic 
conditions. It improves the ap- 
petite and exerts a good effect in 
cases of diarrhoea due to a general 
atonic condition. Kxternally it is 
an astringent, styptic and a good 
antiseptic agent. 


Asa substitute for linseed oil in lin- 
iments, etc.; external use only. 


u 
'r 

cS 
>j 

p 

^^ 

Oi 
1) 

zr. 


A mild hepatic stimulant, blood 
purifier and tonic; not so good as 
gentian or golden seal. 


3 
cS 

+3 

3 

a 

a .. 

X -tJ 

c3.2 

.3 

a 
is 

o 




^ 


Copperas. 

(Sulphate 
of Iron.) 






5 

a 
o 


Cyanide of 

Potassium. 


Dandelion. 
(Taraxacum). 





364 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



1 
I xA 


A Dovers' powder will frecpiently be 
found to afford relief in cases of pro- 
longed diarrhcea. 


In cases of fardel-bound, epsom salts 
combined with other agents, is fre- 
quently prescribed. 

Take: Epsom salts 4 oz. 

Fl. ext. nux vomica... xxx gtts. 
Ammonia carbonate. .xxx grs. 

Tincture of ginger 1 dram. 

Water 1 itt 


(live as one dose, administering it 
slowly, to prevent as far as possible 
its entrance into the first stomach or 
rumen. 




Chills, and shiveiing fits, the premon- 
itory signs of disease, are fre(|uently 
checked, by a full dose of suli)huric 
ether, combined with aromatic spir- 
its of ammonia and water. 


1 




X 

fcc 


aj 

N 

o 




X 

a 

03 
c 


13 

a 
UI 


1 dram. 


X 

O 


1 dram. 


00 

a 

03 
u 


a: 

H 

W 

1 -^ 
1 ^ 


Composed of ipecacuhana, opium 
and potassium sulphate. It is a 
diaphoretic, and expectorant, it 
is useful in bronchitis and the first 
stage of pneumonia. 


A valuable and frequently used pur- 
gative, its use is indicated in cases 
of indigestion, impaction of the 
Ist and 8rd stomachs; it causes 
an excessive, secretion of waterly 
mucus from the walls of the 
bowels, which clears them of undi- 
gested, fermenting food material, 
the presence of which is an irritant, 
frequently being the cause of di- 
arrhoea. 


Used in cases of protracted labor, to 
induceand strengthen labor pains. 
Following parturition, if the 
uterus fails to contract, or flood- 
ing ensues, its use is indicated. 


Internfilly, diluted with water, it is 
an effectual cnrminative, it checks 
gastric fermentation, and controls 
flatulence, it being particularly 
indicated in blasting or hoven. 
It is also a strong diffusible stini 
ulant. 


g 


) 


O 
^^ 
u 

> 
o 


X 

m 

a 

o 

X 






o 

'A 


Ether. 

(Sulphui-ic 
Ether.) 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



365 



>. o d if 

c*- o o 

«~ =.2 

— oo — , 



a" 
03 



o o 
P.5.S •- 

U ^ •fr'O . 

"^ -t^ o !-ii 

O s_ — TT 
■w n tc K a 

X £ I 2 2 
■S^ o 9 



550 

iil . 

2 OC ^ OD 

fl.S^ O 
— ^■^^ 

^ O § ^ 
J! « .^ 






O o 



OD C S j; 

a cs eg 5 

'" s 

o 



cd 






2? 









rt OJ a 

.S c o 

X 



O) x 



CEcc£ 



■5 ^ 






00 C^l -t -). -J, M ^ 



+j 4J a 



•1=3 
^ Si 
X '^ . 

EC ^ .3 



C O . 



^ss^c-s 



^13 



'O ^ c ?^ ^ 



S --^ " a * a 
o 3 Q .a J ." 



o , 

9j 'O 



Oj ^ 



OD ^ 






J5 


03 


H 


a 

u 


P 






rU 


.3 


-< 


-^3 




0) 




m 


^ 


a 










E-i 






o 

a 



« ^ IS t-i 

-M aj a X 
cS OC O o -^ 
o t- "3 ^ •" 

cd cj a fcc 
-g CO c a 

0) X w -jii 'x 
bJO "t: r * 

O ^S i « 

bC h X ^ ^ 

^' is bf 2 "f* .2 

X ^ o ^^ 

gg.a? 



«=-: 



^ ^ CO a 



a a 



O 0) 

.a 
dj +^ 
au- 
o o 

.-a 

.i! a 
a =d 
o 3 



'£= a o 

iat.S.2 ^ 

aj 0/ X +; 

-H> X be ? 

X 2 "S 
0- a -d 



r- O ■— X 



= a 



C cd 

X ^ _a 
a iD 3 



?; C a, - ^^ 
S 2 rt a S 






be 

o 

X3 



o 



366 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



\ 

i 

< 

a 








Used as an astringent dressing to 
wounds, etc. , it can be used internally 
but has nothing to specially com- 
mend it above lead acetate. 


Active purgative. 

Take: Hogs' lard 4 ozs. 

Croton oil 5 minims. 

Heat till lard just melts, give as one 
dose. 




rfl 

o 

1 


P. 

< 
h3 


a 














a 

C8 


00 

a 

73 






oc 

o 




►—1 
H 

R 

1 ^ 

1 s; 

H 

1 


Aromatic stimulant, carminative 
and stomachic, given in conjunc- 
tion with purgatives it lessens 
their tendency to gripe. 


Internally, it is a laxative, given 
with castor-oil, it increases the 
activity of that agent. Used exter- 
nally it composes the basis of many 
lotions, etc., and is a useful vehicle 
for carbolic acid, etc. 


a 

s 

'S 
o 
w. 

°o 

ce 
_£< 

Xfl 
o; 

0) 


A preparation of the acetate of lead, 
and the oxide, boiled for a certain 
l)eriod of time, then filtered, and 
the original amount of water 
made good. 


Used as a base for medicinal agents, 
where it is desirable to use them 
in ointment form. Internally, it 
is sometimes given warm as a 
laxative, or combined with other 
medecines for a purgative. 


'a 
'S 

00 

S 

Li 
P-i 

<D 

02 


1 c 

r 


5 
J 


u 

<v 
be 

e 

'6 


6 

.a 
>^ 

5 


m 

Xfl 

u 

a> 

3 
OS 

5 


cd 

00 b 

? -A 
"5 


as 

00 

'bC 
O 

X 






Is 

'73 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



367 



REMARKS. 


Hydrochloric acid aids digestion, es- 
pecially of albuminoids; it prevents 
fermentation of food in young ani- 
mals, particularly those feeding on 
milk, and by doing so reduces their 
liability to diarrhoea. Its use is in- 
dicated in white skit, or scours of 
lambs. 


A useful injection to be used after re- 
moving urethral calculi, is made as 
follows: 

Take: Fluid hydrastis 1 dram. 

Distilled extract witch 

hn7.pl 1 o7 


o a 

• .- 

: +j 

'• '^ 

u O 

^ a; 

l« 
S o 

a 
>< 


Foul smelling wounds are rendered 
deau and asceptic by washing them 
out with equal parts water and hy- 
drogen peroxide. This is a good ap- 
plication to precede, the dressing of 
all wounds and sores. 


t 


For cases of indurated udd^r appli- 
cations of thecompound iodine oint- 
ment are frequently found beneficial. 


C 


s: 


►5 








— 


z 


S 

« 

X 


1 dram. 




s 
2 


I. 

r, 

1 


H 


Internally, it is astringent, tonic, 
and antiseptic, and is an antidote 
for poisoning from alkalies. Exter- 
nally it is used as a caustic, stim- 
ulant, astringent and antiseptic. 


Tonic and simple bitter; locally ap- 
plied, preparations of hydrastis 
have a remarkable effect on mu- 
cous surfaces. 


Isan anti-ferment, destroys bacteria, 
renders wounds asceptic, it ap- 
pears to have a special affinity for 
combining with and destroying 
l)us cells. 


Its use is indicated in epilepsy, it is 
also an anodyne, and is used to 
ameliorate thegriping of cathartics. 


This agent is prescribed internally 
as an alterative, and resolvent, 
its use being indicated in dropsical 
conditions. Internally, it is a ser- 
viceable stimulant for unhealthy 
wounds. 


1 c 


5 

:5 


« 
o 

is 

o E3 
^< 


Hydrastis 
Canendensis. 
(Goldenseal.) 






4J 

u 
rs 


^ a 
o — 


Iodine. 



368 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



REMARKS. 


c 

"c 

c 
a 


■J 

J 


Sub-nitrateof bismuth, 2 ozs. 
Mix. Dust over sores; it will pro- 
mote their healing and prevent the 
attacks of flies and other insects. 










1 


O 
Q 






M 






cc 

So 

> 




Eel 
El! 

I 




OD 

u 
H 










o 

H 

P 

Oh 
< 

W 


Externally as an antiseptic and 
deodoriser; as an application to 
wounds it will prevent attacks of 
flies, etc. 


Promotes the secretion of bronchial 
mucus, and is useful in cases of 
dysentery, combined with other 
drugs under the name of Dover's 
Powders. 


This mineral and its salts are ranked 
among the most valuable agents 
at the disposal of mankind. Met- 
allic iron, in the form of filings or 
iron powder, is occasionally used 
as an antidote to mercury or cop- 
per poisoning; but it is with the 
saltsor compoundBofironthatthe 
prescriber will mostly deal. 


Not a stable form of iron; exposure 
to air changing it into ferric oxy- 
hydrate. 


Indicated in nervous diseases, or for 
ricketty patients. 


See Copperas. 


C 
P 

c 


J 


c 
;. 
C 






Ipecacuanha. 


a* 
p 

1— 1 


5 

cS 

a 
o 

X! 

ce 
o 
a 


Iron 

Phosphate. 


Iron Sulphate. 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



369 





3 

M C 

.a c^ 

o 
"o 

*" 3 
0) C 
be 8- 

^ !"■ 

"2 ^ 
S t 
a ^ 

OJ t 
.£ 

O 3^ 

tc.S • 
« +3 a 

CO 3 n 

1°^ 


-1- 
r- 

a 

£ 

S 


Use as an injection. The above will 
also be found useful to destroy 
worms in the rectum, but will require 
further dilution; about Y2 the amount 
of the tincture of iron being ample. 






1 

as 
2 
^ a. 

4) 03 

a 0. 

a) 
5 aj 



bO 

a 

la 
+j 








In preparing ointments lor sheep, in 
which animal fat forms the base, 
it is considered preferable to use 
hogs' lard, or fat other than that 
extracted from the sheep or its avooI. 


3 


a • 


3d 


X ' 2 

^ \l 


a 

T-l 




5 
i 






XXX. grs. 

1 dram. 
1 oz. 


IE 

a 


■i 

a 




7 

b 

u 
p 

p 

a 




Tonic and astringent, ha?matinic 
and styptic. In cases of debility 
anaemia this form of iron is spec- 
ially indicated. 


lisematinic, tonic and alterative; 
is useful to stimulate the absorp- 
tion of swellings in young weakly 
subjects. 


Indicated in rheumatism and to 
promote the absorption of serous 
effusions. 


a; 



C^i Co 

.si'a 

c3 


Stomachic, carminative and in large 
doses diuretic. Presumed to be 
beneficial in cases of rot. 


Vermifuge and purgative; specially 
useful to expel tape-Avorm, being 
fully as efficient as male shield fern. 


« 
+j 
a; 

-t-T 
3 

OJ 

a 

a 
■3 

.2 

m 

'S 

c3 
JD 

cS 

OS 

1 =3 
13 
aj 

<c 

a 

cc 




f 


OJ + 

3 .1 

3 ^ 




•1 


3 


il 

u 

\ 


"3 
1 '-5 




a! 





370 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



REMARKS. 


This agent is useful in all cases of strain- 
ing and irritability after lambing. 
And for all cases where pain is pre- 
sent without acute fever. Inconges- 
tive and inflammatory diseases of 
brain, it should on no account be 
used. 




White lotion. 

Take: Acetate of lead 4 drams. 

Zinc sulphate 3 drams. 

Water 1 pint. 

A u.seful antiseptic astringent lotion. 






o 

Q 

i 
1 


< 


00 

1 




X 

u 
be 

> 


4 drams. 


X 
N 




5 drams. 


x' 

s~ 

fcn 

y. 
y, 


1 to 2 ozs. 


12 OZS. 


DRU(i. THERAPEUTICS. 


Allays pain and irritability; relieves 
congestion and inflammation by 
diminishing the activity of the 
vaso-motor centre. It is invalu 
able in diarrhoea, arising from any 
cause whatsoever. It is indicated 
in dysentery, colic, peritonitis and 
in diseases of the respiratory or- 
gans. 


> 

-IS 

w. 

% 


Is iiulicated in diarrhoea and dysen- 
tery, p^xternally it is employed in 
the form of a lotion, as a cooling 
application to bruises, strains, etc. 


L'sed as an ant-acid in indigestion 
and diarrhoea. Combined with 
turpentine it destroys bronchial, 
round worms of lambs. Mixed 
Avith olive oil it makes a useful ap- 
plication to burns. 


In ordinary doses laxative; in large 
ones cathartic; it is a good men- 
struum, for the administration of 
agents which otherwise would 
cauterize tiie mucous membrane 
of the mouth and oesophagus. 


Laudanum. 
(Tincture of 
Opium.) 


u 
3 
O4 

X 

ce 


'P 
1— 1 ^-- 






.4-1 
CS 






MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



371 



I 

zc 

<: 

S 

i 


1 


be 

.S 
'ct 
a: 

"^ 
(.< 

C 

i 

c 

li 




The liquid extract is preferable to the 
powdered root; the dose given here 
is that of the liquid. 




For local dressing for scabies in shoei) 
it is often used, and while very effec- 
tual for destroying the i)arasites, its 
use is accompanied with some dan- 
ger for the patient, through absorp- 
tion of the drug. Ewe's suckling 
lambs should never be dressed with 
this agent, owing to the liability of 
absorption and ])assage into the 
milk. 


i 

i 




o 

Q 

! 


< 


s 






X 


DC 

X 
X 


1 

1 1 







1 
1 


i 




1 




\ 

f 

(. 

j 

i 

i 
1 


-1 
% 

It 


The powdered root added to con- 
ditioning powders makes them 
more palatable. It is useful to 
allay irritation of the bronchial 
mucous membrane. 


-l-i 
C 

a.. 
bC 

g 

->J 

cS 

t3 
d 

x 

a 

cd 

i 


g 



CD 

a 

a; 


Vermicide and laxative frequently 
prescribed for the removal of tape- 
worm. 


S 

oc 

'O 
C 
03 

_o 



!5 
cd 

a 

o 

cc 

<h C 

5"" 


Commonly called *'blue ointment" 
used exclusively as a parasiticide 
for external use. 


a 




-1-1 
a; 
« 

d 



a 

l-H 
0) 

rjl 

2 

.S 
^4 


1 


C 


! 

0.' 




'■+J 
3 
O 

1— 1 


<6 

-t-> 
eS 


"-S 




Mercury. 

(Mercurial 
Ointment.) 


a^ 

.2-0 
so 

3 



372 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



REMARKS. 




Nicotine is the active principle in the 
sheep dips, composed from to- 
bacco alone, or with other ingredi- 
ents. Such dips are very effectual for 
destroying parasitic life, and are 
harmless to the sheep. 




The dilute acid when given according 
to the dose set down here, must be 
freely diluted with water or some 
bland fluid. When applying it as a 
topical application in foot rot, the 
surrounding parts should be dressed 
with oil, and the acid applied to 
diseased surfaces with a glass rod, 
or splinter of wood, care being taken 
that an excessive cauterization does 
not take place. 






xn 
O 
P 




bo 






S 

X 


2 drams. 


S 

> 


X 

a: 


X 








4 drams. 


> 


THERAPEUTICS. 


X 

a 
_o 
'■3 

s 

so 

3Q . 

X 

a> 

. X 

3 3 
3T3 

■|§ 

'5 


Alkaloid of tobacco. Tobacco or its 
active principle nicotine are not 
used internally. Externally, it is 
used as a parasiticide. 


6 

IS 

02 


Internally in the dilute form, it is 
a hepatic stimulant and tonic. Ex- 
ternally, it is used to remove mal- 
ignant growths and as a caustic 
for foot-rot. 


Stimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic. 
It is used as a carminative and 
antispasmodic, when combined 
with hyoscyamus, opium and 
other anodynes. 


Increases the pulse beats but lowers 
arterial pressure, by its action on 
the vaso-motor centers. Useful in 
epilepsy, both in warding off and 
shortening the duration of the fit. 


c 


3 


a 

a 

u 
O 


Nicotine. 




Nitric Acid. 


Nitre. 

(Sweet 
Spirits of) 


3 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



373: 



x/i 

■< 



+i ITS t, 

■^^^ 



aj 



^ O 



'o -E — -a -e 

-kJ'O S OJ 43 



4. a> t3 

8 
o a> 



a^ 



^o o o ot: o o ^ 

S tt5 rH -^ -)< ^ ^ tJ^ oi 



O 

5R ce 



— o) o aj I 



:fl O . 

2 TO O -O 

n a <d5 
°— O^ : 
tS cu— ^ o 



0) 

a 
o 

: >r3 
cd rn 03 

Oi ct-- 

CC 3 TO 

S c^ 

I— I O ly 



bX! !» 

bt.S 






P od 



_'0 
O cj 



s 

O; 

■ cc^ a! 



O 



bo 



o 

W 
CL, 
<i 

a 

H 



= .=:;& 

C Cu 

5 O 00 

._ t- >i 

-a 73 

2 o ^ 

a ai aa 

« a-- 

•- 'C -M 

ace 3 



= ^ 

J 



6'^ 






= f 5 a 



^ >.o a 



* — w o 

c Q. t- a 

co^ o o 

Ij tC • — 43 

S"" a= a 



C T3 



•3 CO TO 

I- a o t a 



— g^a 

-a S o< 
1* a « 
j_, ^ +3 

S o ai 
°a3 ^ 

to a _ 

c6 +J 3 

(C CS OD 

a.sg*, 

— a bfi cs 

— « •— g 

i5C 5 2 
0) a CO 

Oj +J;^ . 

I. 0^ -3 






a .5^ ; -• 



as 



^5 



iO 



00 



lO ,00 



374 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



a -t^ 



„ o 
ci B 



c. O 

9 t- 

IS o 
a: — T 



C P 

1 ^ 

a cb 
a T" 

t. CJ rt 

a * a 

Co o 



0) 



O) 






" O ai i* 



C3 lA 



a +j 'o oj 



2+^ 

3 t^ 



H CO CC 



a (UM i^ 

.QX! 5J +?' 

a a =s == H-? 
t, g,gi cs^ cc ««'*- 

■^ — oT-a b "^ t3 
3 o o 



bP 

- . cC 



O 



CC C 

o2 





<: 








s 


> 




o 










a 

(M 






o 
p 


Same therapeutically as Oil of Anise; 
same dose also. 


o 
IP 

02 


Internally and externally it is both 
antiseptic and stimulant. Its use 
is indicated iii all cases of septi- 
cft'mia, combined with quinine, 
iron, ether, and alcohol. 


Prompt counter-irritant externally. 
Internally stomachic and carmin- 
ative. For internal use the ground 
mustard is used, the dose for which 
is stated here, (not the oil.)' 


4) 

cS 

.S 
a 

;> 
ai 
u 

a, 
<i> 
S£ 
■-P 
a 


a 

a 

is 

Is 

cd o) 

.CJ 00 

u 

a 
P-, 




7 


a 
o 
S 
cd 
a 
a 

c'^ 
O 


. 

c 
C 


a 
04 




13 

3 

m 

a 






a 

i 


Cd 




MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



375 



.s o cd ■ -^ 

«y fl t. 
O 



i— I : oo 



0; . 

is 

'3 

Kj 0) Oj 



c 

O DO 

^'5 



CS 0; K- 









fl S — 



01 3' 

.2 o 






i^ S^' 5 



P-^.t S o 






w = S 



a 



o o 

■^^ " 

o ^ 

'S . . 

o • • 

SO) -- 

a. l* 
•^ *-" a 



o 2 
s a 

— ^ 



cS ■" '-+3 
a- 






OJ 



0?.- _ 



.2 .a 



b O cc 
O >- 

^°o ?"* 
a ^ 2 ** 

" fl :ti o 
? C o >; 

"^ 2 ■/• S 



.i£ 2i a 



ct — • S-. 

3 O nj 

So 

OS O 

0* 



O 4-1 



■ &X1 



re oc tc cfl 

'-' t- 0! -M 

. s cc cc 

-a a j2 a 
o a-- =* 

claims 

(^ O) C3 -(J 

g oj cC r; 



bo 



a a 



^ 


a 


OJ 


p 





.^ 









ai 






-l-l 


, 


'l-u 


rn 


^ 


a 


a 


(1> 


cS 


+J 




a 


01 




> 
■43 






a g 



§ a OS 
-i3 > = 

*-a n . 

Zir-j'o a 
_ oj o ;s 

o.ii o fe 

j; ac a j3 
■u !c a a 
^•^.2« 

+J «J =y ^ 






a o oc a 

__ a .— 



Q. > 
i CO 



Ip CO r^ 

oi ri a 



oaSo 



i-; .S o tc a: ;- «£ 



Id 4< 



«;; O. 

3 X 
O o 

c.a 

_a ^ 

'3 a 

d o 



^ 0.2 

a X 



c5 e;.ti . 
a 5 c =^ 
3 +^ o JJ. 



ii^t: 



13 ~ 

?cS X 
=«a^ 



X t- 'C Sh 

a S 0- " 



a a CTJ 



Oj 



a> 



- < a X ra-3 

a; 

c 



* r- ^ 

S 2 ^ '^ -"^ s .s: I -y 
-S ■- ia'-^::r-aJ_r^-a^i^ 
a Tr X a ■ 



^- :;:: X 

ii a o-r 
ce 2 Sg S 



j: d «' 



'4;.s+-'^'— <wS<a-<-'xx 
PS 



y x' c .g 13 

.ago o 

■S.2-4r '<H 
2 -t^ X >s OJ 
S Oj O; aj 3 

o a 13 +j 
a bi)_^ T +^ 

C a _i; ^ _- 

.g > X =*; 
r^ :a O) -g ° 

— X — p 4; 

;: a> X r^ X 
a.a -1- ji a 

l»3 



3 

'S. 
lO o 



a 


W 


n 


a) 


a 


a 




a. 


a 


Oi 





Ch 



i.g^ 



376 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 









o 
•*- fee 

Q. CD 

O fe o 
•T3 '^ +j 
t^ . a* 

Co %t 
-^ £-1 T 

r. 1- j; ^ 

4^ 3 03 -U 

•^ < tt'.S 

f^ .Sis 

• z: a* 

>^ ^ cc 

•— a w 

^ ii ^ 



: .5 fl S 
~ 111 a- 

a t>^ 

- QJ o 



2 S= 2 

O ^ OJu- 
a: ° <D >r^ 

03 r 



CO «^ 



y< 



Ox 

th"5 






5g 

'-0 



Sc^ 



Oj ;- ^ 



S c6 



O Oi ^ 



.C c 



cc cS 3 



C "a! 



4-J X 



5 
% 

i 
c? 

c a 

-M X 

I— * 

S C 

.^ 3 



_o' ^"o .^ S 



Oj o 



O oj a; 



an. 



£ i C 

^ ci tc 

E.5 .a 

^ O -P +^ 

o X 'r" 
X Ci; ;g 

^ X ,^ 

n '^ ,,, a: 
a oj £ bC 

* ^ rt 

ce 



c 
. ci 

N '— ■ 

CO 
aj 



o a 
t; p 



go 

.5 a> 






CL> 



> iC 



a X .a i2 _ 

ra -•' t^ .£ 



01^, 



000," 



X 3 ti cS 

o a cs 

o ^• 

CC p. 



Oj 



r--. ■ X a 

^•-2 ce 

oj 5 -a ,i^ ^ 

^J J if) sS — a) 

cs t- s J ^ 

;- ,." X 

-T! O = S 

5 ot£°o 



bo 



3 t- ? a ^ 
- 9 o "^' 

3 2 'X 
J ^ X 0.), 



C3 oj 
X3 



cS rt 



cS X 



cC ^, 
.^.^ 

ft 

aj -rt 

;;:; x 



? o P - ^' 

a'^S-il 

a>'^.£ S a 
■" a N " o 
+j '^'S'a ^ 

t. X a 
a; ° a-: 



cS 3j « +j o 



ii'C' 



w= 



^ x^ a o ^g 



O 



C3 X 

a ctf 
a^H 

c3«_ 

a o 



<1> 


• 


CS 

a 


cS 


Oj 


4J 


b 


r, 


w 


(~ 






f: 


»— 1 






C 




Ph 





a — 
a-a 
•so 



P4 



MEDICINAL AGEXTS. 



377 



>, 


^ 


^ 


^ 










re 


s 


t5 


i^ 


0) 






o 
g 

at 


m 






(-1 


0) 


3 


to 


L. 






0) 


tn 


o 


ec^ 1 




c 




^ 


4^ 


AJ 


c 


u 


(1) 




■n 


-t- 


fC 


tJ 


FT' 


O) 




CD 


i/ 




,o 


a^ 


— 


03 


















.— 


— , 


01 




"^ 


2 


tI3 


P 








C 


15 


o 


-U 


fcJO 


c 


bX 


> 


-3 


i 


w 


^ 


O 


-i^ 


Oj 


CC 


CC 










•"• 









Oj X a: t- 

-M OJ O .^ 

tn Ch a . 

o.r -e o 

- *;^ ri 0-* ^-* 

^•2 g « 
o o-Sl 

a> 



OB 3D a: X 

b ^ ^ K 

iC bCiCO 

M > X(M 

•-< . s 

.9 s .Si 

"5 ? s 






5-r &Cfl 

^H OS'S a a 



o o :,- 

Oi o iS ^ 
CC S '^ 1, 

-a -3 ^ 41 



^ O ^ m 



•. 




»^* 




















"O 




OJ 


T) 


^ 


01 


c 




o 


^ 




OJ 


It 


s 


a: 


03 





ce 


XJ 


&r 


a> 


a 




o 


O 






m 


OD 


m 


CS 


m 


f 


a 


.M 


1) 


O 


a 




a 








-M 


>< 


a 


^ 


o 




o 



be 



O 



K X 
«^ 

s X 

:= eg 



a) XI 

05 
~ 3 



33 



=='H 2 
cS o 

X "7^ oS 



X ' X 
t- ^ '-' • 

Q - ;-! 

1^.9 a" 
^^ •- 

o) j:^ — 

> — X 



->-' "S +J 

a; -1 a, 



dj i; c3 
X -O 



O c3 

p< a 



-^ 3 

X S 

a^ X 

,-— ^ X 

■"a s 

0) S 

-P o 



o O 

a -p 
o X 



13 "^ 



§•9 



X X 

a o . 

C ^ TO 

|.9^ 

C X 3 

a a Q 
a cs « 



i o 






bt 



p 0, w a/ H bt 

a^, "S 4^ 03 "S a 
03.2^— 9-0 

«3.£ a :S bo 




a a 9 2 i: £ 
- -jr el O O o a 

0Q.2 >jn w S 






ea 
Of 



378 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



«^ o 



-2 = 
c a 



r":3 
CO 3 

.s = 

— o 



IE 

CO 



?= « 



'5 



O C3 S 

e =* o 

"^ J IE 

o "t; .- 

®^ ? 

5C S :^ 

■§5 5 



0^ fl 
cc 

'C o 
fc — ' 

cS tt' 









CS 



a 3 
0.2 

- O 
CC OD 
O j^ ■ 

CC O- 

5:2 



a"cc 

cC - 



ai X 



- . ^ o 

— 0; fJC ^ 

c ti 



O 



•a I 



(^ CD 



O 





-go 




3 t. 
. O ^ 


M 


ubar 
Com 
Pow 


ft 




-a 




A 



2 'S S 

^ .-^"^ 5 

'+3 i +3 W 

cc a bfS 
-rS =•> 

a 22 a ^ 

eC X .^"C 
.^. t- a, 

•— ,», ^ ■'-' 
-W « X 

&§ 03 ".S 

a'o.^ a 



^ CI 



o «u 

a^ 

t; o 
fccB 00 



fe5 ^ 



ni Ir^Tl ?i-e 



.5 •" 



bca 
a ' o ® JS 



X 3) +3 






2 S2 a 

Hi '13 'r cS 
+? Co <u cc 



-^ c =s == 

-a .~ =*- X 
■" iJ -. CO "-i 



a cc 



a 



5-- 



= cc^ CO ^ a 
. frt a S^ X +-1 



a; a 



CS -P Ml 



cC 






.5 §^ 

= o 



o o 

Esc 

1 X 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



379 



W 
PS 
< 


c 

+. 
c 

£ 


o c 

N 

ja 

"o 
-u 

-i-j £■ 

"1.1 


C 
(M 

C 
-a 

i 

<: 


a 

rs 
C 
I- 

i. 

a 
+- 

a: 


Mix. Liniment for bruises, etc. 


Solutions of nitrate of silver, 5% 
strength will readily destroy the 
scab parasite. 


Relieves flatulence and can be benefi- 
cially used in all cases of flatulence 
arising from indigestion. 




O 
Q 


1— 1 

c" 

a 
a: 


— 




So 


CJD 


00 

>< 




5) 


a 


a 


H 
E 


a 
o 

■^ 

u 
O 

Si . 

SB 
^ a 

31 

!§'« 
t« a 

> 

o 


Astringent and caustic as used ex- 
ternally. Internally, tonic and 
astringent- Its use is indicated 
in epilepsy, also combined with 
opium for diarrhceaand dysentery. 
It is a very effectual application 
for foot rot. 


Antiseptic, deodoriser and insecti- 
cide. When used internally the 
gastric juices chemically acting on 
the drug set free the sulphuric acid 
contained therein, making it an 
invaluable internal antiseptic. 


Ant-acid, diuretic and diaphoretic. 
It is used with benefit, in" indiges- 
tion and flatulence. Externally, 
solutions of soda, relieve the in- 
tense itching of skin affections. 




5 


-i- 
c 
a 

c 


t4 
i 








Silver Nitrate. 
(Lunar Caustic) 


Sodium 
Hyposulphite. 


1 

a 
o 

.a 

2 
o 



.380 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 




I <3J 



P rc 



01 Ih 
C 4) 






a 



§ o " 

c 



-3 
- 0) 

S — 
— be 



i O aj 05 



2 C_l ce c3 r 

1^ rH 2e 5 



? 3 fi ® 
y cs - '^ 
,5 ^ ? 0) 



p; S c o ' 
(ii -t^ -^ S 

IE tc "*^ 



■^ o i; 
fi=S c 

ar t- c- 

^ o a 
"^ "x 1 

O s- 
C 4) tc 

+j >+; 

O ** = 

S *> *■ 
O Oj xi ! 
=- C 



s s 



. S3 



» 3^ ~ 



g -S ^ £ 0) 
^ Xi •- p,-M 

=^ a £-56 cd 
•- '-^ X +? a 

><•- a a ^ 
2 ■>, <v " i> 

=* S ^ o ^ i 

■^t^ S O "S X 
G 



a eg 
•= +j a 

"r — O) 

i=: a 

' 5 "E 
o a +i 
■a s- X 
5 ^ 03 

X iji a 
— cs 

. -^ a 
— • i=L,i2 

III 



i)=; fc^ o. ;:^ X 
a g ^ X t- - 

'X 0) c •*- X P 

+j . a^ a^ t- .a 
c 4" "5 a '^ i^ 



C3 ^ ~ +. ^ 



X t. S 4j a _. 

— :i O^ X .- 

.t^ &-^ -^ X 5 

tS rj «' '- 

:; S^ a a S 

e *.S =:J X 

js a ^' aj a ^ 

X CgX! ~ CO >5 



(h 



O 



O 3 X ^ 

o: a; C 



a ac 

o i: o 

B ^^ 

o o 

■32 r^ 



t% 


1-H 


Z:n 




S3 





$ 


u 


> 


86 


« 


l» 




3 


X 


cc 



X :j 

o^ 

3 



MEDICINAL AGENTS. 



381 









rt 1- " <* 






T^ = rt & 



•C i; V. ■" i; 


aj o Bi D 








■=• ^^ P, 


n! OJ 


-. u C * 


?^^ rt 






«^ C 3 ^ 




ctuni, by 
ring-e, inj 
ult sheep 
lenias are 
eep arisin 


0) >^~ r~^ -S 



-; o «i oj jq 
c ■;: 0) -M 

0)'°^ 

t; ^ - 5 - 
■" V -M ^ n 

1) C 0) c 
K J •- X> o 



= Ji ri 



S o ^ 2 

*j U 3 T-j 3 

2 aj '^ "^ = j: 

y .- U 01 ,^ 

- XI bj)a;i 






S •" 

•eg o o 3 ja — •- 

o 
u 



60 



bO 



'w 






o~ 


P< 












T1 




p 


a 

03 










T3 


4-> 




^ 


o 




+-' 


ff( 




C 


;^ 




<tf 


o 






+J 




S 


u 




6 






0) 


0) 




^ 


^ 




o 


c 








« 


n 


a> XJ 


Si 


o 


o 


+-> 


,a 


+-> 


a 


u< 


« 


■< 







, 




a. 




-t-/ 




C 




0) 




a 




-t-' 




c 








o 






O 


^. 


4J 


n 


0* 








r/i 


Oj 


->-> 


« 


fl 


cc 


OJ 


^ 


a 






ee 


a 






(71 




c8 




T1 




(K 




m 








•-' 




!C 





ac S m S 

C X! ►* as "^ 
■'- S ct !h 

"S "i^ 5.9 
o s °^ -^ 

g .Si =* "S -a 
'cjo a ^H o o 

c O a; N o 
•- I-. ,a a £i) 






■JC! a u 
" cc o 









03 ^ 



•= 9. ^ h ^ 






C 33 c ^ 



si 

CO 



t- = o ^ 

?s ** '-^ 

o c* aj 

'o P. ce 



S o 






ST! 

sD ? a< « 



•a 
o 
o 

3B ■ 



a, 
"3 



CHAPTER XXI. 



Inspection, 6overnnient and State. 

The inspection of live stock and meat products, starting 
Avitli a small beginning some twenty years ago, has gradually 
risen to vast proportions, embracing not only the inspection of 
live stock entering the United States, but exercising a rigid in- 
spection of export animals and their products, a careful examin- 
ation of inter-state shipments, and at the large market centers 
of the country, an unexcelled stock-yard inspection, where the 
diseased and crippled stock after being examined on arrival at 
the yards, are tagged by inspectors and killed under their per- 
sonal supervision. When if unfit for human consumption the 
carcasses are immediately tanked. The results from the tank- 
age being converted into fertilizers, axle grease, etc., permitting 
only the healthy to enter the channels of consumption. The 
Government inspection of sheep may be briefly stated as follov/s: 

First. As regards their importations into the United States. 
On arriving at the port of entry, after complying with the cus- 
toms regulations, they, if they should be importations from other 
countries than Canada, are placed in a suitable quarantine sta- 
tion, where they remain for a stated period of time (fifteen days) 
subject to daily inspections by the veterinary inspector in charge. 
Should they at the termination of that period prove to be in a 
healthy condition they are permitted shipment to their destina- 
tion in the interior, and vice versa, should any evidences of dis- 
ease appear among such animals while in quarantine they are 
immediately slaughtered and the carcasses destroyed or rendered 
in compliance with the regulations. Sheep imported from Can- 
ada, however, are admitted under special regulations common 



INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 383 

to both countries. They have to be accompanied with a certifi- 
cate given by the official Canadian veterinarian of the district 
where they were bred in Canada, stating that they have been 
personally inspected by him and are free from any contagions 
and infections affections, and that no contagions disease (except- 
ing tuberculosis or actinomycosis) has existed in said district for 
the period of six months prior to said shipment. The clause relat- 
ing to tuberculosis and actinomycosis, referring more particularly 
to cattle than sheep. The importer also in making his entry 
makes affidavit that said stock is imported for breeding or 
slaughtering purposes. Should they be for breeding and a cer- 
tificate of registry accompany them showing that they are pure- 
bred and that their ancestors for two generations back are also 
registered, they then enter duty free, and are allowed to pass 
immediately to their destination. Sheep entering for immediate 
slaughter do not require a veterinary certificate, but only the 
affidavit of the importer. They are, however, submitted to a 
rigid examination by a veterinary inspector before being allowed 
access to the markets. The regulations given below being faith- 
fully carried out l)v those having charge of the same, virtually 
preclude the possibility of the introduction of diseased sheep into 
the United States. 

Regulations for the Xtispccttoti and Quarantine of Hnitnals Xmportcd 
from Canada into the Qnitcd States. 



V. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Oflfice of the Secretary. 
Washiuffton. D. C, .January 23, 1897. 
In pursuance of sections 7, 8, and 10 of the act of Congress en- 
titled "An act providing for the inspection of meats for exportation, 
and prohibiting the importation of adulterated articles of food or 
drink, and authorizing the President to make proclamation in cer- 
tain cases, and for other purposes," approved August 30, 1890, and 



384 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 

of an act of Congress entitled "An act making appropriations for 
the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal jear ending June 30, 
1897," the following regulations, to take effect from and after Feb- 
ruary 1, 1897, are hereby prescribed for the inspection and quaran- 
tine of animals imported from Canada into the United States, and 
all orders and regulations or parts thereof inconsistent with these 
regulations are hereby revoked in so far as applies to inspection and 
quarantine of animals imported from Canada: 

1. With the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, the follow- 
ing-named ports along the border or boundary line between the 
United States and Canada have been designated as quarantine sta- 
tions, and all animals imported from Canada into the United States 
for which inspection is required by these regulations must be entered 
through these ports, viz: Vanceboro and Houlton, Maine; Beechers • 
Falls, Island Pond, Newport, Richford, and St. Albans, Vermont; 
Rouses Point, Ogdensburg, Charlotte, Suspension Bridge, and Buf- 
falo, New York; Port Huron and Detroit, jNIichigan; Duluth and St. 
Vincent, Minnesota; and Port Townsend, Washington. 

2. The word "animals" when used in these regulations refers to 
and includes all or any of the following kinds: Horses, neat cattle, 
sheep, and other ruminants, and swine. The term "contagious dis- 
eases" when used in these regulations includes and applies to all or 
any of the following diseases: Glanders and farcy, maladie du coit, 
anthrax, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, Texas or splenetic fever, tu- 
berculosis, actinomycosis, foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, sheep 
pox, foot-rot, sheep scab, hog cholera, swine plague, and erysipelas. 
Animals found affected with any one of these contagious diseases must 
be returned to Canada or killed without compensation. 

3. All animals imported into the United States from Canada must 
be accompanied by an affidavit made by the owner or importer, declar- 
ing clearly the purpose for which said animals are imported, viz: 
whether for breeding purposes, for milk production, for work animals, 
for grazing, feeding, or slaughter, or whether they form part of 
settlers' effects, or whether they are horses entered for temporary stay, 
as provided in section 7 of these regulations. Said affidavit must be 
presented to the collector of customs at the port of entry, who will 
decide whether the animals are entitled to enter under these regula- 
tions, and who will notify the inspector of the Bureau of Animal In- 
dustry in all cases where these regulations require an inspection to 
be made. 

4. All animals imported into the United States fov breeding pur- 
poses, for milk production, for grazing or feeding, horses for work. 



INSPECTION, GOVERNlSfENT AND STATE. 385 

and swine for slaughter must be inspected by an inspector of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry at the port of entry. All animals cov- 
ered by this section except horses, and swine for slaughter, must be 
accompanied with a certificate signed by a Canadian official veter- 
inarian, stating that no contagious disease, except tuberculosis and 
actinomj-cosis in cattle, affecting the species of animals imported, 
has existed in the district in which the animals have been kept for 
six months preceding the date of importation, excepting animals 
which are part of settlers' effects, or belonging to Indian tribes, 
which may be entered without certification or inspection. The owner 
or importer must present an affidavit that said certificate refers to 
the animal or animals imported. The certificate for cattle for breed- 
ing and for such milch cows must also show that they have been sub- 
mitted to the tuberculin test and found free from tuberculosis, giving 
the date of testing, with the chart of reaction, and a description of 
the cattle, with age and markings. All animals imported for breed- 
ing purposes, milk production, grazing or feeding, when not accom- 
panied by the required affidavits and certificates, must be detained in 
quarantine for one week, at the expense of the owner or importer, 
under the supervision of the inspector in charge. During this deten- 
tion a rigid inspection will be made, and cattle for breeding or milk 
production will be tested with tuberculin. Animals found free from 
disease at the end of this period will be released. Cattle and sheep 
for grazing or feeding, if accompanied by the required affidavits and 
certificates, need not be unloaded for inspection, but all other animals 
covered by this section must be unloaded and carefully inspected. 

5. All Canadian animals will be admitted at any port of the Unit- 
ed States for transit in bond to any Canadian port without inspection. 

6. Cattle and sheep in bond for export will be admitted without 
inspection at any of the ports named in section 1, in transit to and 
for export from Portland, Me., Boston, Mass., and New York, N. Y. 
Horses will be admitted in bond at any port of the United States with- 
out inspection for export from any port of the United States. All ani- 
mals admitted for export will be subject to inspection at port of ex- 
port. 

7. Horses for temporary stay, whether for pleasure driving, team- 
ing, exhibition, racing, or used in connection with stock raising or 
mining, cattle and sheep for slaughter, and animals belonging to In- 
dian tribes or forming part of settlers' effects will be admitted 
through any port without inspection or certification. 

8. The railroad cars used in the transportation of animals speci- 
fied by these regulations must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected 



386 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 

before said animals are placed therein. All litter from previous ship- 
ments must be removed, and the car \vhitev\'ashed with lime and car- 
bolic acid, one pound of commercial carbolic acid to five gallons of lime 
wash. Unless this regulation is complied with Canadian animals will 
not be allowed entry into the United States, and animals from the 
United States will not be admitted into Canada. Shippers should see 
that cans are properly cleaned and disinfected before animals are 
loaded. 

J. STERLING MORTON, 

Secretary. 

Regulations for the Xtispection and Quarantine of )Veat Cattle, Sbcep, 

and Other Ruminants, and Swine Xmported into the 

Clnitcd States. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Office of the Secretary. 
Washington, D. C, February 11, 1S95. 

In pursuance of sections 7, 8 and 10 of the act of Congress entitled 
"An act providing for the inspection of meats for exportation, and pro- 
hibiting the importation of adulterated articles of food or drink, and 
authorizing the President to make proclamation in certain cases, and 
for other purposes," approved August 30, 1890, the following" regula- 
tions are hereby prescribed for the inspection and quarantine of neat 
cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, and swine imported into the United 
States, and all previous regulations prescribed for such inspection and 
quarantine are hereby rescinded: 

1. ^Yith the approval of the Secretar3' of the Treasury, the fol- 
lowing-named ports are hereby designated as quarantine stations, and 
all cattle, sheeiD, and other ruminants, and swine imported into the 
United States, must be entered through said ports, viz: 
On the Atlantic Seaboard, the ports of Boston, New York, and Balti- 
more; on the Pacific Seaboard, San Diego, Cal.; along the boundary 
between the United States and Mexico, Nogales, Ariz.; El Paso, Eagle 
Pass, and Laredo, Tex.; along the border or boundary line between 
the United States and British Columbia and Canada, through the cus- 
tom ports of Yanceboro and Houlton, Me.; Richford, Newport, St. Al- 
bans, Island Pond, and Beecher Falls, Yt.; Ogdensburg, Rouses Point, 
Buffalo, Charlotte, and Suspension Bridge, N. Y.; Detroit and Port 
Huron, Mich.; Minnesota, Minn., and Puget Sound, Wash 

2. Ihe word "animals," when used in these regulations, refers to 
and includes all or any of the following kinds: Neat cattle, sheep, and 



ESrSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 387 

other ruminants, and swine. The words "contagious diseases," when 
used in these regulations, includes and applies to all or any of the fol- 
lowing diseases: Anthrax in cattle, sheep, goats, or swine; contagious 
pleuro-pneumonia in cattle; Texas or splenetic fever in cattle; tuber- 
culosis in cattle; foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, sheep, goats, and 
swine; rinderpest in cattle and sheep; sheep pox, foot-rot, and scab in 
sheep; hog cholera, swine plague, and erysipelas in swine. 

3. All cattle, sheep, and other ruminants imiDorted into the United 
States from any part of the world shall be accompanied with a certifi- 
cate from the local authority of the district in which said animals have 
been for one year next preceding the date of shipment, stating that no 
contagious pleuro-pneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, or rinderpest has 
existed in said district for the past year. And all swine imported into 
the United States from anj^ part of the w^orld shall be accompanied 
with a similar certificate relating to the existence of foot-and-mouth 
disease, hog cholera, and erysipelas. All such animals shall also be 
accompanied with an affidavit by the owner from whoni the importer 
has purchased them, stating that said animals have been in the district 
where purchased one year next preceding the date of sale, and that 
none of the above-mentioned diseases have existed among them, nor 
among any animals of the kind with which they come in contact, for 
one j-ear last past, and that no inoculation has been practiced among 
said animals for the past two years. Also by an affidavit from the im- 
porter or his agent supervising the shipment, stating that they have 
not passed through any district infected with contagious diseases af- 
fecting said kind of animals; that they have not been exposed in any 
possible manner to the contagion of any of said contagious diseases, 
and that the animals, when not driven, have been shipped in clean, 
and disinfected cars and vessels direct from the farm where purchased. 

4 The foregoing certificate and affidavits must accompany said 
animals and be presented to the collector of customs at the port of 
entry, and by him delivered to the inspector of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry stationed at said port, to allow them to be imported into the 
United States. 

5. All neat cattle imported into the United States from any part of 
the world except Mexico, Central and South America, shall be subject 
to a quarantine of ninety days, counting from date of arrival at the 
quarantine station. All sheep and other ruminants, and swine, from 
any part of the world except North, Central, and South America, shall 
be subject to a quarantine of fifteen days, counting from date of ar- 
rival at the quarantine station. 

6. Any person contemplating the importation of animals from any- 
part of the world except North, Central, and South America, or of 



388 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 

cattle from the Dominion of Canada, must first obtain from the Secre- 
tary of Agriculture two permits, one stating- the number and kind of 
animals to be imported, the port and probable date of shipment, which 
will entitle them to clearance papers on presentation to the American 
consul at said port of shipment; the other, stating- the port at which 
said animals are to be landed and quarantined, and the approximate 
date of their arrival, and this will assure the reception of the number 
and kind specified therein at the port and quarantine station named, at 
the date prescribed for their arrival, or at any time during three weeks 
immediately follow'ing, after which the permit will be void. These per- 
mits shall in no case be available at any port other than the one men- 
tioned therein. Permits must be in the name of the owner of, or agent 
for, any one lot of animals. When more persons than one own a lot of 
animals for which permits have been issued, a release from quarantine 
Avill be given each owner for the number and kind he may own, and 
this release will be a certificate of fulfillment of quarantine regula- 
tions. Permits will be issued to quarantine at such ports as the im- 
porter may elect, so far as facilities exist at such port, but in no case 
will permits fc>r importation at any port be granted in excess of the 
accommodations of the Government quarantine station at such port. 
United States consuls should give clearance papers or certificates for 
animals from their districts intended for exportation to the United 
States only upon presentation of permits as above provided, with dates 
of probable arrival and destination corresponding with said permits, 
and in no case for a number in excess of that mentioned therein. When 
such shipments originate in the interior of a foreign country, these 
permits should be submitted to the consul of that district and through 
the forwarding agent to the consul at the port of embarkation. 

7. Cattle and sheep from the Dominion of Canada for export from 
the United States may be entered at the ports of Island Pond and 
IJeecher Falls, Vt.. in bond for Portland, Me., for export from the lat- 
ter port only, provided said animals are accompanied by the health 
certificate and affidavits required by section 3, and provided, further, 
that suitable pens are furnished by the railroad companies at the ports 
of entry for their unloading and proper inspection. 

8. All animals imported into the United States shall be carefully 
inspected by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and all 
animals found to be free from disease and not to have been exposed to 
any contagious disease, shall be admitted into the United States, sub- 
ject to the provisions for quarantine as established in paragraph 5. 
Whenever any animal is found to be affected with a contagious dis- 
ease, or to have been exposed to said disease, said animal, and all ani- 



INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 389 

mals that have been in contact with or exposed to said animal, will be 
placed in qnarantine, and the inspector quarantining- the same shall 
report at once to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industrj^ who will 
direct whether or not said animals quarantined shall be appraised and 
slang-htered, as provided by section 8 of the act under which tliesc 
reg-ulations are made. All animals quarantined by reason of disease 
•or exposure to disease shall not be admitted to the established quaran- 
tine grounds, but shall be quarantined elsewhere at the expense of the 
importer, or dealt with in such manner as the Chief of the Bureau 
of Animal Industry shall determine. 

9. In case of imported animals proving to be infected, or to have 
been exposed to infection, such portions of the cargo or the vessel on 
which they have arrived as have been exposed to these animals or their 
emanations shall be subjected, under the direction of the inspector of 
the Bureau of Animal Industrj^ to disinfection in such manner as may 
be considered by said inspector necessarj^ before it can be landed 

10. No litter, fodder, or other aliment, nor any ropes, straps, 
chains, girths, blankets, poles, buckets, or other things used for or 
about the animals, and no manure shall be landed, excepting under 
such regulations as the inspector shall provide. 

11. On moving animals from the ocean steamer to the quarantine 
grounds thej^ shall not be unnecessarily passed over any highway's, but 
must be placed on the cars at the wharves or removed to the cars on a 
boat which is not used for conveying other animals. If such boat has 
carried animals within three months, it must be first cleaned and then 
disinfected under the supervision of the inspector, and after the con- 
veyance of the imported animals the boat must be disinfected in the 
same manner before it may again be used for the conveyance of ani- 
mals. When passage upon or across the public highways is unavoid- 
able in the transportation of animals from the place of landing to the 
quarantine grounds, it must be under such careful supervision and 
restrictions as the inspector raay in special cases direct. 

12. The banks and chutes used for loading and unloading im- 
]wrted animals shall be reserved for such cattle, or shall be cleansed 
and disinfected as above before being used for such imported cattle. 

13. The railway cars used in the transportation of animals to the 
<|uarantine grounds shall be either cars reserved for this exclusive use 
■or box cars not otherwise employed in the transportation of animals 
or their fresh products, and after each journey with animals to the 
quarantine grounds they shall be disinfected by thorough cleansing 
and disinfection under the direction of the inspector. 

14. While animals are arriving at the qnarantine stations, or leav- 



390 INSPECTION, GOA^ERN.MENT AND STATE. 

ing them, all quarantined stock in the yards adjoining the alleyways 
through which they must pass shall be rigidly confined to their sheds. 
Animals arriving by the same ship may be quarantined together in one 
yard and shed, but those coming on different ships shall in all cases be 
placed in separate yards. 

15. The gates of all yards of quarantine stations shall be kept 
locked, except when cattle are entering or leaving quarantine. 

16. The attendants on animals in particular yards are forbidden 
to enter other yards and buildings, unless such are occupied by stock 
of the same shipment with those under their special care. No dogs, 
cats, or other animals, except those necessarily present, shall be al- 
lowed in the quarantine grounds. 

17. The allotment of yards shall be under the direction of the in- 
spector of the port, who shall keep a register of animals entered with 
description, name of owner, name of vessel in which imported, date of 
arrival and release, and other important particulars. 

18. The inspector shall see that water is regularly furnished to 
the stock and the manure removed dailj% and that the prescribed rules 
of the station are enforced. 

19. Food and attendance must be provided by the owners of the 
stock quarantined. Employees of such owners shall keep the sheds 
and yards clean to the satisfaction of the inspector. 

20. Smoking is strictly forbidden within any quarantine inclosure. 

21. No visitor shall be admitted to the quarantine station without 
special written permission from the inspector. Butchers, cattle deal- 
ers and their employes are especiall^y excluded. 

22. No public sale shall be allowed within the quarantine grounds. 

23. The inspector shall, in his daily rounds, as far as possible, 
take the temperature of each animal, commencing with the herds that 
have been longest in quarantine and ending with the most recent ar- 
rivals, and shall record such temperatures on lists kept for the pur- 
pose. In passing from one herd to another he shall invariably wash 
his thermometer and hands in a weak solution (1 to 100) of carbolic 
acid. 

24. In case of the appearance of any disease that is diagnosed to 
be of a contagious nature, the inspector shall notify the Chief of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, who shall visit the station personally or 
send an inspector, and on the confirmation of the diagnosis the herd 
shall be disposed of according to the gravity of the affection. 

25. The yard and shed in which such disease shall have appeared 
shall be subject to a thorough disinfection. Litter and fodder shall 
be burned. Sheds, utensils and other appliances shall be disinfected 



INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 391 

;is tlie inspector may direct. The y.ard, fence, and manure box shall 
be freely sprinkled with a strong solution of chloride of lime. The 
flooring- of the shed shall be lifted and the whole shall be left open 
to the air and unoccupied for three months. 

20. In case of the appearance of any contagious disease the infect- 
ed herd shall be rigidly' confined to its sheds, where disinfectants shall 
be freely used, and the attendants shall be forbidden all intercourse 
with the attendants in other j-ards, and with persons outside the quar- 
antine grounds. 

J. STERLING MORTON, 

Secretary. 

The quarantine exacted from all slieep arriving from for- 
eign conntries excepting Canada reduces the danger of admission 
of such disease as sheep-pox, rinde-pest, etc., to a minimum, 
and the proof of the pudding being in the eating, it is only 
sufhcient to say that since such regulations have been in force no 
outbreaks in the United States have occurred among sheep which 
are traceable to the admission of foreign animals. 

The same precautions are exercised in the shipments of 
sheep to foreign countries, notably England. All such animals 
have to be carefully examined by a Government official at the 
market where they are purchased. They are again inspected 
before being loaded on the ship for transportation abroad. Great 
care is taken that no animal showing the least sign of sickness is 
permitted to be shipped. 

Sheep-scab is particularly guarded against. The sheep be- 
fore shipment are submitted to a thorough dipping to insure their 
beino- free from this troublesome affection These regulations 
are necessary owing to the fact that complaints have been made 
against American sheep, claiming that they have been responsible 
for outbreaks of contagious diseases in countries importing them, 
notably England, it having been asserted that scab frequently 
followed their entrance to that country. These complaints have 
so prejudiced the authorities there, that at the present time ship- 
ments of live stock arc onlv permitted entry under the condition 



392 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 

that thej are slaughtered at the port where the entry is made. 
They are no longer allowed to be sold to the farmers for feeders 
or stockers. The only way this disadvantage can ever be over- 
come is by the rigid enforcement of all the regulations govern- 
ing the transportation and handling of live stock at home, so that 
foreign countries will finally be forced to believe in the compe- 
tency of the American inspection and again permit their impor- 
tations on the former more favorable terms. 

The following are the United States regulations governing^ 
the importation and exportation of sheep: 

Order and Regulations for the Xnspcction of Cattle and Sheep 
for Gxport. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture. 

Office of the Secretary. 
Washington, D. C, October 20, 1890. 
The following order and regulations are hereby made for the 
inspection of neat cattle and sheep for export from the United States, 
to Great Britain and Ireland and the Continent of Europe, by virtue 
of the authority conferred upon me by Section 10 of the Act of Con- 
gress approved August 30, 1890, entitled "An act providing for the in- 
spection of meats for exportation, prohibiting the importation of adul- 
terated articles of food or drink, and authorizing the President to 
make proclamation in certain cases, and for other purposes:" 

1. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry is hereby directed 
to cause careful veterinary insiDCction to be made of all neat cattle 
and sheep to be exported from the United States to Great Britain 
and Ireland and the Continent of Europe. 

2. This inspection shall be made at any of the following named 
stock yards:— Kansas City, Mo.; Chicago, 111.; Buffalo, N. Y.; Pitts- 
burg, Pa.; and at the following ports of export, viz: — Boston and Char- 
lestown, Mass.; New York, N. Y^; Philadelphia, Pa.; Baltimore, Md., 
and Norfolk and Newport News, Va. All cattle shipped from any of 
the aforesaid yards must be tagged before being shipped to the ports 
of export. Cattle arriving at ports of export from other parts of the 
United States will be tagged at said ports. 

* * ***** 

7. Export animals, whenever possible, shall be unloaded at the 



INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 393 

port of export from the cars in which they have been transported di- 
rectly at the wharves from which they are to be shipped. They shall 
not be unnecessarily passed over any higfhwajs or removed to cars or 
boats which are used for convejing other animals. Boats transporting- 
said animals to the ocean steamer must be first cleansed and disinfect- 
ed under the supervision of the Veterinary Inspector of the port, and 
the ocean steamer must, before receiving said animals, be thoroughly 
rleaned or disinfected in accordance with the directions of said In- 
spector. When passage upon or across the public highways is unavoid- 
able in the transportation of animals from the cars to the boat, it must 
be under such careful supervision and restrictions as the Veterinarj' 
Inspector ma3', in special cases, direct. 

8. Any cattle or sheep that are offered for shipment to Great 
r.ritain or Ireland, or the Continent of Europe, which have not been 
inspected and transported in accordance with this order and regula- 
tions, will not be allowed to be placed upon any vessel for exporta- 
tion, as they will be deemed, under the law, to have been exposed to 
infection so as to be dangerous to other animals. 

9. The supervision of the movement of cattle from cars and 
yards to the ocean steamer at the ports of export will be in charge 
of the Veterinary Inspector of the port. No ocean steamer will be 
allowed to receive more cattle or sheep than it can comfortably- carry. 
Over-crowding will not be permitted. 

10. The Veterinarj'^ Inspector at the port of export will notify 
the Collector of the Port of the various shipments of cattle or sheep 
that are entitled to clearance papers, and certificates of the inspection 
of said animals will be given to the consignors for transmission with 

the bills of lading. 

J. M. RUSK, 

Secretary. 

Order and Regulations for the Inspection of Cattle and Sheep 
for export. 

U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Office of the Secretary, 
Washington, D. C, February 7, 1895. 
The following order and regulations are hereby made for the in- 
spection of neat cattle and sheep for export from the United States to 
Great Britain and Ireland and the Continent of Europe, by virtue of 
the authority conferred upon me by section 10 of the act of Congress 
approved August 30, ]S90. entitled "An art i)roviding for an inspection 



394 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 

of meats for exportation, prohibiting" tlie im2:)ortation of adulteratecT 
articles of food or drink, and authorizing the President to make proc- 
lamation in certain cases, and for other purposes'": 

1. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry is herebj' directed 
to cause careful veterinary inspection to be made of all neat cattle and 
sheep to be exported from the United States to Great Britain and Ire- 
land and the Continent of Europe. 

2. This inspection will be made at any of the following- named 
stock yards: — Kansas City, Mo.; Chicago, 111.; Buffalo, N. Y.; Pitts- 
burg, Pa.; and at the following- ports of export, viz: — Portland, Me.; 
Baltimore, Md.; Boston and Charlestown, ^lass.; New York, N. Y.; 
Philadelphia, Pa., and Norfolk and Newport News, Va. All cattle 
shipped from any of the aforesaid yards must be tagged before being 
shipped to the ports of export. Cattle arriving at ports of export from 
other parts of the United States will be tagged at said portS; 

3. After inspection at the aforesaid stock yards, all cattle found 
free from disease and shown not to have been exposed to the contagion 
of any disease, shall be tagged under the direction of the inspector in 
charge of the yards. After tagging, the cattle will be loaded into 
cleaned and disinfected cars, and shipped through from said yards, in 
said cars, to the port of export. 

4. All animals shall be reinspected at the port of export. All rail- 
road companies will be required to furnish clean and disinfected cars 
for the transportation of cattle and sheep for export, and the various 
stock yards located at the ports of export shall keep separate, clean, 
and disinfected yards for the reception of export animals onl3'. 

5. Shippers shall notify the inspectors in charge of the yards of in- 
tended shipments of cattle, and shall give to the said inspector the 
locality from which said animals have been brought, and the name of 
the feeder of said flnimals, and such other information as may be prac- 
ticable for the identification of the place from which said animals 
have come. 

6. The inspector, after passing and tagging said cattle, shall 
notify the inspector in charge of the port of export of the inspection 
of said animals, giving him the tag numbers and the number and des- 
ignation of the cars in which said animals are shipped. 

7. Export animals, whenever possible, shall be unloaded at the 
port of export from the cars in which they have been transported di- 
rectly to the wharves from which they are to be shipped. They shall 
not be unnecessarily passed over any highway, or removed to cars or 
boats which are used for conveying other animals. Boats transporting 
said animals to the ocean steamer must be first cleansed and disin- 



INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 395 

fected under the supervision of the inspector of the port, and the 
ocean steamer must, before receiving said animals, be thoroughly- 
cleansed or disinfected in accordance with the directions of said in- 
spector. ^Yhen jiassage upon or across the public highway is unavoid- 
able in the transportation of animals from the cars to +he boat, it 
must be under such careful supervision and restrictions as the inspec- 
tor may direct. 

S. Any cattle or sheep that are ottered for shipment to Great 
Britain or Ireland, or the Continent of Europe, which have not beea 
inspected and transported in accordance with this order and regula- 
tions, or which having been inspected are adjudged to be infected, or 
to have been exposed to infection so as to be dangerous to other ani- 
mals, shall not be allowed to be placed upon any vessel for exporta- 
tion. 

9. The supervision of the movement of cattle from cars and yards 
to the ocean steamer at the ports of export will be in charge of the in- 
spector of the port. No ocean steamer will be allowed to receive more 
cattle or sheep than it can comfortably carry. Overcrowding will not 
be permitted. 

10. The inspector at the port of export will notify the collector of 

the port of the various shipments of cattle or sheep that are entitled 

TO clearance papers, and certificates of the inspection of said animals 

will be given to the consignors for transmission with the bills of 

lading. 

J. STERLING MORTON, 

Secretary. 
[Hmcndmctit to the Order dated fcbruary 7, 1895.] 

U. S. Department of Agriculture. 

Office of the Secretary, 
Washington, D. C, Dec. 19, 1895. 
It is hereby ordered that the Order and Regulations of February 
7, 1895, above mentioned, be and same are hereby amended as follows: 
Section 2 is hereby amended by the addition of Port Royal, South 
Carolina; New Orleans, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, as ports of 
export. 

And it is stipulated that transportation companies carrying cattle 
or sheep to Port Royal, S. C, for export shall establish at that point 
special stock yards for export cattle and sheep, and such stock yards 
shall be vised for no other purpose. 

The cattle exported from Port Royal, S. C, shall originate above 
the quarantine line established by the Department of Agriculture and 



396 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 

shall not be unloaded south of said line prior to arrival at Port KoyaL 
Cattle exported from New Orleans, La., and Galveston, Tex., shall 
originate south of said quarantine line, and no cattle from north of 
said quarantine line shall be exported from ports of New Orleans, La., 
or Galveston, Tex., except by special permit from the Chief of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry. All cattle and sheep exported from the 
three ports above mentioned shall be inspected, and the provisions of 
sections 4 and 5 of order of February 7, 1895, shall be applicable there- 
to, together with such other provisions of said order as may be deemed 
practicable by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 

The tagging of export animals at above ports shall be discretion- 
ary with the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 

J. STERLING MORTON, 

Secretarj'. 

While a strict inspection is thus maintained on all sheep 
imported into or exported from this country, it must be acknowl- 
edged that the regulations governing inter-state shipments yet 
leave something to be desired. 

For instance, the interpretation of the term "inter-state 
shipments" appears to be somewhat vague. Sheep designed for 
shipment for feeding or breeding purposes from any of the 
large stock-yards in the country which come under 
the care of Federal inspectors must be dipped before 
being allowed to leave the yards. This is a most excellent pro- 
vision, and if rigidly enforced would materially assist in keeping 
under, if not entirely eradicating, the disease known as scab; 
but here arises a loop-hole through which advantage of this regu- 
lation can be taken. Sheep shipped to a stock-yards and held 
there for sale and which are sold at those yards and allowed to 
remain therein several days after such sale come under the State 
laws and are not subject to the restrictions of the inter-state 
regulations. These sheep can be shipped to any point in that 
State without dipping. 

Now, it would be evident that if the infection from scab 
exists in the large stock-yards throughout the country as is 
claimed, these sheep would carry the infection to whatever point 



INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 397 

witliin the State tliey were shipped, and not only that, but they 
would infect the car or cars used for their transportation, which 
on being used again in the inter-state trade for other sheep ship- 
ments, would be liable to cause outbreaks of the disease in differ- 
ent parts of the country; furthermore, sheep affected with scab 
in the State of New York, for instance, can be shipped to the 
"New York Central stock-yards and from there, should the ship- 
per so desire and unless the State authorities should see fit to in- 
tervene, can be shipped to any other point within that State, as 
in no sense would they come under the regulations governing 
inter-state shipments. From this it is evident that although the 
Federal inspectors may use due diligence and care in enforcing 
their regulations, sheep scab can still be distributed over wide 
areas of country. The Western States appear to have thor- 
oughly grasped this idea and are generally enforcing State legis- 
lation to cover the movements of diseased animals within their 
borders; and if every State in the Union would enact laws pro- 
viding for the appointment of sheep inspectors who shall be 
assigned to certain districts within each State, and whose duty 
it should be immediately on the report of a contagious disease 
existing within his district, to investigate, and if the 
facts should justify him, quarantine said animals and said dis- 
trict in which the disease occurs, prohibiting their being removed 
from the farm or feeding lot until cured, it would be a speedy so- 
lution of this difficulty. Their co-operation then with the Fed- 
eral inspectors at the different stock-yards would render it vir- 
tually impossible for diseased animals to be transported through- 
out the country. 

The inter-State Federal inspection of sheep is carried out 
with the object of preventing the spreading of contagious dis- 
eases, notably sheep-scab, from one State to another, but un- 
happily this disease has gotten such a firm hold now generally 
throughout the United States, especially where "Western sheep 



398 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 

are being fed, that the only method for the eradication of the 
pest is to place a rigid quarantine on diseased stock 
wherever they may be found. An instance can be quoted here 
to illustrate the desirability of some such proceeding. In 1896, 
in a "Western feeding district where considerably over 100,000 
lambs are fed every year for the Eastern markets, principally 
Chicago, the majority of the flocks were affected with scab — in 
fact, all but one or two. These animals, while they were thor- 
oughly dipped, were by no means in all cases cured, but were 
released from the State quarantine and shipped to Chicago, be- 
cause, as it appeared, scabby sheep arriving there for immediate 
slaughter were passed by the authorities, and it would have been 
detrimental to the interests of the sheep-feeders of that State to 
have had their flocks held in quarantine while others were per- 
mitted access to the market. The mere fact that the transporta- 
tion of animals suffering from such a disease would infect the 
railroad ears to the further danger and damage of other shippers 
does not appear to have entered into their calculations. They 
were not engaged then in protecting their neighbors' territory, 
and the result now is apparent. Whereas, the scab was mostly 
confined some years ago to certain sections of the country, nota- 
bly the Western States and Territories, now we find it has been 
scattered broadcast; that clean sheep in feeding lots are the 
exception and not the rule, the trouble having followed the lines 
of the railroads till it is unsafe to load absolutely healthy sheep 
on railroad cars and after shipment place them with a flock free 
of disease, as they carry with them the infection from the cars, 
which in a short time will cause outbreaks of scabies in the flock 
to which they have been admitted. 

The following regulations refer to the inter-State transpor- 
tations of sheep: 



INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 399 

Cransportation of Sheep Hffcctcd with Scabies. 

U. S. Department of Agriculture. 

Office of the Secretary, 
Washington, D. C, June 18, 1897. 
To the Managers and Agents of Railroads and Transportation Compa- 
nies of the United States, Stockmen and Others: 

In accordance with Section 7 of the act of Congress approved May 
29, 1884, entitled '"An act for the establishment of a Bureau of Ani- 
mal Industry, to prevent the exportation of diseased cattle, and to 
provide means for the suppression and extirpation of pleuro-pneu- 
monia and other contagious diseases among domestic animals," and 
of the act of Congress approved April 23, 1897, making appropria- 
tion for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending- 
June 30, 1898, you are hereby notified that the contagious disease 
known as sheep scab, or scabies of sheep, exists among sheep in the 
United States, and that it is a violation of the law to receive for 
transportation, or transport any stock affected with said disease from 
one State or Territory to another, or from any State into the 
District of Columbia, or from the District into any State. It is also a 
violation of the law for any person, company or corporation to deliver 
for such transportation to any railroad company, or master or owner 
of any boat or vessel, any sheep, knowing them to be affected with 
said disease; and it is also unlawful for any person, company or cor- 
poration to drive on foot or transport in private conveyance from one 
State or Territory to another, or from any State into the District 
of Columbia, or from the District into any State, any sheep, knowing 
them to be affected with said disease. All transportation companies 
and individuals shipping, driving or transporting sheep are requested 
to co-operate with this Department in enforcing the law for prevent- 
ing the spread of the said disease. Inspectors of the Bureau of Ani- 
mal Industry are directed to report all violations of this act which 
come to their attention. 

In order to more effectually accomplish the object of the above 
mentioned laws, it is hereby ordered that any railroad cars, boats or 
other vehicles, which have been used in the transportation of sheep 
affected with said disease, shall be immediately cleaned and disin- 
fected by the owners or by the transportation companies in whose 
possession said cars or vehicles may be at any time the animals are 
unloaded by first removing all litter and manure which they con- 



400 INSPECTION, GOVERNiMENT AND STATE. 

tain, and then saturating the woodwork with a tive per cent, solution 
of crude carbolic acid in water. Inspectors of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry are directed to see that this order is carried into effect. 

JAMES WILSON, 

Secretary. 

State Inspection. 

Several of the Western States and also some of those of the 
Middle West have realized the necessity of controlling the passage 
of live stock across their borders, hence we find that the State of 
Colorado has built up an inspection bureau which has much to 
commend it. Starting out to prevent the promiscuous driving 
of Texas cattle into its territory, (they having been the cause of 
disastrous outbreaks of Texas fever among the stock with which 
they came in contact), laws were enacted which had 
for their especial meaning the prohibiting of sheep affected with 
scab from coming into the State. Unfortunately, however, the 
sheep-feeders found their source of supply endangered, as the 
sheej) raised in the State were insufficient, or not such profitable 
feeders as those obtainable from Xew Mexico and Arizona, and 
their influence was sufficient to produce special rulings on the 
part of the Veterinary Sanitary Board by which they were per- 
mitted to continue the importations of lambs from infected dis- 
tricts on the payment of a tax per head of from one to two cents, 
which was termed an inspection fee, although it was virtually a 
payment for privilege, as an inspection would have prohibited 
their importation altogether. These sheep or lambs then were 
shipped direct to the feeding districts and placed on the farms of 
the feeders, where they were considered to be in quarantine, the 
feeder being supposed to use due precaution by means of dipping, 
etc., to clean them up. This could only be a perfunctory pro- 
ceeding at the best; just sufficient to keep the disease under con- 
trol but never entirely eradicating it; and when fit for sale the 
stock was shipped direct to one or the other of the great markets. 



INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 401 

This process was responsible for the scattering of the infection 
over wide portions of territory. Far better would it have been if 
some method could have been found to compel a thorough 
cleaning of the flocks of ISTew Mexico, compelling every sheep 
leaving the Territory for other States to be dipped before being 
loaded on the cars. Then if they had been dipped thoroughly 
again on arrival at their destination, the disease would have been 
under control, and the danger of transmitting infection reduced 
to a minimum. We beLf.eve lately better methods are being taken 
to guard against these conditions, and that a supervision of rail- 
road cars and their thorough disinfection is being taken in hand, 
which is sure to produce beneficial results. Dr. Charles Gress- 
well, State Veterinary Surgeon and Secretary of the Colorado 
State Veterinary Sanitary Board, writes concerning inspection as 
follows : 

"I am strongly in favor and always have been of rigorous 
inspection regulations, mainly with the object of protecting own- 
ers of improved stock, who, of course, suffer the most from negli- 
gence of owners of less valuable animals. It is a noted fact that 
scab does more injury in direct proportion to improvement of 
breed and artificial handling. The owner of the wild Mexican 
sheep suffers but little in comparison to the owner of well-bred 
Shropshires or other pure-breeds. The same idea holds good with 
cattle, so the whole question resolves itself into one of rigorous 
inspection or no inspection whatever. With no inspection at all 
herds of sheep and cattle will gradually become more or less im- 
mune to contagious diseases which affect them, although with a 
great loss in the process. Animals raised by artificial selection 
and under our present domesticated conditions have little or no 
power to resist disease, and the ravages of disease among them are 
always very expensive. Therefore modified inspection is apt to 
make people think they are secure. They go in for the improved 
conditions, and then suffer from imperfectly executed inspection 



402 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 

laws. If there were no inspection laws, they might learn to-- 
take care themselves, or not go into the business of improved 
stock at all. Therefore, I repeat, inspection laws if once institu- 
ted should be carried out rigorously in spite of the temporary 
hardships they may and do at times cause, and the execution of 
such matters should he kept absolutely free from politics of every 
kind." 

"We publish here the rules and regulations governing the 
entry and disposition of sheep arriving in the State of Colorado 
from outside States and Territories: 

State of Colorado Sbccp Quarantine. 

Denver, Col., May 4, 1897. 

From and after this date and until further notice, the following- 
regulations will g-overn the admission of sheep from the States of 
Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, California, Nevada, 
Utah and Texas, and the Territories of Arizona, New Mexico and Okla- 
homa, and the Republic of Mexico, into the State of Colorado. 

First. All sheep intended to be driven or shipped into or through 
this State from the above scheduled States and Territories must be 
inspected by the .State Veterinai-}' Sanitarj- Board or bj' its duly au- 
thorized deputies before being allowed to enter said State, and due 
notice must be given of such intention to the Secretary at the Capitol 
Building, Denver, Colorado, or to one of the authorized inspectors of 
this Board, except: Sheep from the above scheduled districts may en- 
ter Colorado without inspection or a bill of health, by rail, provided 
they do not unload in the State except in quarantine pens for the 
purpose of feeding and watering and for a period not exceeding 
twenty-four hours. 

Second. No sheep, except as provided for above, will be allowed 
to be driven or shipped across the State line unless accompanied by a 
Bill of Health granted by the State Veterinary Sanitary Board, or by 
its duly authorized deputies, certifying that such sheep are wholly 
free from disease, and have not come in contact with any diseased 
sheep during the preceding sixty days, or unless accompanied by a 
Special Permit, which will be granted only on the following condi- 
tions: 

That sheep so introduced shall be dipped to the satisfaction and 
under the supervision of this Board, or its duly authorized inspectors. 



INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 403 

at Denver, Pueblo, La Junta or at such other point as may be desig"- 
nated by said Board, before such sheep shall be permitted to reload, 
or be driven to any point from the point of unloading, and said sheep, 
if introduced under such Special Permit shall be held in quarantine 
by said Board until the above provisions of inspection and dipping- are 
fullj^ complied with. 

Third. To defraj* the expenses of inspection and the necessary 
supervision, a fee of one cent per head will be charged before a Bill of 
Health is issued, and a fee of one and one-half cent per head before a 
Special Permit is issued. The latter fee will include the costs of re- 
lease hereafter granted upon the fulfillment of the terms of the 
Permit. 

Fourth. The cars used to transport all sheep coming into this 
State under Special Permit, as provided for above, and the pens in 
which the}- are unloaded, must be disinfected in the following man- 
ner: (a) Remove all litter and manure. This litter may be disinfected 
by mixing it with lime, or saturating it with a five per cent, solution of 
carbolic acid, or if not disinfected it may be stored where no sheep 
can come in contact with it. (b) Saturate the walls and floors of cars, 
fencing, troughs and chutes, or pens with a solution made bj^ dissolv- 
ing four ounces of chloride of lime in one gallon of water, or disinfect 
the cars with a jet of steam under a jjressure of not less than fifty 
pounds to the square inch. 

Inspectors will be stationed at the following points: 

P. J. Towner, E. Las Vagas, New Mexico. 

H. G. Ballard, Thompsons, Utah. 

J. A. Slayton, Carr, Colorado. 

J. H. Fleming, Folsom, New Mexico, 
and at other points of dipping within the State of Colorado. 

The penalty for infringement, or an attempt to infringe upon the 
provisions of this order, is a fine of not less than $100.00 nor more than 
$5,000, or imprisonment for not less than three months nor more than 
two years, or both. 

THE STATE VETERIN.\RY SANITARY BOARD OF COLORADO. 

E. J. TEMPLE. President. 
CHAS. GRESSWELL, Secretary. 

The rules and regulations of the various "Western States and 
Territories governing the transportation or driving of sheep 
across their borders are, with few modifications and" changes, a 
counterpart of the above, so further reference to them will be un- 



404 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 

iieces:?ary. Suffice to say that inspection is as yet in its infancy. 
Tlie more the intelligent farmers see of its benefits, the more de- 
sirous are they to claim the protection afforded them by the en- 
forcement of the laws, and it is safe to predict that the next few 
years will see a marked diminution in the spread of contagious 
affections, and a great amount of capital thereby saved to the pro- 
ducer. 



Index* 



H 

Abdomen 

Abortion 

Abomasum 

Abscess 

Acari 

Acetanelide 

Acetic Acid 

Actinomycosis 

Aconite 

Adipose tissue 

After-pains 

Afire, how to tell .... 

Ale 

Alcohol 

Alexander, Dr. AS... 
Alimentary canal . . . 

Alfalfa 

Aloes 

Alteratives 

Alum 

Amaurosis 

Ammonia Liniment. . 

Amniotic fluid 

Anaemia 

Anaesthetics 

Anal opening" 

Analj^sis food-stuffs . 

Anatomy, the 

Anise-seed 

Ant-acids 

Anterior maxillary.. 

Anthrax fever 

Anthelmintics 

Anodynes 

Antimony 

Antiseptics 

Antispasmodics 

Aphtha 

Apoplexy 

Apothecaries meas- 
ure 

Arachnoid space 

Areca nut 

Argali 

Arnica 

Arsenic 



Paffe. 



96 
343 
121 
298 
240-241 
354 
354 
281 
354 

95 
330 
113 
355 
354 
189 
116 

90 
355 
350 
355 
304 
162 
324 
285 
351 
132 

89 

94 
359 
351 
101 
262 
351 
351 
356 
351 
350 
168 
152 

353 
107 
355 
19 
356 
356 



Page^ 

Arsenical sheep dips. 248- 

Arteries 96^ 

Asafoetida 356 

Ash 88 

Asphixia 339- 

Astringents 350 

Atlas, the 100 

Auditory nerves .... 101, 108 

B 

Bacillus anthracis . . 263 

Bacillus tetani 278 

Bacillus tuberculosis. 261 
Ball, E. N., Sec. Me- 
rino Association . . 59 

Bakewell, Mr 23 

Barley, food value . . 89' 

Belladonna 356 

Benzoated lard 357 

Benzine 224^ 

Benzoin 357 

Bismuth 357 

Bile, the 129- 

Bile, functions of . . . . 130 

Bistournage 292 

Black oils 357 

Black leg 267 

Black leg, vaccina- 
tion against 269- 

Bladder, the 131 

Blasting 173 

Bleeding 146, 328 

Bleeding from cheek 

vein 146 

Bleeding from jugu- 
lar vein 147 

Bleedintg from sa- 

phena vein 146 

Bleeding from um- 
bilicus 339' 

Blinds, the 304 

Bloat 173 

Blood, the 87 

Blood anal^^sis 87 

Blood, circulation of. 96 

Blood diseases 283- 

Bloodlessness 285 



406 



INDEX. 



Bloody flux 

Blue-stone 

Bones, the 

Bones of the head . . 
Bones of the body.. 
Bones of the fore 

extremities 

Bones of the hind 

extremities 

Boracic acid 

Borboryg-mus 

Brain, the 

Broad ligiament 

Bronchocele 

Bruises 

C 

Cachexia 

Caecum, the 

Calabar bean 

Calcis, the 

Calculi 

Calculi, renal 

Calculi, urethral .... 

Calomel 

Camphor 

Cannabis Indica .... 

Oantharides 

Capillaries 

Capsicum 

Carbo-hydrates 

Carbolic acid 

Carbolic dips 

Carbonate of am- 
monia 

Carbonate of lime... 

Carbon 

Carbonic acid g-as 

Carcass weig"hts 

Card 

Carding" 

Cardamons 

-Carminatives 

Cartilag-e 

Cartilaginous tissue. . 

"Castor oil 

Cascarilla bark 

Castration 

Catarrh 

"C'athartics 

•Catechu 

'€ells 



Page. 

187 

358 

95,97 

99 

102 

103 

106 
358 
180 
96, 107 
135 
301 
297 



169 
127 
358 
107 
178 
197 
198 
359 
358 
358 
359 

96 
359 

88 
354 
250 

360 

359 

86 

96 

92 

76 

76 

359 

352 

98 

95 

360 

360 

290 

160 

351 

359 

94 



Page. 

Cellulitis 309 

Cercaria 232 

Cerebritis 151 

Cerebellum 100, 107 

Cerebrum 100, 107 

Cervical vertebrae . . . 102 

CerVix uteri 134 

Chalk 185 

Charbon 262 

Charcoal 361 

Cheeks, the 114 

Chest, the 96 

Cheviot sheep 70 

Chlorine gas 361 

Chloral 360 

Chloroform 360 

Chlorodyne 360 

Chloride of lime 359 

Chokered 228,286 

Choking 171 

Ohorioptes ovis 234 

Ctiolagogues 352 

Chyme, the 121 

Chyle 97 

Cinchona 361 

Cling 187 

Cloudy wool 79 

Cocaine 361 

Coccyx, the 102 

Codeine 361 

Cod-liver oil 361 

Coenurus cerebralis. 201 

Coffin bone 104 

Colchicum 362 

Colic 181 

Colon, the 127 

Common scab 236, 239 

Combing 77 

Congential hernia 133 

Conjunctiva, the 303 

Connective tissue.... 95 

Constipation 189 

Consumption 272 

Convulsions 153 

Cooper, M. A., Sec. 

Dorset Association. 54 

Copperas 363 

Corn, value for food.. 89 

Corn, silage 89 

Cornea 303 

Cornea, capacity of.. 305 

Corrosive sublimate.. 362 



INDEX. 



Cotswold sheep 

Cots'vvold sheep, de- 
scription of 

Cotton-seed oil 

Covered operation... 

Cracked teats 169, 

Cranial cavity 

Cranial nerves 

Creosote 

Crepitus 

Cross-breeding 

Croton oil 

Cumberland disease.. 
Cyanide of potassium 

Cyanosis 

Cystic tumors 

D 

Dandelion 

Daniells, H. A., Sec. 

National Lincoln 

Association 

Delaine Merino 

Delaine Merino, or- 
igin of 

Delaine Merino, scale 
of points 

Dentition 

Decussation 

Dental pad 

Dermatodectes ovis. . 

Diaphoretics 

Diaphragm, the 

Diaphragmatic herni a 

Diarrhoea 

Diarrhoea of lambs. . 

Digitalis 

Dipping 

Dipping plant 

Diseases, definition of 

Diseases, anthracoid.. 

Diseases of brain.... 

Diseases of digestive 
system 

Diseases of eye 

Diseases of liver 

Diseases, parasitic... 

Diseases due to ex- 
ternal parasites.. . . 

Diseases of the res- 
piratory organs. . . . 



Page. 
27 

27-29 
363 
293 
308, 337 
99 
108 
362 
295 
137 
362 
263 
363 
342 
300 



363 



29 
69 

69 

70 
113 
108 
112, 117 
234 
352 
117 
179 
183 
184 
363 
248 
250 
142 
263 
151 

168 
302 
192 
201 

234 

160 



Diseases of the urin- 
ary system 

Diseases of the new- 
ly-born 

Diseases, incidental 
to parturition 

Distoma hepaticum.. 

Diuretics 

Docking 

Dorset horned sheep. 

Dorset sheep, first 
importations 

Downrights, the 

Dover's pow^der 

Drastics 

Dropsy 

Dropsy, abdominal... 

Druce, Mr 

Drying up 

Drying "wool 

Duodenum, the 

Dunn's tonic drench. 

Dura mater 

Dysentery 

e 

Early lambs 

Ectozoa 

Eczema 

Eczema epizootica. . . 
Ejaculatory ducts... 

Ellman, Mr 

Eoabryotomy 

Emphysema infectu- 

osum 

Enemata 

Encephalitis 

Enteritis 

Entozoa 

Enzootic diseases.... 

Epithelial cells 

Epiglottis, the 

Epilepsy 

Epsom salts 

Ergot . 

Erysipelas 

Erythema 

Ethmoid bone 

Ether 

Euphorbium 

Eustachian tubes 

Eversion of rectum.. 



407 
Page. 

196 

339 

323 
231 
352 
293 
54 

54 

77 
364 
352 
192 
228 

50 
176 

77 
126 
161 
107 
187 



54- 
201 
307 
270 
134 

37 
327 

267 
381 
151 
182 
201 
145 
94 
117 
153 
146, 364 
364 
280 
308 
101 
364 
365 
115 
19 1< 



408 



INDEX. 



Ewes, conceive best.. 

Examine for scab 

Examination of ex- 
port sheep 

Examination of im- 
port sheep 

Excretion, an 

Extensor muscles 

f 

Fallopian tubes 

Fardel bound 

Fasciola hepaticum.. 

Feeding- 

Feeding' lambs, ra- 
tion for 

Feeding- tables 

Feeding tables, value 
of 

Feeding tables, 
Wolff's 

Felting 

Felty w^ool 

Femur, the 

Fennell 

Fenugreek 

Fibrous tissue 

Fish oil 

Fits 

Flooding 

Fly, the 

Foetus, the 

Food and increase . . . 

Foot and mouth dis- 
ease 

Foot-rot 104, 

Foramen 

Fow^ler's solution.... 

Fractures 

Frenzy, the 

Frontal bones 

Fungus haematodes. . 



Gad-fly 

Gall-bladder 

Gamboge 

Ganglion 

Garget 

Gasoline 

Gastric juice 

Gentian 



Page. 
141 
240 

392,396 

383-386 
130 
110 



134 
176 
231 

84 

90 
89, 90 

90 

89 

76 

79 

106 

365 

365 

95 

260 

153 

328 

259 

135 

91 

270 
145, 310 
102 
380 
295 
151 
99, 101 
305 



207 
130 
365 
109 
335 
224 
121 
365 



Germs 

Germ ovum 

Gestation, period of. 

Gid 

Ginger 

Glass eye 

Glauber salts 

Glycerine 

Goitre 

Goulard's extract. . . . 
Granulation, healing 

by 

Grass staggers 

Great head 

Green skit 

Gressvs^ell, Dr. Chas.. 

Gullet, the 

Gutta serena 

n 

Haematosepsis 

Hampshire Down 

Hampshire Do'wnjthe 
old 

Hampshire Down, the 
new 

Hampshire Down, 
first importations.. 

Hampshire Down, 
standard of excell- 
ence 

Hay, food value of. . . 

Head scab 

Healing by first in- 
tention 

Healing by granula- 
tion 

Health, definition of. 

Heart, the 

Heels, the 

Hemorrhoids 

Hemp 

Hepatic artery 

Hepatitis 

Herdvnck sheep 

Hernia 

Hernia, congenital. . . 

Hernia, d i a p h r a g- 
matic 

Hernia, umbilical. . . . 

Hermaphroditic para- 
sites 



Page. 
261 
133 

135, 323 
201 
366 
304 

146, 366 
366 

115, 301 
366 

296 
176 
263 

185 
401 
117 
304 



267 
45 

45 

47 
47 



49-50 

89 

238 

296 

297 
142 

96 
105 
191 

79 
129 
192 

72 
179 
133 

179 

180 

232 



INDEX. 



Hogg, the Ettrick 
shepherd 

Hog's lard 

Hoose 

Honeycomb, the 

Hoven 

Hock joint, the 

Humerus, the 

Husk 

Humphrey, Mr 

Hydrastis canenden- 
sis 

Hydrocephalus 

Hydrochloric acid.... 

Hydrocyanic acid 

Hydrogen 

Hydrogen peroxide.. 

Hydrophobia 

Hydro thorax 

Hypnotics 

Hyoscyamus 

t 

Icterus 

Ileum, the 

Ilio caecal valve 

Impaction of rumen. 

Impaction of omasum 

Impaction fourth 
stomach of lambs.. 

Imperforate anus 

Impetigo Labialis 

Imports from Canada 

Imports other coun- 
tries 

In-breeding 

Incontinence of urine 

Infectious abortion.. 

Infectious aphtha 

Inferior maxillary... 

Influenza 

Inflammation of blad- 
der 

I n fl a m m a tion of 
bowels 

I n fl a m m a tion of 
brain 

I n fl a m m a tion of 
bronchial tubes. . . . 

I n fl a m m a tion of 
liver 



Page. 

206 
366 
211 
120 
173 
107 
103 
211 
47 

367 
154 
122, 367 
366 
88 
367 
275 
166 
352 
367 



193 
127 
127 
175 
176 

181 

190, 341 

310 

383 

386 
138 
265 
343 
270 
101 
160 

198 

182 

151 

163 

192 



I n fl a m m a tion of 

lungs 

I n fl a m m a tion of 
inter-digital canal. 

I n fl a m m a tion of 
kidneys 

I n fl a m m a tion of 
pleura 

I n fl a m m a tion of 
vagina 

I n fl a m m a tion of 
womb 

Inflammation umbili- 
cal cord 

Inspection 

Inspection, Federal.. 

Inspection, State 

Interdigital canal 

inter-State sheep in- 
spection 

Inter-ungulate sinus. 

Intestines, length of. 

Intestinal obstruc- 
tions 

Intus-susception .... 

Inversion of womb. . 

Inversion of vagina.. 

Involuntary muscle 
tissue 

Iodine 

Iodoform 

Ipecacuanha 

Iron 

Iron carbonate 

Iron iodide 

Iron phosphate 

Iron sulphate 

Iron tincture 

Ischiatic spines 

Jaborandi 

Jalap 

Jaundice 

Jejunum 

Jugular vein 

Jugular vein, bleed- 
ing from 

Juniper berries 

K 

Kamala 



409- 
Page. 
164 
106, 321 
196 
166 
331 
332 

339 

38.^5 
382-400 
400-404 

105 

399 
105 
126 

178 
18a 
329 
330 

9S 
367 
368 
368 
368 
368 
369 
368 
368 
369 
106 



369 
369 
193 
127 
146 

147 
369 



369 



410 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Kentish long--wooled 

sheep 33 

Kidneys, the 131 

Kidneys, inflamma- 
tion of structure.. 196 

L 

Labor pains 323 

Lachrymal bones.... 101 

Lachrymal duct 303 

Lacteals 97 

Llama 21 

Laminal tissue 313 

Laminitis 321 

Laminitis parturient . 338 

Lanolin 369 

Larkspur 370 

Larynx 115,117 

Laryngitis 162 

Lathing 292 

Laudanum 370 

Laxatives 351 

Lead acetate 370 

Leicester sheep 23 

Leicester sheep, the 

old 23 

Leicester sheep, the 

new 25 

Leicester sheep, 

Border 26 

Leicester sheep, 

fleece 25-26 

Lice 258 

Ligaments 95 

Lime water 370 

Lime and sulphur dip 81, 255 

Lincoln sheep 29 

Lincoln sheep, the 

old 29 

Lincoln sheep, the 

new 29-32 

Lincoln sheep, scale 

of points 33 

Linseed oil 370 

Linseed meal 89, 90 

Lips, the 112 

Liquid measui-e 353 

Liquor amnii 324 

Liquorice 371 

Litmus paper 196 

Liver, the 129 

Liver, functions of.. 129 



Page. 
Liver, inflammation 

of 192 

Liver flukes 228 

Lobules of liver 129 

Lock-jaw 148, 278 

Loodiana disease.... 262 

Lomhriz 222 

Long-wooled breeds . 23 

Long bones 98 

Loss of cud 174 

Louping-ill 155 

Lucellia marcellaria. 259 

Lungs, the 96 

M 

Madness 275 

Mad staggers 155 

Maggots 260 

Magnesium sulphate. 371 

Malar bones 101 

Male shield fern 370 

Malignant pustule. . . 262 
Malignant parturient 

fever 333 

Mammitis 335 

Manyplies, the 121 

Marrow, the 98 

Mastitis 335 

Mating 136 

Measure, solid 353 

Measure, liquid 353 

Medical agents 350, 381 

Medical treatment in 

general 348, 349 

Medulla oblongata. . . 100, 107 

Meconium, the 341 

Melophagus ovinus.. 255 
Membrana nictitans. 228,303 

Mercurious chloride. 371 

Mercury 371 

Merino 59 

Merino, first impor- 
tations 63-64 

Merino, American. ... 59 

Merino, Spanish 63 

Merino, Delaine 69 

Merino, Dickinson... 69 

Merino wool fibres. . . 65 

Mesentery, the 97 

Mesentery, glands of 97 

Metacarpus 103 

Metastasis 301 



Metritis 

Mexican lambs 

Middle-wooled sheep. 

Midriff, the 

Milz-brand 

Mindererus spirit.... 

Molar teeth 

Mong-e, M 

Monstrosities 

Morphine 

Mountain breeds 

Mouth, the 

Mouth, broken 

Mucus rales 

Muscles, the 

Muscular tissue 

Muscles, contraction 

of 

Musmon, the 

Mutton fat 

Mutton, analysis of. . 
Myrrh 

Nasal bones 

Nasal cavity 

Nasal catarrh 

Navel-ill 

Nephritis 

Nerves 

Nervous tissue 

Nicotine 

Nippers, the 

Nitrite of amyl 

Nitric acid 

Nitrogen 

Nitre, sweet spirts of 

Nitro - hydrochloric 
acid 

Nocard, M 

Nodular disease 

Non-contagious dis- 
eases 

Nux vomica 

O 

Oatmeal 

Oats, as food 

Obliteration of os 

uteri 

Obstruction of gullet 
Occipital bone 



INDEX. 411 

Page. 
Oesophagostoma col- 

umbianum 192, 224 

Oesophagus 117 

Oesophageal canal... 118 

Oestrum, period of.. 135 

Oestrus ovis 207 

Oil of anise 373 

Oil of carron 373 

Oil of cinnamon 374 

Oil of ergot 374 

Oil of eucalyptus 374 

Oil of mustard 374 

Oil of olive 373 

Oil of peppermint. . . 374 

Oil of tar 374 

Oil of turpentine 375 

Oil of vitriol 375. 

Olfactory nerves 101, 108 

Omasum, the 121 

Omasum, impaction 

of 176 

Opacity of the cornea 305 

Operative surgery 290-302 

Opium tincture 375 

Ophthalmia, simple . . 303 

Ophthalmia proper. . 304 

Optic nerves 108 

Os hyoides 115 

Os pedis 104 

Ovaries, the 134 

Ovaries, castration of 294 

Oxfordshire DoTvn ... 50 
Oxfordshire Down, 

origin of 50 

Oxfordshire Down, 

early importations. 52 

Oxygen Sa 

P 

Palate bones 101 

Palsy, the 157 

Pancreas 130 

Pancreas, its uses... 131 

Pancreatic juice 131 

Paralysis 150 

373 Paralysis, peripheral 150 

90 Paralysis, simple 157 

Paralysis, transverse 150 

325 Parasites 145 

171 Parasites, internal... 201 

100 Parasites of the skin 234 



Page. 

279, 332 
84-85 

23 
118 
262 
371 
113 

76 
327 
372 

70 

114 

113, 140 

164 

110 

95 

95 
19 

87 

87 

356 



101 
101 
160 
339 
196 
96, 108 

95 
372 
113 
372 
372 

87 
372 

373 
169 
224 

307-322 
373 



412 



INDEX. 



Page. 
Parasitic diseases of 

the brain 201 

Parasitic gastric ca- 

tarrii 219 

Pa r a si tic 'b r o n clii t i s . 211 
Parasitic diarrhoea. . 215 
Parasitic nasal ca- 
tarrh 207 

Parietal bones, the.. 100 
Paronchyia inter- 

dig-italis 310 

Parotid glands 114 

Parturient laminitis. 338 

Parturition 323 

Parturition, diseases 

incidental to 323 

Parturition, m a 1- 

presentations 326 

Parturition, normal. 323 
Parturition, p r o- 

longed 324 

Pastern joint 104 

Pasteur, M., method 
of vaccination for 

anthrax 263 

Patella, the 106 

Pelvis, the 106 

Penis, the 134 

Pepper 375 

Peppermint 375 

Pepsin 122 

Pericardium 97 

Peritoneum, the 97,120 

Peritonitis 191 

Periosteum, the 98 

Permanganate of pot- 
ash 376 

Persian sheep ' 21 

Petrous temporal 

bone 101 

Peyers patches 126 

Pharynx ■ 115, 117 

Physiological action 

of drugs 350 

Pia mater 107 

Picklock, the 77 

Picrate of Potash 223 

Piles 191 

Pinding 188 

Pining 289 

Placental papillae 331 

Plethoric diseases... 145 



Page. 

Pleura, the 97 

Pleurisy 166 

Pneumogastric nerve 108 

Pneumonia 164 

Poked 286 

Pomgranate root 

bark 376 

Portal vein 129 

Post-partem hemorr- 
hage 328 

Potassium bi-carbon- 

ate 375 

Potassium chlorate.. 367 

Potassium hydrate.. 377 

Prehensile organs... 114 

Prime, the 77 

Probang, the 172 

Prolapsus of the rec- 
tum , 191 

Prolapsus uteri 329 

Prolapsus vaginae... 330 
Prominent breeds of 

sheep 23 

Proportion of parts.. 91 

Protein 88 

Proof spirit- 377 

Prurigo 309 

Prussic acid 354, 377 

Psoroptes communis. 234 

Ptomaines 261 

Pulse, the 147 

Pulse beats 147 

Pumpkin seeds 224 

Purgatives 145, 352 

Pylorus, the 122, 127 

Q 

Quarantine regula- 
tions . 383 

Quarantine, import 

sheep 386 

Quarantine, sheep 
affected with con- 
tagious diseases... 399 

Quarter-ill 267 

Quicklime 319 

Quinine sulphate.... 377 

R 

Eabies 148, 275 

Eabies, in the dog. . . 277 

Radius, the 103 



INDEX. 



413 



Page. 
Rambouillet, the.... 66 
Rambouillet Associa- 
tion 68 

KamTDOuillet, early 

importations 68 

Rambouillet, origin of 68 

Rectum, the 127 

Red-clover, value of. 89 

Rediae 232 

Red water 283 

Renal basin 132 

Renal calculi 197 

Regulations for in- 
ter-state shipments 399 
Retention of foetal 

membranes 328 

Retention of mecon- 
ium 341 

Retention of urine... 197 

Reticulum, the 120 

Rheumatism 287 

Rheumatism acute... 288 

Rheumatism chronic. 288 

Rhubarb 377 

Rhubarb, compound 

powder of 378 

Ribs, the 102 

Rigidity of os uteri . . 325 

Rock salt 85,214 

Rocky na o u n t a i n 

sheep 19 

Romney Marsh sheep 33 
Romney, first impor- 
tations of 35 

Rosin 378 

Rot, the 226 

Rot, prevention of . . . 232 

Rumen, the 118 

Rumen, impaction of 175 

Rumination 123 

Rumenotomy . 176 

Rupture 179 

Ruta-baga 89 

S 

Sacrum, the 107 

Saliva, the 114 

Salivary glands 114 

Saliva, its uses 115 

Salmon, Dr. D. E 224 

Salt 145,378 

Sanguineous Ascites. 283 



Page. 

Sanmetto 200 

Santonin 378 

Sapo Mollis 378 

Sarcoptes ovis 234 

Searing, the cord 292 

Secretion, definition 

of 130 

Scab, the 234 

Scab infection 243 

Scab mites 238-242 

Scab, multiplication 

of 236 

Scapula, the 103 

Scrotum, the 133 

Scrotal hernia 133,293 

Secretion, a ISO 

Selection 140 

Semen, the 133 

Sesamoids 104 

Shearing 148 

Sheep 19 

Sheep, number in 

U. S 22 

Sheep, how to catch . 144 

Sheep pox 273 

Sheep tick 255 

Short-wooled sheep. . 23,59 

Shropshire breed 41 

Shropshire, origin of 41 
Shropshire, points of 

excellence 43-45 

Shropshire, early im- 
portations 43 

Shropshire Sheep As- 
sociation 43 

Silver nitrate 379 

Simple ophthalmia . . 303 

Skeleton, the 95,97 

Skin dryness 342 

Snots, the 211 

Snuffles, the 160 

Soap liniment 379 

Sodium carbonate... 379 
Sodium hyposulphite 379 
Sore mouth, con- 
tagious in lamhs.. 169 

Sore-throat 162 

Soft palate 115 

Southdown sheep.... 35 
Southdown early his- 
tory 37-39 



414 



INDEX. 



Page. 
Soutflidown Associat- 
ion 39 

Soutihdown, scale of 

points 40-41 

Spanish Merino 21 

Spanish wool 20 

Spaying 294 

Special nerves 108 

Specific diseases 261 

Spermatic cord 133 

Sphenoid bone 101 

Spinal cord 9G, 102, 107 

Spinal vertebrae 96 

Splenic apoplexy 262 

Spleen in anthrax... 267 

Sporocyst 232 

Sprains V'98 

Squamous temporal.. 100 

Starch 88 

State, inspection of 

sheep 400 

Statistics, wool 82-83 

Stavesacre seed 380 

Steno's duct 114 

Stifle joint 106 

Stomach 97 

Stomach round 

Avorms 219 

Stomatitis 169 

Strains 298 

Streptococcus erysip- 

elatis 280 

Stricture 180 

Stripy wool 78 

Strongylus contortus 219 

Strongylus filaria. . . . 211 

Strongylus rufescens 211 

Struma 301 

Sturdy 148,201 

Subcorneus m e m- 

brane 312 

Sublingual glands. . . 115 

Submaxillary glands. 114 

Suffolk sheep 56 

Suffolk standard of 

excellence 58-59 

Suffolk Association.. 56 

Sussex sheep 35 

Sugar of lead 380 

Sulphate of iron 363 

Sulphur 380 

Sulphuric acid 380 



Sulphurous acid 

Superior maxillary.. 

Super-purgation 

Sympathetic nerve... 

C 

Tables 

Tables, wool imports 

Tables, Wolff's 

Taenia coenurus 

Taenia expansa 

Tagging 

Tar 

Tar, oil of 

Taraxacum 

Teeth, the 

Teeth, incisors 

Teeth, molars 

Teeswaters, the 

Temperature, how to 
take 

Temporal bones 

Tendons 

Testicles, the 

Testicles, castration 
of 

Tetanus 

Therapeutic action 
of drugs 

Thoracic duct 

Thorter-ill 

Thymus, the 

Thyroid bodies 

Tibia, the 

Tissue 

Tissue, kinds of 

Tobacco 

Tobacco sheep dip. . . 

Tonics 

Tongue, index in dis- 
ease 

Tongue, the 

Toppiness 

Torsion of uterus. . . . 

Trachea, the 

Tracheotomy 

Transverse paralysis. 

Trapping 

Treatment of indi- 
viduals 

Treatment, a whole 
flock 



Page, 
380- 
101 
183 
109 



83 

83 

88 

202 

216 

189 

381 

374 

363 

112 

113 

113 

26 

148 

100 

95 

133 

290 
278 

350 

97 

155 

115 

115 

106 

94 

95, 96 

381 

250- 

353 

148 
115 
79 
326 
117 
163 
150 
292 

348 

349' 



INDEX. 



415 



Trembling's, the 

Trephining- 

Trocar, the 

Tuberculosis 

Tumors 

Tumors, treatment of 

Tunica vaginalis 

Turnsick 

Turnips 

Tying 

Typhus 

a 

Ulna, the 

Umbilical cord 

Umbilical hernia 

Umbilical cord, in- 
flammation of 

Umbilical h e m o r r- 
hage 

Uraemic poisoning. . . 

Urea 

Ureters 

Urethra 

Urine 

Uterus, the 

Uterus, amputation 
of 

T 

Vaccination anthrax. 

Vaccination blackleg. 

Vagina, the 

Vaginitis 

Variola ovina 

Vas deferens 

Vaseline 

Veins 

Vermes 

Vermiform append- 
age 

Vermifuges 

Vermicides 

Vesiculae seminales. 

Villi, the 

Vinquish 

Voluntary muscle 
tissue 

Volvulus 

Vulva, the 

m 

Water on the brain.. 



Page. 
155 
210 

172, 174 
272 
299 
300 
293 
201 
89 
292 
263 



103 
339 

180 

339 

339 
198 

132, 196 
132 
132 

131-132 
134 

330 



266 
269 
135 
331 
273 
133 
381 
96 
201 

134, 199 
352 
352 
133 
97, 127 
289 

95 
180 
135 



154 



Page. 

Watery wool 78 

Webb, Jonas 37 

Wheat'bran, for food 89 

White oak bark 381 

White skit 184 

Wild-fire 281 

Wing, Jos. E 224 

Wiring lOl, 206 

Wolff's tables 89 

Wool 75 

Wool balls 178 

Wool closure of fleece 77 

Wool curl 77 

Wool, growth of 75 

Wool fibres 65 

Wool fibres, serra- 
tions of 76 

Wool, fine 76 

Wool, fineness 77 

Wool, superfine 77 

Wool, hemp 79 

Wool, short 77 

Wool, cloudy 79 

Wool, long 77 

Wool, broad-topped.. 80 

Wool break 80 

Wool, watery 78 

Wool, stripy 78 

Wool thickness 77 

Wool, felty 79 

Wool, toppy 79 

Wool, stapler 77 

Wool, strength of 

fibre 77 

Wool imports 83 

Wool-sorters' disease 262 

Womb, the 134 

Wounds 296 

Wounds contused. .. . 297 

Wounds of the eye.. 305 

Wounds incised 296 

Wounds lacerated.. . . 297 

Wounds punctured.. 296 

T 

Yolk of fleece 76 

Youatt 76 

Z 

Zinc sulphate 381 

Zygomatic arch 100 



SHEEP BREEDERS' 



DIRECTORY. 



CONTAINING A LIST'OF THE 
PROMINENT 



SHEEP BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS 

OF THE UNITED STATES AND 

CANADA. 



AI<SO 



NAMES AND POST OFFICE ADDRESSES OF BREEDERS 

OF PUREBRED SHEEP OF THE BEST KNOWN 

BREEDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 



1899. 



Sheep Breeders' Hssociations of the United States 

and Canada* 



"Cbc Hmmcan Leicester Breeders' Hssocutton. 

President. 
D. C. GRAHAM, Cameron, 111. 
Vice-President. 
A. W. SMITH. Maple Lodg-e, Ont. 
Secretary-Treasurer. 
A. J. TEMPLE, Cameron, III. 
Directors. 
John Kelly, Shakespeare, Ont. 
John Walton, Calkinsville, Mich. 
J. W. :Murpliy, Cass City, Mich. 
James E. Gaunt, Liicknovv, Ont. 
J. M. Gardhouse, Highfield. Ont. 
James Snell, Clinton, Ont. 
C. E. Wood, Freeman, Ont. 

Honorary Vice-Presidents. 
W. A. IMcCoy, Mercer, Pa. 
A. Whilelavv, Guelph. Ont. 
John Marshall, Cass City, Mich. 
George Richardson, Benedict, Neb. 
A. L. Wino-ate, Avon, 111. 
S. P. Goudev, Yarmouth, X. S. 
William Clark. North Wiltshire, P. E. I. 
J. W. McKinney, Salem, Oregon. 



Htnerican Cotswold Record. 

President, 
JOHN C. SNELL, Snelgrove, Ont. 

Vice President. 
J. HAL WOODFORD. Paris, Ky. 
Secretary and Treasurer. 
GEO. HARDING & SON, Waukesha, W^is. 
Board of Directors. 
R. C. WATT, Xenia, Ohio. 
JOHN C. SNELL. 
J. HAL WOODFORD. 
GEO. HARDING. 
F. W. HARDING. 



OFFICEES OF ASSOCIATIONS. 419 

Hmcrican Cotswold Record— Continued. 

^■ice Presidents. 
Eastern Ontario — James Russell, Richmond Hill. 
Western Ontario — David McCrae, Guelph. 
California — Chas. McDairmaid, San Jacinto. 
Colorado— T. H. Orcutt, Rocky Ford. 
Illinois — Thos. Clark. Beecher. 
Indiana — J. B. Herkless, Carthage. 
Iowa — S. Bennington, Volga. 
Kansas — S. G. McCandless, Cottonwood Falls. 
Kentucky — Abram Renick. Sycamore. 
Maine — Oscar Shirley, Houlton. 
Michigan — W. R. Montgomery, Jr., Hillsdale. 
Minnesota — R. C. Judson, St. Paul. 
Montana — F. K. Parkhurst, Ekalaka. 
Missouri — Hopson Glascock, Rensselaer. 
North Dakota — W. C. Heron, Harvey. 
South Dakota — Fred Wilson, Conde. 
New York — John Chick, Attica. 
Ohio — W. J. Cherry. Xenia. 
Oregon — James Withycombe, Corvallis. 
Pennsylvania — S. V. McDowell, Fredonia. 
Utah — Jas. B. Ririe, Weber. 
West Virginia — James J. Idleman, Mt. Storm. 
Wisconsin— N. M. Jewell, Mineral Point. 



National Lincoln Hssociation. 

President. 
BERT SMITH, Charlotte, Mich. 

Secretary-Treasurer. 
H. A. DANIELLS, Elva, Mich. 

Vice-Presidents. 
William Oliver, Ontario. 

E. P. Oliver, Michigan. 
J. W. Ganes, Wisconsin. 
Col. C. C. Rice, Illinois. 
Col. H. Z. Leonard, Indiana. 
H. C. Coburn, South Dakota. 

F. G. Bovver, P. E. Island. 
C. H. Marshall, Vermont. 
H. H. Cleaver, Missouri. 
W. W. Steed, Utah. 

Directors. 
S. W. Beal. Michigan. 

G. E. Port, Michigan. 
Graham W^alker, Ontario. 
M. L. Wasson, Michigan. 
James Z. Mott, Michigan. 

Pedigree Committee. 
Capt. T. E. Robson. Robert Knight, Wm. Shier. 



420 OFFICEEiS OF ASSOCIATIONS. 

Hmcrican Southdown Breeders^ Hssociation. 

President. 
J. H. PICKRELL, Springfield, 111. 
Secretary. 
JNO. G. SPEINGEE, Springfield, 111. 
Treasurer. 
D. W. SMITH, Springfield, 111. 
Board of Directors. 
Geo. MelCerrow, Sussex, Wis. 
L. M. Crothers, Crothers, Pa. 
J. H. Warren, Hoosick Falls, N. Y. 
Jerome A. Leland, Springfield, 111 
S. E. Prather, Springfield, 111. 
C. M. Clay, White Hall, Ky. 
John Jackson, Abingdon, Ont.. Can. 
J. D. Pancoast, Moorestown. N. J. 
F. J. Tompkins, Girard, Mich. 



Hmcrican Shropshire Hssociation. 

President. 
Hon. JOHN DEYDEN, Toronto, Canada. 

First Vice-President. 

Prof. W. C. LATTA, LaFayette, Indiana. 

Secretary-Treasurer. 

MORTIMER LEVERING, LaFayette, Indiana. 

Executive Committee. 
H. H. Clough, Ohio, term expires, Nov. 1S99 

George Allen, 111., " " " 1899 

Dr. G. H. Davison, N. Y.-, " " " 1900 

T. A. Bixby, Mich., " " " 1900 

Committee on Pedigrees. 
S. H. Todd, Ohio, term expires, Nov. 1899 

J. C. Payne, Wis., ' » u .. 1899 

H. W. Mumford, Mich., " " " 1900 

J. N. Greenshields, Que., " " " 1900 

Vice-Presidents. 

British Columbia — E. A. Kipp, Chilliwack. 

Manitoba — J. A. S. Macmillan. Brandon. 

Northwest Territory — O. P. Skrine, Grenfell. 

Nova Scotia — David Logan, Pictou. 

Ontario— W. H. Beattie, Wilton Grove. 

P. E. I. — Donald Ferguson, Charlottetown. 

Quebec — W. C. Edwards, Montreal. 

Arizona — Joseph Baum, Phoenix. 

Arkansas— E. C. Walton, Rogers. 



OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS. 421 

Hmerican Shropshire Hssociation— Continued. 

California — J. H. Glide, Jr.. Sacremento. 
Colorado— J. D. Stannard, Fort Collins. 
Connecticut — D. B Wilson, Waterbury. 
Georgia — T. P. Branch, Aug-usta. 
Illinois— George Allen, Allerton. 
Indiana — F. C. Yeiser, Avilla. 
Iowa — L. M. Hartley, Salem. 
Kansas — Elwood Rush, Shaw. 
Kentucky— J. M. Garrett, Fort Garrett. 
Long Island — E. R. Ladew, Glen Cove. 
Maine — Bert Hilton, Anson. 
Maryland— C. H. Tilghman, Tunis Mills. 
Massachusetts— Frank P. Bennett, Boston. 
Michigan — L. S. Dunham, Concord. 
Minnesota— W. J. Boynton, Rochester. 
Mississippi — T. H. Harrod. Newton. 
Missouri— W. R. Turner, Shelbyville. 
Nebraska — C. H. Ballinger, Lexington. 
N. H.— H. W. Keyer, North Haverhill. 
New Jersey — R. Stuyvesant, Allamuchy. 
New Mexico — C. W. Riggs, Albuquerque. 
New York— James Hilton, New Scotland. 
North Carolina— J. S. Carr, Durham. 
North Dakota — R. T. Kingman, Hillsboro. 
Ohio— S. F. Streetor, Painesville. 
Oregon— L. F. Mascher, Silverton. 
Pennsylvania — .T. A. Woodworth, Sayre. 
Rhode Island— F. S. Ballon. Slatersville. 
S. Dakota — F. \v'. Goodrich. Farmingdale. 
Tenn.— James Calloway, Four Mile Branch. 
Vermont — Albert Bresee, Hubbardton. 
Virginia — Mr. Thompson, Swoope. 
West Virginia — J. L. Hayes, Mannington. 
Wisconsin — Prof. J. A. Craig. Rice Lake. 
Wyoming — VV. R. Carlin, Medicine Bow. 



Hampshire Down Breeders' Hssociation. 

President. 
lEA J. HILLER, West Bay City, Mich. 

Vice-Presidents. 
J. W. GANES, Eeeseville, Wis. 
J. G. MASSEY, Rawlins, Wvo. 
P. W. ARTZ, New Carlisle. Ohio. 
E. M. BENHAM, Hopewell Center, N. Y. 
Secretary and Treasurer. 
JOHN I. GORDON, Mercer, Pa. 

Auditors. 

JOSEPH JUNKTN, fiercer, Pa. 

J. H. ALLISON, Mercer, Pa. 



422 OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIOlSrS. 

Hmcrican Oxford Down Sheep Record Hssociatton. 

President. 
GEO. McKEKROW, Sussex, Wisconsin. 

First Vice-President. 

H. J. DeGARMO, Highland, Michigan. 

Secretary and Treasurer. 

W. A. SHAFOR, Middletown, Ohio. 

Vice-Presidents. 
William Duval, Alliance, O. 
J. H. Ajlor, Gunpowder, Ky. 
Edmund Orgill. Bonds, Tenn. 
A. Bordwell, Fargo, N. Y. 
F. C. Riddle, Chadds Ford, Pa. 

D. Williams, Pleasant Valley, W. Va. 
L. N. Olmsted. Muir, Mich. 

J. R. Cunningham, Antioch, Ind. 

James Tolton. Walkerton. Out., Can. 

M. G. Okev, Millersville. 111. 

L. D. Hill," Hingham, Wis. 

William M. Liggett, Benson, Minn. 

Eli Kelly, Fairfield, la. 

R. H. Sampson, Rocheport, Mo. 

E. Cook, Wilmont, South Dakota. 

F. C. Goldsborough, Easton. Md. 
Charles W. Hilton, Anson, Me. 
F. E. Simpson, Saxonville, Mass. 
Robert Jones, Fort Steele, Wye. 
E. S. Dunlap, Truro, N. S. 



Dorset F)orn Sheep Breeders' Hssociation of Hmerica. 

President. 

HON. JOHN A, McOILLIVRAY, Toronto, Canada. 

Vice-President. 

HENRY PALMER, Avondale, Pa. 

Secretary and Treasurer, 

M. A. COOPER. 

Executive Committee. 
Wm. E. Kimsey, Angola. Ind. 
Wm. L. McCleary, Washington, Pa. 
Samuel Briggs, Cleveland, Ohio. 
E. O. Denton. Somerset, N. Y. 
L. S. Gillet, Verona, Md. 



OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS. 423 

Dorset f>om Sheep Breeders* Hssociation of Hmerica— Continued. 

Vice-Presidents. 

Canada— A. T. Button. 
New Yorlt — J. L. Buell. 
Indiana — A. H. Omstead. 
Pennsylvania — D. Strickler. 
Michiigan — Lewis Love. 
Connecticut— J. B. Palmer. 
Ohio— S. C. Priest. 
Nebraska — 'H. D. Watson. 
Wisconsin — Hug-h H. Price. 
Illinois — John J. Gates. 
Kentucky — James B. Finnell. 
^Maryland — Gall a way Cheston. 
Massachusetts — Alfred Birnie. 
Missouri — A. M. Teller. 
Delaware — George W. Bush. 
New Jersey — R. Stuyvesant. 
North Carolina — J. S. Carr. 
Vermont — James C. Colg-ate. 
Virg-inia — Prof. D. O. Nourse. 
Ontario — M. N. Empey 
Minnesota — Giles Hayward. 
Oregon — Richard Scott. 
Maine — H. B. Whitman. 
Tennessee — James J. McClaskej'. 



Cotittncntal Dorset Club. 

Secretary. 
J. E. WING. 



Vhc Itnprovcd Blach-^op Merino Sbccp Breeders* 
Hssociation of Hmerica. 



President. 

L. L. MARSH. 

Vice-President. 

L. J. WILSON. 

Corresponding Secretary. 

O. M. ROBERTSON. 

Secretary and Treasurer. 

L. M. CROTHERS. 



424 OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS. 

Hmcrtcan RambouiUct Sbccp Breeders' Hssociation. 

President. 

J. E. WEBB, Webb, Ind. 

Vice-President. 

C. L. HALLADAY, Sebewa, Mich. 

Secretary and Treasurer. 

E. V. BUENHAM, Woodstock, Ohio. 



National Delaine JMcrino Sheep Breeders' Hssociation. 

President, 

JAMES McClelland. 

Corresponding Secretary. 
J. H. HAMILTON. 

Treasurer. 

R. W. CKOTHERS. 

Recording- Secretary. 

C. C. JOHNSON. 



"Cbe Michigan Merino Sbeep Breeders' Hssociation. 

President. 
A. A. WOOD, Saline. 
Vice-President. 
H. R. DEWEY, Grand Blanc. 
Secretar3^ 
E. N. BALL, Hamburg. 
Treasurer. 
THOS. VAN GIESON, Clinton. 
Directors. 
L. W. Barnes, Byron. 
P. \ oorhies, Jr., Pontiac. 
William Hall, Hamburg. 
F. L. Corbin, Lansing. 

C. E. Lockwood, Washington, Mich. 

Committee of Pedigrees. 

D. P. Dewev, Grand Blanc. 
W. E. Bovd'en. Delhi Mills. 

E. W. Hardy, Howell. 



BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 425 

National Cheviot Sheep Society. 

President. 

PROF. C. S. PLUMB, LaFayette, Ind. 

First Vice-President. 

P. P. NOEL, Rockville, Ind. 

Vice-Presidents for States. 

T. N. CURRY, Hartwick. N. Y. 

U. S. MILLER. Pulaski, Iowa. 

H. C. DAVIDSON, Elbridge, Tenn. 

C. H. MARSHALL, Vergennes, Vt. 

Secretary. 
HOWARD H. KEI:M,' Ladoga, Ind. 

Treasurer. 
ISAAC LLOYD, Russellville, Ind. 
Artist. 
L. A. WEBSTER, Whiting, Vt. 
Executive Committee. 
The President and Secretary ex-officio. 
P. P. Noel. 
Hon. D. W. Heagy. 
R. L. Ainslie. 
Isaac Lloyd. 
William Curry. 
W. S. Crodian. 



Sheep Breeders* Directory. 
Breeders of Leicester Sheep. 

Archer, A. E Warwick, Ont, 

Adams, V. R iJray ton, Ont. 

Alcoat Bros Brucefield, Ont. 

Anderson, W. . Castle Avery, Man. 

Armstrong. J. S Marden, Ont. 

Allison, George Burnbank, Man. 

Attridge, Wm. T. L Waterdown, Ont. 

Adair, VYm Alsfeldt, Ont. 

Andrews, John St. Thomas, Ont. 

Allin Bros Newcastle, Ont. 

Armstrong, G B Teeswater, Ont. 

Austin, W. R ;-;apperton. B. C. 

Armour, Andrew Diinnville, Ont. 

Allen, Robert Meibourn, Que. 

Allin, Henry Orono, Ont. 

Bowman, Richard Charlottetown, P. E. I. 

Banks, John \niaranth Station, Ont. 



426 BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 

BaM, Adolpf Lore, Iowa. 

Beebe, E. E Huron, S. D. 

Brodbent, Brooks New VVilming-ton, Pa, 

Baxter, Daniel .Allans Corners, Que. 

Bissett, J. G Cole Harbor, N. S. 

Blais, A. & J Glen Sandfield, Ont. 

Bennett & Pardo Charing- Cross, Ont. 

Boswall. Albert Pownal, P. E. 1. 

Blackburn, VV. C Orono, Ont. 

Baker, La,wrence W Comstocks, N. Y. 

Baker, Fred Dashwood, Ont. 

Bricker, J. U Grattan, Mich. 

Brown, Wm Fordwich, Ont. 

Batchell, C. A Lower Bedford, Ont. 

Billings, C. J Gooding-, Mieh. 

Bell, Donald Bellingham, Ont. 

Bald\vin & Lethbridge Fingal, Ont. 

Brown, Alfred Bethel, Ont. 

Barlow, Judson Binbrook, Ont. 

Bannen, J. J' Hurlbut, Wis. 

Bower, Augustus Lower Ohio, N. 8. 

Bickell, George Appleby, Ont. 

Bishop, J as. T Summerton, Mich. 

Bowlby, John A Bath, M. Y. 

Brown, David Maple Creek, Neb. 

Currelly. T. & Son Fullarton. Ont. 

Clark. Wm North Wiltshire. P. E. I. 

Campbell, M Northwood, Ont. 

Cornwall, Ira St. Johns, N B. 

Conley, G. B Marshall, Mich. 

Cowan, John S Newry, Ont. 

Campbell, Jas K ; Palmerston, Ont. 

Cameron, Andrew West"wood, Ont 

Crozier, Archie Bleachburg, Ont. 

Cunningham, Tbos Tamworth, Ont. 

Calder, J. A. M v North Glaniord, Ont. 

Clements, Nelson Vanessa, Ont. 

Corning, Wm. Chegoggin, N. S. 

Cowieson, John Queensville, Ont. 

Crerar, Alex '. Lisbon, Ont. 

Cox, E. G Albany, Oregon. 

Cowan, Jas Allans Corners, Que 

Campbell, Peter Amberly, Ont. 

Cunningham, John Clare, Mich. 

Craig, Chas Middleton, P. E. I. 

Clark, D. F Sears, Mich. 

Campbell, Adam Burnbj', Ont. 

Calkins, L. J St. Johns, Mich. 

Cranston, Andrew Madrid, N. Y. 

Cuming, Nicholas Birth, Ont. 

Cuthbert, W. S Hammond, N. Y. 

Cordingley, David Lisgar, Ont. 

Clay, Richard Katrine, Ont. 



BREEDEBS OF LEICESTEE, SHEEP. 427 

Dwyer, Jas Skerry, N. Y. 

Doherty, A. F Clare, Mich. 

Doelly, John Cass City, Mich. 

Deschenes, M Fraserville, Que, 

Donkin, Thos. & Sons Kiverview, Ont. 

Davison Bros Harriston, Ont. 

Davis, T. G Wiarton, Ont. 

Duncan, Wm L Washburn, Maine. 

Dwyer, C. H North Bang-or, N. Y. 

Donovan, L. J Coldbrook, St. Johns, N. B. 

Donaldson, S. S Ubly, Mich. 

Dickson, John Kirkwall, Ont. 

DeCourcy, Daniel Bornholm, Ont. 

Easton, Abram Appleby, Ont. 

Essery, James Union Roads, P. E. 1. 

Elcoat, Appleton Brucefield, Ont. 

Empie, Wm Minaville, N. Y. 

Eastwood, R New Toronto, Ont. 

Eg-gert, Frank Sanilac Centre, Mich. 

Easton, Wm Palermo, Ont. 

Edwards, Geo B Covey Hill, Quebec. 

Easton, Adam S Nelson, Ont. 

Fletcher, John North Burns. Mich. 

Frank, R. W King-sbury, Quebec. 

Fox, Chaa P Moscow, Idaho. 

Fenderson, Garnett So Stetson, Maine. 

Farran, W. W Clinton, Ont. 

Fennell, Jas Bradford, Ont. 

Foster, Wm. E Erieview, Ont. 

Foster, Jesse C Erieview, Ont. 

Forquer. Thos Caldwell, Mich. 

Fisher, Thompson Newton Robinson, Ont. 

Fennell, J. W Painswick, Ont. 

Fleming, Donald Kilsyth, Ont. 

Fothergill, Chas Appleby, Ont. 

Gaunt. E. & Son.' Lucknow, Ont. 

Graham, DC Cameron, 111. 

Goudey, S. P Yarmouth, N. S, 

Goodal, W Allans Corners, Que. 

Graham Bros Ailsa Craig, Ont. 

Gourley, Thos Mitchell, Ont. 

Goodwin, L. F Munro, Ont. 

Garbutt, R. J Belleville, Ont. 

Glenn, Wm Clinton. Ont. 

Grimes. Wxn Speaker. Mich. 

Gardhouee, J. M Highfield, Ont. 

Gamley, Alex D Brandon, Manitoba. 

Garbutt, C. T Claremont, Ont. 

Geise, Emil Merton. So. Dak. 

Gamache, Peter St. Modest, Quebec. 

Grills, James Salem, Ont. 

Gerrow, Geo N Uxbridge, Ont. 

Hammond. Henry Cainesville, Ont. 



428 BREEDEKS OF I/EICESTER SHEEP. 

Howard, B. C Apple Grove, P. Q 

Henry, Frank Calderwood, Ont. 

Harrison, C. B Mang'erville, N. B. 

Henry, G. P Halifax, ^. S 

Heard, L. A Escalante, Col. 

Hastings, Robert Wingham, Ont. 

Harrison, Frea Falkirk, Ont. 

Hart, Alex Hampstead, ' Ont. 

Harriman, H. D Saxonville, Mass. 

Honey, E. J Warkworth, Ont. 

Hyde, G. R PrairieviUe, Mich. 

Haseltine, E. A Hornellsville, N . Y 

Harvey Bros Kincardine, Ont. 

Hubbard, H. G Dundee, N. Y 

Hill, D. W Potsdam, N. Y. 

Hastings Bros Crossbill, Ont. 

Hood, John & Son Park Hill, Ont. 

Hopkins, A. D Morgan town, W Va. 

Harper, Richard Coldsprings, Out. 

Hastie, Alex C Comber, Ont. 

Herwance, B. I? Holton, Mich. 

Hutchinson, Jobn Millbrook, Mich. 

House, John G Calkinsville. Mich. 

Hales, D. N Lisle, Ont. 

Holmes, John T Tupperville, Ont. 

Hodgkin. A. W Tillburg. Ont. 

Hammer, George Reed City. Mich. 

Haden, John C Nelson, Ont. 

Higginson, W. W Hawksbury, Ont. 

Hall, J. W Bailieboro, Ont. 

Ingraham, Albert Margaree. N. S. 

Ironsides. H. W Puslinch, Ont. 

Inkster, Wm U'liderwood, Ont. 

Irvin, David Nassagaweya, Ont. 

Ireland, John IS elson, Ont. 

Jackson, John Ahingdon, Ont. 

Johnson, J. H North Pelham, Ont. 

Jamieson, A. S Clapham, Quebec. 

Johnston, T. B Hillman, Mich. 

Jenkins, A. S Delaware, Ont. 

Jackson, F. H Winchester, Ky. 

Johnson, J. W Underwood, Ont. 

Johnston, Wm Gait, Ont. 

Jacques, T. B Comwallis, N. S. 

Jamieson, John T Lake View, Mich. 

Johnson, T. B Godfrey, Mich. 

Kelly, John Shakespeare, Ont. 

Knickerbocker, G. H Pine Plains, N . Y. 

Kinsman. J. H Moorefield, Ont. 

Kelley, Frank Grovesend, Ont. 

Knox, John Clanbrassil, Ont. 

King, Thomas Tyre, Mioh. 

Kitching, George Corwhin, Ont. 



BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 429 

Lawrence. Chas CoUingnvood, Ont. 

Laidlaw, John Wilton Grove, Ont. 

Lewis, A. M Cairo, Mich. 

Ladd, Wm Portland, Oreg-on. 

Lee, T Hig-hgate, Ont. 

Log"in, D Picton, N. S. 

Lee, J. L Ironside, Oreg^on. 

Lane, Henry Mt. Mellick, P. E. I 

Logan, John Watford, Ont. 

Laycock, Fred Gladwin, Mich. 

Laur, Frank ^lillerton, Onl. 

Longhead, Jos , Lion's Head, Ont. 

Lawson, George Laskay, Ont. 

Lj'on & Son, C. H Gageville, Ohio 

Metier, Pete; North Pelham, Ont. 

Murphy, J. W Cass City, Mich. 

Martin, R. G Marysville, Ont. 

Miller, Robert Brougnam, Ont. 

Morley, Wm Palmersion, Ont. 

Murra}', Jas Glenmorris, Ont. 

Moodie, .\ndrew Perth, Ont. 

Marshall, John Cass City, Mich. 

Mason, C. K norneilsville, N. Y. 

Martin, L. V Volant, Penn. 

Mullin, Wm Coldbrook, St. Johns, N. B. 

Mackintosh, Wm Burgoyne, Ont. 

Mason. Jas Aberfoyle, Ont. 

Marr, Jos. F Grovesend, Ont. 

Mahon, L H. M East Oro, Ont. 

Moodie, W. H Wyman, Mich. 

Murray, Andrew Clanbrassil, Ont. 

Martin, J. W Canton, Ont. 

Martin, W. H Warden, Que. 

Metcalf Bros. & Stone East Elma, N. Y. 

Morrill, B. B Stanstead, P. Q. 

Maw, Chas Omah, Ont. 

Murry, P. «fe M Summerton. Mich. 

Mull, Melvin Mt. Pleasant, Mich, 

Mellett, Michael Summerton. Mich. 

Moffatt, H. S North Sydney, Cape Briton. 

Milne, David ' .' Ethel, Ont. 

McCoy, W. A. & Sons Mercer, Penn. 

McEwen, J. D Falkirk, Ont. 

McNabb, Mungo Cowal, Ont. 

McCaig, Niel Allans Corners, P. Q. 

McTavish, John Shakespeare, Ont. 

McC-ormick, Edward Mt. Hope, Wis. 

McClennan, K Grovesend, Ont. 

McNeill, A Charlottetown, Ont, 

Mclntyre. Wm Newington, Ont. 

McKinney. L Kingsmill, Ont. 

McCarthy, Timothy A Leaton, Mich. 

McLean, A Frome, Ont . 



430 BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 

McFarlane, Henry Cayuga, Ont. 

McKinney. J. W Salem, Oregon. 

McGillaver, Jas Amulree, Ont. 

MeBain, Thos Kirkwell, Ont. 

McLean, Wm. J. M Napier, Ont. 

McLarane, John Mt. Salem, Mich, 

McKenzie, Duncan , . . . Mt. Salem, Mich. 

McHardy, J Dunlop. Ont. 

McCallum, A Danville, Quebec. 

MeConnell, Thos. C Spring-brook, Ont. 

Nichol, Bros Plattsville, Ont. 

Neily, J. B Xictaux, N. S. 

Newton. Wm. & Sons Pontiac, Mich. 

Nevius. C. S. & W. V Chiles, Kansas. 

Neff. Albert Singhamt-on. Ont. 

Neely, G. M Selby, Ont. 

Neville, C. W Newburg'h, Ont. 

Nelson, Chas Martin, Mich. 

Nugent, Wm Neveburgh, Ont. 

Norish, John Nassagewaya, Ont. 

Ont. Agric. College Guelph, Ont. 

Orr, John Gait, Ont. 

Oliver, Adam Branchton, Ont. 

Otto Bros Wartburg, Ont. 

Oats, George Collins, Ohio 

Penhale, George Exeter, Ont. 

Parkinson, G. & W Eramosa, Ont. 

Pringle, David Huntingdon, P. Q. 

Preston, D. R Leamington, Ont. 

Pease, Curtis Westfield, Penn. 

Parlee, M. H Sussex, N. B. 

Page. J. F Mystic, Iowa. 

Preston, John W Glennen, N. W. T. 

Peters, J. C Ft. Wayne, Ind. 

Patterson, Peter M Rockton, Ont. 

Rutherford, John ,....„ Koseville, Ont. 

Richardson, A. J Thayer, Neb. 

Rigley, J. W Oswego Falls, N. Y. 

Rutherford, Ebenezer Amulree, Ont. 

Ramsey, F. J Dunnville, Ont. 

Ray, Wm KentviUe, N. S. 

Rawlings, Caleb Ravenswood, Ont. 

Rolers. Henry A Napoleon. Ohio. 

Robb, James Kazubazua, Quebec. 

Rundle, John Sparta, Ont. 

Ridenour, D. W St. Johns, Mich. 

Reed, Isaac Ardtrea, Ont. 

Risch, Wm Grandville, Mich. 

Rogers, W. G Carberry Manitoba. 

Rickman, Chas F LTnion, Ont. 

Rader, Wm Howard City, Mich. 

Rennie, Win Shakespeare, Ont. 

Ross, D. C Woodville, Ont. 



BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 431 

Rodger, H. W Hammond, N. Y. 

Somers, Mrs. Eliza St. Marys, Ont. 

Smith, A. W Maple Lodge, Out. 

Snell, Jas Clinton, Ont. 

Slack, Ezra Ubley, Mich 

Shaw, Robert Glanford Station, Ont. 

Shelton, P. H. & Sons Cameron, 111. 

Smith, W. E Grovesend, Ont. 

Stedman, Smith S Groton City, N. Y. 

Smith, Frank R Rush Center, Kansas, 

Soribner, W. L Schoharie, N. Y. 

Swanburg, Cornelius Shelburn, N. S. 

Sherman, Frank L , Bath, X. Y. 

Silcox, Frank H lona, Ont. 

Smith, Harry Grovesend, Ont. 

Salisbury, \Vm. H. Caldwell, Mich. 

Stone, J M Bridgeton, Mich. 

Shaver, Simeon Lunenburg, Ont. 

Sugg, Andrew Mt. Pleasant, Mich. 

Strait, E Stony Point, Mich. 

Somerville, Matt Central Lake, Mich. 

'Spearing, George Batteau, Ont. 

Smith, Harvey Aylmer, Ont. 

Stuyvesant, R Vllamuchy, N. J. 

Stougbton Peter St, Sylvester, Quebec. 

Stewart, Thos Wye Bridge, Ont. 

Sanderson, Jas Fordwich, Ont. 

Schweiger. Thos Glenwood, Minn. 

Shepard, J. M Shepherd, Mich. 

Steinaoker, John Mitchell, Ont. 

Bilverthorn. Chas Somerville, Mich. 

Shaw, Ira B Schomberg. Ont. 

Shea, Thos Fergus, Ont. 

Thomson, Adam Shakespeare, Ont. 

Thompson, R. A Newcastle. Pa. 

True, E. V Newport, Vt. 

Tod, Alex. . Depew, Iowa. 

Thomson, Jos. & Son , Salem, Ont. 

Tavlor, Robert Abbott, Neb. 

Taylor, B. F New York, N. Y. 

Toles, Peter Mt. Brydges, Ont. 

Thompson, Peter Salem, Ont. 

Tigue, Thos Bath. N. Y. 

Taylor, Jeff D Gainesville, Mo. 

Thorn, J. L CaJkinsville, Mich. 

Tape, Bros Ridgetown, Ont. 

Thompson, David Arthur, Ont. 

Vinz, J. C Oakdale, Wis. 

V^osburg, J. A tiarrison, Mich. 

VVingate, A. L Avon, 111. 

Wood, A. F Mason, Mich, 

Whitelaw, A. Sr W Guelph, Ont. 

Wood. C. & E Freeman, Ont. 



432 BKEEDERS OF AMERICAN OOTSWOLD SHEEP. 

Weir, Wm. K Millbamk, Ont. 

Walton, John Calkinsville, Mich. 

Wright, John Chesley. Ont. 

Watt. W. B Salem, Ont. 

White, A. F Hornellsville, N. Y. 

Wells, John Gait, Ont. 

Walton. D. D Lake City, Mich. 

Wood, Robert Genoa, Quebec. 

Wolcott. S Shelby ville, Mich. 

Ward, Frank Vermontville. Mich. 

White, Hug-h Evart, Mich. 

Woolacott, John J Kennicott, Ont. 

Work, Samuel Calkinsville, Mich. 

Wilk, J. A Forest Hill, Mich. 

Watson, Henry Kirkwell, Ont. 

Walker, Georg-e Eady, Ont. 

Wright, Wm, & Sons Clachan, Ont. 

West, F. B Jefferson, Oregon. 

Will, John Ft. Covington, N. Y. 

Winter, E Brown City, Mich. 

Willey, Levi Clare, Mich. 

Walker, Alex Hinch. Ont. 

Waldron, Edwin Mt. Pleasant, Mich. 

W'alton, Edward Calkinsville, Mich. 

Wright, H Guelph, Ont. 

Wood, Wm Palermo. Ont. 

Wilkins. H Port Nelson, Ont. 

Wagoner, M. D Sand Beach, Mich. 

Walters, Michael Paimerston, Ont. 

Yale, J. W Meriden. Conn. 

Young, John Abingdon, Ont. 

Young. Wm Guelph, Ont. 

Zimmerman, Jacob Fayette, Ohio. 

Breeders of Hmertcan Cotswold Sheep. 

Adams, H. D Newcastle, Ind. 

Allen, Geo Oriel, Ont. 

Allen, J. R. & Bros Draper, Utah 

Anderson, C. S Hoagland, Pa. 

Artz, W. 8 Osborn, Ohio. 

American Live Stock 

Bailey, A. G Keysville, Va, 

Bailey, Samuel Jttoxeter, Ont. 

Balsdan, John I Balsam. Ont. 

Barker. S. & Son Mount Vernon, Ont. 

Bassett, H. S Preston, Minn. 

Baumberger, F Northport, Mich. 

Bell, Geo. B Neely, Kansas. 

Bechtold, R. E Bippus, Ind. 

Bennington, S. & Sons Volga, Iowa. 

Blunden. S Forest, Ont. 



BKEEDERS OF AMERICAN COTSWOLD SHEEP. 433 

Bonnycastle, F. & Son Campbellford, Ontario. 

Bostwick, N Vandorf , Ont. 

Bostwick, A Oak Kidges, Ont. 

Boynton, P. W. & Son Dollar, Ont. 

Brien, E Kidgetown, Ont. 

Bradt, W. H Linesville, Pa. 

Brown, B. P F'-ankf ort, Ind. 

Brown John L Uxbridge, Ont. 

Brown, C. H Liberty, Idaho. 

Brown, F. W Portage La Prairie, Man- 
Brown, Thos Lo wmore. Iowa, 

Brown, Reuben Ithaca, Mich. 

Brunk, Thos. W Eola, Ore. 

Brooks, J. W Solina, Ont. 

Bryan, D. W Westchester, Ind. 

Buck, S. N Appleton, Wis. 

Buckler, S. H Raglan, Ont. 

Burton, John • Brougham, Ont. 

Burruss, H. D Daum, IlL 

Campbell. E. & Son Pittsfield, Ohio. 

Case, O. T West Clarksfield, Ohio. 

Caswell, Guy C Bowen. New York. 

Chapman, F. M Audley, Ont. 

Cherry, D. H. & Son Xenia, Ohio. 

Cheesman, John Farmland, Ind. 

Chick, John Attica, N. Y. 

Clark, Thos Beecher, 111. 

Clark, P. & Son Cable, Ohio. 

Coates, Wm, H Claremont, Ont. 

Cook, J Greenbank, Ont. 

Cork, F. L Mineral Point, Wis. 

Coxworth, S Whitby, Ont. 

Current, Freeman Lost Nation, Iowa. 

Curtiz, A. E Stanshead, Que. 

Day, C. L Hudson, Wis. 

Dale, J. H Renville, Minn. 

Dayton, E. C Dickenson, N. D. 

Devitt, W. J Greenwood, Ont. 

Dodge, H. J Dodgeville, Ohio. 

Dodge, W. H Dodgeville, Ohio. 

Donaldson, J Pleasant Retreat, Mo. 

Doty, John M. & Son Charleston, lU. 

Douglas, John Aberfoy le, Ont. 

Drayer, E Ithaca, Mich. 

Diinn, J. W Kinsale, Ont. 

Edgar, J. W New London, Iowa. 

Esler, A. L Huron, Mich. 

Everett, L. N Burton, Ohio. 

FMcht, Valentine Oriel, Ont. 

Fisher, George B LaFarge, Wis. 

Findley, J. W Olney, 111. 

Forest, James Ashburn, Ont. 

Freemyer, W. H Portland, Ind. 



434 BREEDERS OF AMERICAN OOTSWOLD SHEEP. 

FrinK, B. H Napanee, Ont. 

Garbutt, C. T Claremont, Ont. 

Giflford, E. E Fairfield, Maine. 

Goocher, Geo. B Cresco, Iowa. 

Goodfellow & Bros., John MaceN-ille, Ont. 

Gould, Chas Uxbridge, Ont. 

Grey, Allen Uxbridge, Ont. 

Groove, C. B Laingsburg, Mich. 

Handyside, John Litchfield, Ohio. 

Harding & Son, Geo Waukesha, Wis. 

Hart, Henry Hillsdale, Mich. 

Heim, J. B New Chambersburg, Ohio. 

Hintz, \Vm Fremont, Ohio 

Hoflfnian, D. M Fayette, Mo. 

Hogan & Sons, James Waunakee, Wis. 

Hoover Bros Atha, Ont. 

Howell, Edward Weiner, Wis. 

Howitt, James Claremont, Ont. 

Hume, James Arkell, Ont. 

Hyghed, E. B Elwood, Iowa. 

Hysop, Ernest Killarney, Man. 

Isaac, J Markham, Ont. 

Jackson, W Pond Mills, Ont. 

Jewell, N. M MineralPoint, Wis. 

Johnson, F. W Freedom, Maine. 

Kealy, A. P Hammond, Wis. 

Ketchum, P. R West Union, Iowa. 

Kirkland, M. E. & M. A Ostrander, Ohio 

King, George R Cambridge, N. Y. 

Kirby, Jos Armstrong's Mills, Ont. 

Koch, Theo. F Hector, Minn. 

Ladd, C. E North Yamhill, Ore. 

Laid law, Wm. G Wilton Grove, Ont. 

Laird, G. & R Guelph. Ont. 

Lambert & Sons, F. P Bailev, Iowa. 

Lapham, G. E St. Johns, Mich. 

Law, James Ridgetown, Ont. 

Langmaid, G. A Courtice, Ont. 

Lewis, D. C Camp Point, 111. 

Linten, Wm. Jr Aurora. Ont. 

McCandless, J. R Tama, Iowa. 

McCandless, S. A Belle Plaine, Iowa. 

McCandless & Son, W. G Cottonwood Falls, Kas. 

McCrae, D.. . .'. Guelph, Ont. 

McDowell, S. V Fredonia, Pa. 

McKim, F. W I^nsing, Mich. 

McKinley. E. Burns Vaughnsville, Ohio. 

McNeill, M. H Laurel, Ohio. 

McNelly, Hugh Arkell, Ont. 

Marquis, George Victoria Corners. Ont. 

Merritt. H. G Onarga, 111. 

Mills, R. G Whitby, Ont. 

Middleton, Geo Claremont, Ont. 



BREEDERS OF AMERICAN OOTSWOLD SHEEP. 435 

Millard, S. G Huntsburgh, Ohio. 

Miller, VV. G Waukesha, Wis. 

MilJer, Robert .Stouffville, Ont. 

Milne, J Glanworth, Ont. 

Montgomery, Wm. R. Jr Hillsdale, Mich. 

iMoehrke, Gust Chilton, Wis. 

Montgomery, J. K West Union, Iowa, 

Morgan, E. A Kerwood, Ont. 

Morgan, H. W Ashtabula, Ohio, 

Morgan, Robert Kerwood, Ont. 

xMoody, J I;avenswood, Ont. 

Morrison, C Wesby, Ont, 

Morrison, John Brooklyn, Ont. 

Morrow, R. O Hilton, Ont. 

Moutray, J. I Olney, 111. 

Murdock, D. S Troy Center, Wis. 

Murray, James Wilton Grove, Ont. 

Neville, C. VV Newburgh, Ont. 

Oliver, Wm Greenbank, Ont. 

Orme Bros Tooele, Utah. 

Ontario Agricultural College Guelph, Ont. 

Orcutt, T. H Rocky Ford, Col. 

Park & Sons, John Burgessville, Ont. 

Peavy, Frank Newton, Iowa. 

Pelton, Joshua Falkland, Ont. 

Phelps, T. C Greensboro, Ind. 

Porter, M Coi-vallis. Ore. 

Porter, P. W Howe, Idaho. 

Potter, Milton Sheridan, Ore. 

Poiry, John B Portland, Ind. 

Prout, George Zephyr, Ont. 

Puckrin, Isaac Audley, Ont. 

Pugh, H. E Venedocia, Ohio. 

Pnzey, Henry Fairmount, 111. 

Rawlings & Son, H Ravenswood. Ont. 

Redmond, John McMinnville, Oregon. 

Reed, L. E Sinclairville, N. Y. 

Renick, A Sycamore, Ky. 

Richards, R. O '.Huron, S. D. 

Ririe, J. B Weber, Utah. 

Russell, A. S Carrville. Ont. 

Russell, J. & W Richmond Hill, Ont. 

i^haflFer, N. B Newcastle, Ind. 

Schwert, Henry Crestline. Ohio. 

Scott, R Milwaukee, Oregon, 

Shaner, W. J Jackson, Mo. 

Shirley, Oscar Houlton, Me. 

Shier, Thomas Cnmbray. Ont. 

Shore Bros Glanworth, Ont. 

Shore, T. Hardy Glanworth, Ont. 

Slater. Johnathan Buttonville, Ont. 

Smith, J. E Middlesex. N. Y. 

Smith, A. B Mossmin, N. W. T. 



436 BREEDERS OF LINCOLN SHEEP. 

Smith Peter Hillsdale, Mich. 

Snell, John C , Snelgrove, Ont. 

Snell, J, G. & Bro Snelgrove, Ont. 

Snell, J. G Snelgrove, Ont. 

Snell, R. P Snelgrove, Ont. 

Sockett, John Rockwood, Ont. 

Stevens, W. W Niles, Mich. 

Stillman, Wm Campbellsford, Ont. 

Stump, J. B Monmouth, Ore. 

Swank, Wm Lev^isburg, Ohio. 

Sweet H. J Wessington, S. D. 

Tait, J. B Otter Creek, Pa. 

Tait & Sons, F. S Otter Creek, Pa. 

Teel, H. G RushviUe, 111. 

Thompson, Wm White Rose, Ont. 

Thompson Wm Uxbridge, Ont. 

Thompson John Uxbridge, Ont. 

Tweedie Wm East Brook. N. Y. 

Tweedy Joseph Gallas Point, P. E. L 

Van Dusen, W. ]., Hillsdale, Mich. 

Vetterick, Reinhart Mt. Etna, Iowa. 

Wallis, Wm Uxbridge, Ont. 

Ward, Jos.. Marsh Hill, Ont. 

Ward, Edward Greenbank, Ont. 

Watson, A. J Castlederg, Ont. 

Watt, D. B. & Son Xenia, Ohio. 

Watt, D. B. & R. C Xenia, Ohio. 

Waters, Thos. D Rockwood, Ont. 

Weekes, George Glanworth, Ont. 

Weld, W. S Calder, Ont. 

Westfall, G. W Hillsdale, Mich. 

White, Lorenzo Greenwood, Ont. 

Williams, Wat&on New Corydon, Ind. 

Williamson, W. A Mt. Cory, O. 

Williams, Thos Dowagiac, Mich. 

Willis, Wm New Market, Ont. 

Wilson Bros Muncie, Ind, 

Willson, Mrs. R. M North Branch, Mich. 

Wilson, Fred Conde, South Dakota. 

Wilson, Wtn Brampton, Ont. 

Wilson & Bros. W. W Muncie, Ind. 

Wilson, Herman A Downsville, N. Y. 

Withycombe, J Hillsboro. Ore. 

Woodford, J. Hal Shakespeare, Ky. 

Woodrow, H. S McLean, 111. 

Wright, W. E Glanworth, Ont. 

Breeders of Lincoln 8becp. 

I. N. Raymond Lake Odessa, Mich. 

E. D. Reynolds Cressy, Mich. 

Johnston, John Redman, Mich. 

G. H. Brettell Greystead, Ont. 



BREEDERS OF LINCOLN SHEEP. 437 

Thomas Fraleig-h Arva, Ont. 

Leonard Parkenson Eramosa, Ont. 

D. A. Campbell Mayfair, Ont. 

E. Humphrey Thamesford, Ont. 

T. E. Robson Ilderton, Ont. 

R. S. Robson Ilderton, Ont. 

H. P. Gage St. Johns, Mich. 

P. B. Smith St. Louis, Mich. 

Wm. T. Lytle Beaconsfield, Man. 

George Gould & Son Rutherford, Ont. 

W. N. VVakeman Dalton, N. Y. 

C. C. Robson Ilderton, Ont. 

Duncan Cameron Ivan, Ont. 

George Cox & Son Michigan. 

James Cranston Denfield, Ont. 

A. Longley Ontario. 

F. G. Woodruff Athens, Mich. 

R. F. Nixon Maple Grove, Ont. 

U. G. Gibson Lowell, Wis. 

W. W. Crittenden Howell, Mich. 

Wood & Morden Langsbank, Ont. 

Isaac Kinsey Caledonia, Mich. 

Wm. Harding La Grange, Ind. 

S. Kellogg Bennettsburg, N. Y. 

Ralph Brothers Ballymote, Ont. 

George Price Leutz, Mich. 

R. Dexter Leutz, Mich. 

W. West Ilderton, Ont. 

Col. C. C. Rice Chicago, 111. 

J. W. Frizzell Brooklyn, la. 

Lowry Austin Norris City, 111. 

George Lewis Ballymote, Ont. 

John Mitchell Glencoe, Ont. 

Dennis Bow Bridgeport, Mich. 

Thomas Shanklin Ivan, Ont. 

L. D. Bradshaw Ovid, Mich. 

Lewis Bros Perrinton, Mich. 

M. & D. Gray Anson, Maine. 

Noah Tompkins Fostoria, Mich. 

Fred C. Tompkins Fostoria, Mich. 

W. W. Steed Farmington, Utah. 

James H. Shafer Mason, Mich. 

J. F. Miller Logan, Mich. 

H. A. Bishop Millington, Mich. 

Henry Dale Owosso, Mich. 

W. Charlton Ilderton, Ont. 

James Anderson Derwent, Ont. 

Knox Brothers Thamesford, Ont. 

R. Little & Son Ilderton, Ont. 

John Gearej- London, Ont. 

T. C. Rogers North Ridge, Ont. 

Eli Hodgins Lucan, Ont. 

A. L. O'Neill Birr, Ont. 



438 BEEEDEES OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP. 

Frank Hicks Centralia, Ont, 

Carey Marshall Vergennes, Vt. 

E. Osterhout Ovid, Mich. 

George P. Casler Ovid, Mich. 

J. W. Dunkle Ovid, Mich. 

G. H. Daniells Elva, Mich. 

John Larecht Westphalia, Mich. 

J. B. Hoffman Oakley, Mich. 

S. L. Big-nail Fovvlerville, Mich. 

Lewis Epkey Fowler, Mich. 

Ephraim Knight Cass City, Mich. 

Welch, G. J. «fe Bro Tekonsha, Mich. 



Breeders of Southdown Sheep. 

Aitken, George Woodstock, Vt. 

Alexander, A. J Spring Station, Ky. 

Allen, George Allerton, 111. 

Alvord, Henry E Lewinsville, Va. 

Anderson, S. W Asbury, W. Va. 

Armstrong, L. A Covington, Ky. 

Aylor, John H Gunpawder, Ky. 

Bailey, C. I Winthrop, Me. 

Baker, Geo. & Sons Simcoe, Ont., Can. 

Barker, Chas. E Pembroke, Ky. 

Barrett, F. W. Mrs Wadsworth, N. Y. 

Bashford, Lester J Hollovvville, N. Y. 

Beer, Thomas Bucyrus, Ohio 

Bellevue Farm Co Cranberry, N. C. 

Benjamin, L. H Haskinville, N. Y. 

Benninger W. M Benninger, Pa. 

Bickford, Lewis J Dixmont Centre, Me. 

Billings, Frederick Woodstock,' Vt. 

Booth, A. P Hematite, Mo. 

Booth Brothers Edgerton, Kan. 

Boutelle. Geo. K Waterville, Me. 

Burgess, Mrs. E. L. & Son Norwich, Ont., Can. 

Burroughs, J. L Newburg, Ohio 

Buswell, Turner Solon, Me. 

Campbell, G. J ' Pittsfield, Ohio 

Carr, Guy Compton Sta., Queb., Can. 

Cass & Burns Buffalo Hart, HI. 

Chapman, Wm. J Union Hill, N. Y. 

Clark, Samuel Lawrence, 111. 

Clay, G. M White Hall, Ky. 

Clay, Sidney P Lexington, Ky. 

Compton, Wm. H Monroe, Ohio 

Cope, Jesse K West Chester, Pa. 

Crothers, L. M Crothers, Pa. 

Cutting, Walter Pittsfield, Mass. 

Dale, b. H Glendale, Ont., Can. 

Donnan, J. A. Wadsworth, N. Y. 



BREEDEES OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP. 439 

Donoho, W. T Elmerville, Tenn. 

Douglas, T. C Gait, Ont., Can, 

Dunkin, John Bridgeport, W. Va. 

Eiselstein, Geo Pomeroy, O. 

Estill, VV. W Lexington, Ky. 

Evans, D. W Venedocia, Ohio 

Fargason, J. T Memphis, Tenn. 

Fen nessy, E.J Avon, 111. 

Fisher, I\. M Danville, Ky. 

Fitzgerald, S. E Bryan, Pa. 

Flinn, W. W Chetek, Wis. 

Frease, Henry A Stoutsville, O. 

French, Chas Solon, Me. 

Fuller, Alfred G Seymour. Wis. 

Garland, A. M Chicago, 111. 

Garland, C. A Bangor, Me. 

Glessner, J. J Chicago, 111. 

Graham, D. C Cameron, 111. 

Haight, Mrs. D. B Dover Plains, X. Y, 

Hamilton, A. L Lexington, Ky. 

Hamilton, H. A. S Staunton, Va. 

Hamilton, Thos. P Auxvasse, Mo. 

Hamilton, W. V Caledonia, X. Y. 

Hanna, A. D Asbury, W. Ya. 

Hartshorn, M. D. & Bro Newark, Ohio 

Harvey J. R Turlington, Nebr, 

Harvey, T. W Marietta, Ohio 

Hass, John D West Stockbridge, Mass. 

Henderson P. G Central City, Iowa 

Henthorn, Wm Richland Centre, Wis. 

Hewitt, Mrs. Sarah A Ringwood, N. J. 

Hill, John A Manor, Texas 

Hilton, A. B Saratoga Springs, X. Y. 

Hilton. W. G Anson, Me. 

Hite, R. P Gallatin, Tenn. 

Horton, Edw. E Chester, N. J. 

Huston, John E Xew Lisbon, Ohio 

Hutchison, T. M Xew Wilmington, Pa. 

Irion, John A Gallipolis. O. 

Irvine, W. D Danville, Ky. 

Jackson, John & Sons Abingdon, Ont., Can. 

Jones, T. C. & Soti Delaware, Ohio 

Kellogg, Isaac & Son Reading, Mich. 

Kent, A. M Jamestown, X"^. Y. 

Kissinger. J. H Kissinger, Mo. 

Kuder, Geo. & Sons Tontoganv, Ohio 

Ladd, Chas. E Portland. Ore. 

Lawell, D. E Grant, Ky. 

Leiter, L. Z Chicago, III. 

Leland, J. A Springfield, 111. 

Libby, A. D Oakland, Me. 

Lorbach. Henry Waverly, Ohio 

Markillie, W. B Gobleville, Mich. 



440 BREEDERS OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP. 

Marsh, Robt. & Sons Richmond Hill, Ont., Can. 

Martin, Wm Binbrook, Ont., Can. 

Mass. Ag'l College Amherst, Mass. 

Mass. School for Feeble-Minded Waverly, Mass, 

Mathes, W. T Hockley, Texas 

McCoy, W. A Mercer, Pa. 

McEwen, Robert Byron, Ont., Can. 

McKerrovv, Geo Sussex, Wis. 

Meredith, Mrs. Virginia C Cambridge City, Ind. 

Metier, Peter North Pelham, Ont., Can. 

Miller, Wni Markham, Ont., Can. 

Mills, Charles F Springfield, 111. 

Moorhead, E. S Williamsburg, Ohio 

Morton, Levi P Rhinecliff, N. Y. 

Noble, W. U Brecksville, Ohio 

Nunes, F, D Chatham, 111. 

Ontario Ag'l College Guelph, Ont., Can. 

Pagham Harbor Co Selsey, Chichester, Eng. 

Pancoast, J. D Moorestown, N. J, 

Pate, J. M Rising Sun, Ind. 

Peck, J. M Hornellsville, N. Y. 

Phillips, Richard New Waterford, Ohio 

Pickrell, James H Springfield 

Pickrell, Jesse C Lanesville, 111. 

Pomeroy, R. F New Castle, Pa. 

Potts, J. H Jacksonville, 111. 

Prather, S. E Springfield, 111. 

Privett, Uriah & Bro Greensburg, Ind. 

Redky, H. H Sugar Tree Ridge, O. 

Renick, Abram Sycamore, Ky. 

Rhodes, J. Foster Woodstock, Vt. 

Ridgway, Wm B New Holland, Ind. 

Robinson, F. F Hanover, Ohio 

Rockefeller Wm Tarry town, N. Y. 

Rook, Thos. G Salem, la. 

Rupert, L. S Bloomington, 111. 

Scott, F. A Huntsville, Mo. 

Sharpless, S. J Phihidelphia, Pa. 

Shaw, C. C. & Son Newark, Ohio 

Shaw, Robt. & Sons Renton Sta., Ont., Can. 

Sheets, S. E. & A West Milford, W. Va. 

Shoemaker, T. T Charleston, 111. 

Simenton, A. & Sons Blackheath, Ont., Can. 

Simpson Stock Farms Saxonville, Mass. 

Sites Albert Lennox, Ohio. 

Smith, D. VV Springfield, lU. 

Smith, T. W. & Sons Glanford, Ont., Can. 

Smith, W. M Fairfield Plains, Ont., Can. 

Snyder, E. W Pullman, W. Va. 

Snyder, Miss Lizzie Pullman, W. Va. 

Spicer, W. E. ." Bushnell, 111, 

Springer, Frank K Springfield, 111. 

Springer, John G Springfield, 111. 



BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 441 

Stuckey, Chas. J Mechanicsburg, Ohio 

Tarbell, C. P South Koyalton, Vt. 

Telfer, W. E. & G. L Paris, Out., Can. 

Terrell, A. J New Canton, Va. 

Townsend, Thos. C Springtield, Vt. 

Tomplvins, F. J Girard, Mich. 

True, J. M Baraboo, Wis. 

Turner, J. M Rising Sun, Ind. 

Twombly, H. McK Madison, N. J. 

Warren, John Hobart Hoosick Falls, N. Y. 

Watt, D. B. & R. C Cedarville, Ohio 

Wells, Frederic E Greenfield, Mass. 

Wheaton, E. C Marshall, Mich. 

Whipps, Wm. & Son Carlisle, Ind. 

Wilcox, C. L Lakefield, Minn. 

Wilkinson, J. T Chilliwhack, B. C, Can. 

W^therspoon, Lister Midway, Ky. 

Wit te, (, id West Salem, 111. 

Wood, Mrs. W. A ' East Smithtield, Pa. 

Wood, Walter A Hoosick Falls, N. Y. 



Breeders of Shropshire Sheep. 

Abbe, CM Greenfield, Mass. 

Abbott, John Lapeer, Mich. 

Abbott, J. J. C. Est Montreal, Can. 

Abrams, J. E Prospect Lake, Mich. 

Ackerman, George Melville, N. D. 

Adams Bros Caledonia, Mich. 

Adams, Clark E .Burlington, Wis. 

Adams, E. E Whitehall, N. Y. 

Alford, Chas Talmadge, Mich. 

Allen, A. R Albion, N. Y. 

Allen, Benj New Castle, Ind. 

Allen, George & Son ; Allerton, 111. 

Allen, Elwood Miamisburg, O. 

Allen, Harry Allerton, 111. 

Allen, James M Bear Lake, Mich. 

Allen, M. & Son Seward, N. Y. 

Allen, S. B Burdett, N. Y. 

Allin, Samuel Bowmanville, Ont., Can. 

Allin, T. B Iowa City, la. 

AUis, F. W Madison, Wis. 

Allison, T. H Kittanning, Pa. 

Allison, T. J Campbell, 111. 

Allman, F. \V Berlin, W. Va. 

Alverson, J. P Carp, Ind. 

Ames, Cyrus Rockland, O. 

Ames, Mrs. L. V. S Elsah, 111. 

Andalusia Dairy Co Salem. O. 

Anderson, J. A North Cape, Wis. 

Anderson, James R Forward, Wis. 



442 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 

Anderson, Robert Thornbury, Ont., Can. 

Andrews, H. L Richland Center, Wis. 

Andrews, Samuel Ironton, Wis. 

Andrews, S. F Gratis, O. 

Andrus, Ernest Mosherville, Mich. 

Andrus, F. J Harlem, 111. 

Anthony, Joshua Coleta, 111. 

Arbog-ast, L. P Doug-lass, 111. 

Archer Bros Bankers, Mich. 

Ardsley Park Stock Farm Dobbs Ferry, N. Y. 

Armer, Fred Ballston Spa, N. Y. 

Armstrong-, A. A Camargo, 111. 

Armstrong-, A. & Son Cathcart, Ont., Can. 

Armstrong-, William Ravenna, Ont., Can. 

Arnold Bros Alleg-an, Mich. 

Ash, L. B Kahoka, Mo. 

Ashby, D. S Red Oak, la. 

Augenstein, W. D Waldo, O. 

Au & Norrick Bai'nes, O. 

Avery, Gardner Forest Grove, Mich. 

Avery, John Clinton, Ont., Can. 

Axe, Wm Westchester, Ind 

Aylor, J. H Gunpowder, Ky. 

Babcock, B Ionia, Mich. 

Babcock, F. M Gouverneur, N. Y. 

Badgley, Jed Westport, S. Dak. 

Bair, A. J Neptune, O. 

Bailey, E. A Winthrop Center. Me. 

Bailey, Levi Ovvatonna, Minn. 

Bailey, M. M Portland, Me. 

Bailey, O. J Peoria, 111. 

Bain, William Taunton, Ont.. Can. 

Baird, D. S Johnstown, N. Y. 

Baird, Georg-e, Sr Clinton, Ont., Can. 

Baker, F. A Detroit, Mich. 

Baker, L. C • Comstock, N. Y. 

Baker, O. W. & Son Gilbert Station, la. 

Baker, Thomas Solina, Ont., Can. 

Baker, W. J South Montrose, Pa. 

Baker, W. K. & Son ." Bruce, 111. 

Baldwin, Herbert Marlette, Mich. 

Baldwin, L. H Nanticoke, N. Y. 

Ballachey, Geo., Jr Brantford, Ont., Can. 

Ballinger, C. H Lexington, Neb. 

Ballinger, E. F. & Son Upland, O. 

Ballou, F. S Slatersville, R. I. 

Baltzell, T. H Decatur, Ind. 

Banks, John W Warsaw, Ind. 

Banks, W. A La Porte, Ind. 

Bannister, A. D Albion, N. Y. 

Bard, C. H St. Louis, Mich. 

Barcley, Robert C Cazenovia, N, Y. 

Barkley, James B Argyle, N. Y. 



BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 443 

Barmore, Clark Moore's Mills, N. Y. 

Barnard, A. & S Smithville, Ont., Can. 

Barnard, S Ypsilantl, Mich. 

Barnes, M. C Mexico, Mo. 

Barnes, A. D Smithville Flats, N. Y. 

Barnum, A. K St. Paul, Minn. 

Barr, John Dunsmore, Out., Can. 

Barter, William Attilla, 111. 

Bartholomew, H. S. K Goshen, Ind. 

Bartlett, H. G Oberlin, O. 

Bartlett, J. H Worthington, Mass. 

Barton, A. S Boissevain, Man. 

Barton, J. C Kanona, N. Y. 

Bassett, D. & Son Dana, 111. 

Bates, A. A Irwin, O. 

Baughman, J. C Redfield, S. D. 

Baum Bros Phoenix, Ariz. 

Beach, E. E. & Son Green Oak, Mich. 

Bean, C. M. & W. L McGrawville, N. Y. 

Beard, R. L Sparta, O. 

Beardsley, P. A. & Son West Andover, O. 

Beattie, William H Wilton Grove, Ont., Can. 

Bebout, J. C Cannonsburgh, Pa. 

Beck, M. J Gilead, Mich. 

Bedell, A. J Whittier, la. 

Beebe, E. E Wolsey, S. D. 

Behler, John V St. Louis, ;Mich. 

Behrens, J. C. & Son O'Fallon, 111. 

Belden, DeWHtt S Benson, Vt. 

Bell, John Amber, Ont., Can. 

Bell, J. C Union City, Mich. 

Benedict, J. A. & Sons East Poultney, Vt. 

Bennett, F. P Boston, Mass. 

Bennett, Henry Glanworth, Ont., Can. 

Bennett, Louis Weston, W^ Va. 

Bennett, U. P. & Sons Independence. Mo. 

Bennington, S. & Sons .\ olga City, la. 

Bennington, T. B Grafton, O. 

Berry, Jos. H Detroit, Mich. 

Bertenshaw, T. F Drewersburg, Ind. 

Best, Chas Milwaukee, WMs. 

Beits, C. R Stryker, O. 

Betzner, Geo. D Copetown, Ont., Can. 

Beverstein, J. E Middlebury, Ind. 

Bevington, George Springfield, 0. 

Billings, M. J Sawyer, X. Y. 

Billings, S. N Stonington, Conn. 

Billman, Jacob Sullivan. Ind. 

Billman, S. H Orville. O. 

Bingham, C. S Vernon. Mich. 

Bingham, W Vernon, Mich. 

Bird, George Bedford, Mich. 

Bird, Rollin Springfield, O. 



444 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 

Birnie, Frank Unadilla, Mich. 

Birnstill, C. G Lockport, 111. 

Bishop, Frank Leonard, Mich. 

Bishop, George A Syracuse, N. Y. 

Bivens, E. M Crookston, Minn, 

Bixby, M. H South Haven, Mich. 

Bixby, T. A South Haven, Mich. 

Black, J. Edwin Bridgeport, 111. 

Black, Wm. C Balm, Pa. 

Blackwood, R Martintown, Ont., Can. 

Blaine, S. E. & C. H Button, Mich. 

Blair, Robert Almonte, Ont., Can. 

Blake Bros Galesburg, Mich. 

Blank, G. W Uniopolis, O. 

Bliss, Horace Iosco, Mich. 

Blodgett, D. M Williamsburg, Mich. 

Bloodgood Stock Farm New Marlboro, Mass. 

Bloomer, C. A Sparta, Mich. 

Blue, E. L Steubenville, O. 

Blue, V. D Hamler, O. 

Bogue, B. P Rose Hill, Kan. 

Boice, J. H Rushville, 111. 

Bole, James Woodville, Ont., Can. 

Boles, J. W Auxvasse, Mo. 

Bopes, C. A Hamlet, 111. 

Bo wen, Guy S Clarendon, N. Y. 

Bowen-Jones, J. (Hon. Mem) Shropshire, Eng. 

Bower, Geo. L Lansingville, N. Y. 

Bowers, C. H. & H. S Cranberry, O. 

Bowman, W. R Mount Forest, Ontario, Can. 

Bowsher, C. F. & C. M Buckland, 0. 

Boyhton & Gordon Dell Rapids, S. D. 

Boynton, W. J Rochester, Minn. 

Brace, B. W Albion, N. Y. 

Brand, W. D Kirby, Mich. 

Breck, Geo E., Estate of Paw Paw, Mich. 

Breck, S. R West Claremont, N. H. 

Breckon, W. J Appleby, Out., Can. 

Breedon, M. F Charleston, 111. 

Brent, VVm Tyrone, Ont., Can. 

Bresee, Albert & Son Hubbardton, Vt. 

Brewer, E. B Marion, O. 

Brill, J. H Pittsboro, Ind. 

Brims, James Athelstan, Que., Can. 

Brock, A. H Bath, O, 

Brondige Bros Holly, Mich. 

Brooks, L. L Creston, la. 

Broughton, Arthur Albany, Wis. 

Broughton, D. & Son Franklin, Mich. 

Brown, Alfred Picton, Ont., Can. 

Brown, Will S Elbridge, N. Y, 

Brown Bros Springville, Ont., Can. 

Brown, Edward S Scottsville, N. Y. 



BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 445 

Brown. H. F Minneapolis, Minn. 

Brown, \Vm. F. S Portland, Me. 

Brownlee, Hugh A Shawville, Que., Can. 

Brubaker, Geo West Millgrove, O. 

Bruce & Kerr Roseniount, Minn. 

Bruce, William McLennan, Ont., Can. 

Buchanan, B. B Brownsburg, Va. 

Buchanan, J. A Ingersoll, Ont., Can. 

Buchecker, O. D Mason City, la. 

Buckley, T. B Valley Falls, N. Y. 

Buechley, E. M Greenville, O. 

Bullard, A. B Wayland, Mass. 

Bullers, Chas Kirkman, Pa. 

Bunnell, J Lansingville, N. Y. 

Burch, F. E Milf ord, Mich. 

Burdick, G. W Wirt Center, N. Y. 

Burkhart, O. C Chelsea, Mich. 

Burnap, M. O Sumner, O. 

Burner & Walton Woodstock, Va. 

Burnett, H. L Sandy Lake, Pa. 

Burnett, Leonard Greenbank, Ont., Can. 

Burr, Geo North Hector, N. Y. 

Burruss, H. D Daum, HI. 

Bush, W. T Woodburn, Ont., Can. 

Buskin, John Wodehouse, Ont., Can. 

Butler, E. S Ridgeway, O. 

Butler, F. J Eckford, Mich. 

Butrick, J. S Tipton, Mich. 

Button, G. W Flushing, Mich. 

Buttrick, C. A New York, N. Y. 

Buzzard & Christophel Goshen, Ind. 

Cable, H. C Sandyville, O. 

Calder, Charles Brooklyn, Ont., Can. 

Calkins, D. M Perry, N. Y. 

Camp, J. F La Porte City, la. 

Camp, L. & H La Porte City, la. 

Camp, M. S Greens Landing, Pa. 

Campbell, E. G Keisters, Pa. 

Campbell, John, Jr Woodville, Ont., Can. 

Campbell, P. A Aberfeldy, Ont., Can. 

Campbell, R Hillsdale, Mich. 

Campbell, R. H Mt. Carroll, HI. 

Carbee Bros Springville, la. 

Carman, M Mecosta, Mich. 

Carnegie, J. H Coboconk, Ont., Can. 

Carpenter & Anderson Watseka, 111. 

Carpenter, E. G Hortonville, Wis. 

Carper, B. F Rosemond, 111. 

Carr, A. N Ljona, Pa. 

Carr, Chas. A Cass City, Mich. 

Carr, E. K Jonesville, Mich. 

Carr, Guy Compton, Que., Can. 

Carr, Guy B Glenwood, Ind. 



446 BKEEDERS OF SHKOPSHIRE SHEEP. 

Carr, J. H Unionville, la. 

Carr, J. S Durham, N. C. 

Carring-ton, Eli Bath, N. Y. 

Gary, Jesse Marshall, Mich. 

Casgrain, Eug-ene L'Islet, Que., Cau. 

Cass, Harry Buffalo Hart, 111. 

Cass, J. D Beloit, Wis. 

Cassada, F. D Elmira, N. Y. 

Cassatt, A.J Berwyn, Pa. 

Casson, M. & J. C Presho, N. Y. 

Caswell, C. C Eby, Ind. 

Cather, John B Flemington, W. Va. 

Chaddock & Parker Pewamo, Mich. 

Chad wick, W. W Monroe, Wis. 

Chaffee, H. W Brecksville, O. 

Chambers, Ers. & Bro Mansfield, O. 

Chamberlain, L. V Waterloo, la. 

Chaming-, Wm Forrest, 111. 

Champlin, J. P Ruth, N. Y. 

Chapek, Frank Wauzeka, Wis. 

Chapin, Chas. A Nlles, Mich. 

Chapman, Chas. W Stoning-ton, Conn. 

Chapman, D. L. & A. B South Rockwood, Mich. 

Charlton, Joseph Ilderton, Out., Can. 

Chipman, Chas. B Moorefield, Neb. 

Childs, H. H Rockford, Mich. 

Childs, M. F Okasis, Minn. 

Chisholm, Horace Paris, Ont., Can. 

Christley, W. G Balm, Pa. 

Christner, C. N Haysville, Ont., Can. 

Church, B. A "..St. Louis, Mich. 

Clapham, W. H. & Co Attica, Ind. 

Clark, B Hibbetts, O. 

Clark, James Eckford, Mich. 

Clark, Wm Kunkle, O. 

Clark, W. P Chatham. N. Y. 

Clark. W. T Monroe City, Mo. 

Clarke, J. C Church, ' Mich. 

Cleveland, Chas Gresham, Oreg-on. 

Cleveland, J. M Union, Mich. 

Clifford & Gillett Welling-ton, O. 

Cloug-h, H. H Elyria, O. 

Cloug-h, John, Jr Carrollton, 111. 

Cloyd, Richey Conroe, Ind. 

Cobledick, d". Clandeboye, Out., Can. 

Cochrane, M. H Hillhurst, Que., Can. 

Coddington, A. P Tecumseh, Mich. 

Coe, B. W Centre Harbor, N. H. 

Coe & Sawyer Ypsilanti, Mich. 

Coe, R. E Kirkville, N. Y. 

Coe, W. P Gerrardstown, W. Va. 

Coffland, J. E Richland Centre, Wis. 

Coffland, J. S East Richland, O. 



BEEEDBRS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 447 

Cole, A. H Savona, N. Y. 

Cole, Ogden Addison, Mich. 

Cole, Oscar Aurora, III. 

Cole, T. J. T Tyrone, Ont., Can. 

Cole, W. B Blooniingdale, 0. 

Colegrove, J. N Corry , Pa, 

Colegrove, Robt Prattsburg, N. Y. 

Colgate, J. C Bennington, Vt. 

Collacutt, R. & Sons Tyrone, Ont., Can. 

CoUard, Chas & Sons Edmund, Wis. 

Collett, M. VV Metea, Ind. 

Collin, F. M Benton Centre, N. Y. 

Collins, A. M Shushan, N. Y. 

Collins, George Oswego, 111. 

Colorado Agricultural College Ft. Collins, Col. 

Colton, J. E Taopi, S. D. 

Combs, H. L South Whitley, Ind. 

Comrey, Andrew Mahanoy City, Pa. 

Comstock, J. L West Richfield, O. 

Comstock, W. G Chuckery, N. Y. 

Conley, G. B Marshall, Mich. 

Conley, R Marshall Mich. 

Conquest, T. J Farwell, Mich. 

Constable, W Cooperstown, N. Y. 

Con worth, John Paris, Ont., Can. 

Cook, A. P. Co., L'td Brooklyn, Mich. 

Cook, Arden L Corinth, Ont., Can. 

Cook, Jos. S Eardley, Mich. 

Cooke, Z. M Gaithersburg, Md. 

Coolley, C. H Attica, la, 

Coolley, M. S Attica, la. 

Cooper, Edward Adrian, Mich 

Cooper, James Kippen, Ont., Can. 

Cooper, Jos. & Sons Perry Center, N. Y, 

Cooper, William Alameda, N. W. T. 

Cooper & Watkins Kankakee, 111. 

Copeland, W. E Teeswater, Ont., Can, 

Corbitt, J Ionia, Mich. 

Cornell University lihaea, N. Y. 

Cornell, Willis Baldwinsville, N. Y. 

Cornman, Theo Carlisle, Pa. 

Cornue, W. D Alden, 111. 

Cotterell, F.J Dover, Minn. 

Coulson, J. K New Lebanon, Ind. 

Cornell, Wm Lindsay, Ontario, Can. 

Courter, P. T Delaware, O. 

Courter, W. F Allendale, 111. 

Covert, H. B Lodi, N. Y. 

Cowan, William Port Union, Ont., Can. 

Cox, A. B Cherry Valley, N. Y. 

Cox. John W Xew Wilmington, Pa. 

Crabbe, J. W Clunette. Ind. 

Craft, W. K Grass Lake, Mich. 



448 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 

Craig-, Jas Canaserag-a, N. Y^ 

Craig, Prof. J. A Rice Lake, Wis. 

Crary, A. T. & G. E Lamoille, la. 

Craven & Stanim Fredericktown, O. 

Crawford, J., Jr Brantford, Ont., Can. 

Crews, M. F Areola, 111. 

Crisp, Walter Dell Rapids, S. D. 

Crocker, S. D Columbia Station, O. 

Cronk, Frank W Tulare, S. Dak. 

Cronin, William Mt. Sterling, 111. 

Crosby, J. S Greenville, Mich. 

Cross, E. E Sharon, N. Y. 

Grossman H. D Sennett, N. Y. 

Crouch, W. P Corry, Pa. 

Crowgey, Henry J Wytheville, Va. 

Croxall, J Brooklin, Ont., Can. 

Cullinan, M. F Dillon, 111. 

Cummings, Arthur Cuylerville, N. Y. 

Curl, F. M Cardington, O. 

Curtis, O. F Marshall, Mich. 

Cusick, B Marion, O. 

Cuthbert, A. S North Argyle, N. Y. 

Cuthbert, Jos White Lake, Mich. 

Cuthbert, W. S Hammond, N. Y. 

Dale, V. & Son Oakwood, Ont., Can. 

Dancer, E. H Lamoni, la. 

Danford, A. C Lloydsville, O. 

Dart Bros Concord, Mich, 

Dashner, G. E Fisherville, Ontario, Canada. 

Dates. W. M Heddens, N. Y. 

Davidson, J. N. & Son Whitesville, Ind. 

Davies, Robt Toronto, Ont., Can. 

Davis, A. M Howell, Mich. 

Davis, Bruce St. Thomas, Out., Can. 

Davis, M. G Viroqna, Wis. 

Davis, M. H Dodge Center, Minn. 

Davis & Moon Medina. N. Y. 

Davis, Z Delaware, O. 

Davison, G. Howard Millbrook, N. Y. 

Davisson, William Mechanicsburg, O. 

Dawe, Ernest .- Sioux City, Iowa. 

Dawson, Jas. F Odessa, Ont., Can. 

Dawson, Nichol Ballieboro, Ont., Can. 

Day Sidney Oneida, lU. 

Day, VV. A Blakesburg, la. 

Dayton, W. H Cleveland, O. 

Dean & Pulling Parma, Mich. 

Dean, W. J. G Hanover, Mich. 

DeArmann, S. S Franklin, Pa. 

DeCew, Thos. H Chicago, IlL 

DeLander, R. S. & Co Broad Run, Md. 

Den Blyker, John Kalamazoo, Mich. 

Denny, George M Harvey sburg, O. 



BKEEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 449 

DeKight, S. H Sodus, X. Y. 

DeWitt, G. & Son Eaton Kapids, Mich. 

Dickey, Mrs. A. C. Marshall, Mich. 

Dickin, John Milton West, Ont., Can. 

Dickson, John E Corvvhin, Ont., Can. 

Dickson, John T Goderich, Ont., Can. 

Diehl, John V Varna, Ont., Can. 

Dietrich, Chas. F Millbrook, N. Y. 

Dinehart, C. E Slay ton, Minn. 

Dobbins, D. I Ipava, ill. 

Dodds, John H Lapeer, Mich. 

Dolph, A. W Teegarden, Ind. 

Donald, James Canton, Minn. 

Donald, T. H Redwood, N. Y. 

Donaldson, Joseph Pleasant Retreat, Mo. 

Donaldson, Wm South Zorra, Ont., Can. 

Dore, W. O Trout Creek, Ont., Can. 

Dorsey, A. & Son Perry, 111. 

Douglas, John Streetsville, Ontario, Can. 

Douglass, S. H Pontiac, Mich. 

Downing, A. S I'almyra, N. Y. 

Downs, R. S Chillicothe, O. 

Drake, Earle Madelia, Minn. 

Dryden, Hon. John Toronto, Can. 

Duflfy, E. J Binbrook, Ont., Can. 

Duguid & Green Highmore, S. D. 

Duncan, Marshall Brantford, Ont., Can. 

Dunham & Bechtol Iberia, O. 

Dunham, L. S Concord, Mich 

Dunkin, Andrew Varna, Ont., Can. 

Dunkin, John Bridgeport, W. Va. 

Dunkin, John Thorndale, Ont., Can. 

Dunlap, H. M Savoy, 111. 

Dunn, G. H Auburn, Ind. 

Duryea, A Rochester, Minn. 

Dutton, CO Plainfield, Mich. 

Dwells, Franklin Grass Lake, Mich. 

Dyer, D. D Columbus, Ont., Can. 

Dysart, S. A Lancaster, Me. 

Easton, Andrew, Est Bright, Ont., Can. 

Easton, R. & W Paris, Ont., Can. 

Easton, Robt. & Son Ayr, Ont., Can. 

Eaton, H Rawhide Buttes, AVyo. 

Eaton, J. H Plainfield, Vt. 

Eaton, W. E South Solon, Me. 

Echols, J.J Lewisburg, \V. Va. 

Edgerton, J. J. & Son Nassau, la. 

Ed'sall. J. P. Pine City, N. Y. 

Edson. A. W Austin, Minn. 

Edwards, A. W Caistorville, Ont., Can. 

Edwards, W. C Rockland, Ont., Can. 

Egbert, R Sandy Lake, Pa. 

Egbert, T. E Hammond, Wis. 



450 BFvEEDEHS OF SHROPSHIEE SHEEP 

Elder, Jas Virden, Manitoba. 

Elderkin, G. D Oak Park, 111. 

Eldred, A. H Albany, Wis. 

Ellett, E. J Berlin Center, O. 

Elliott, Andrew Kelso, Ont., Can. 

Elliott, Andrew Oalt, Ont., Can. 

Elliott, Chas. & Son Bladensburg-, O. 

Elliott, Edwin Morning- Sun, O. 

Elliott, W. B. & Son Clarksville, Mo. 

Elwell, Fred Zumbrota, Minn. 

Ely, E. P. & Son Niles, Mich. 

Emerson, C. W North Clarendon, Vt. 

Emmert, E Nappanee, Ind. 

Emmons, M Dowagiac, Mich. 

Empey, D. 1 Mt. Elgin, Ont.. Can. 

Emrich, VV. S Casey, 111. 

England, 0.0 Templeton, S. D. 

Ensign, H. >» Claridon, O. 

Ennis, A. A Danielson, Conn. 

Errington, F (llanworth, Ont., Can. 

Everett, George P Mt. Vernon, Ontario, Can. 

Evans, D. W Venedocia, O. 

Evans, J. H Ripley, 0. 

Evans, Nathan Bolivar, O. 

Evarts, Oman ^Manning, N. Y. 

Ewing, Wm Paisley, Ont., Can. 

Falter, J. B Carrothers, O. 

Fargey, Peter LaRiviere, Manitoba. 

Earquhar, I. J Winchester, Ind. 

Farquhar, W. T Trenton, Ind. 

Farrand, P. & Son Colon, Mich. 

Farris, A. R Mechanics Falls, Me. 

Eaulkner, Chas. VV Pontiac, Mich. 

Eeltham, H Thessalon, Ont., Can, 

Eerguson, U Charlottestown, P. E. I. 

Ferguson & Killifer Paw Paw, Mich. 

Fields, C. A Cedar Falls, la. 

Fiegchen, J. G Clarksburg, Ont., Can. 

Fifield, Eugene Bay City, Mich. 

Filer, E. G Filer City, Mich. 

Firestone, D. S Columbiana, O. 

Firkins, A. J = Ord, Neb. 

Fish, E. C Reedsburg, Wis. 

Fisher, Arthur Chatham, Ont., Can. 

Fisher, R. D Sharpsburg. Md. 

Fisk, F. A Coldwater, Mich. 

Fisk, J. W Charleston, N. H. 

Fitch, Valentine Oriel, Out., Can. 

Flannagain, W. H Candor, N. Y. 

Floweree Sheep and Horse Co Sun River, Mont. 

Foote, Dr. F. M Marshall, Mich. 

Foley, Daniel Mt. Salem, Mich. 

Ford, F. W Hickory Corners, Mich. 



BKEEDE'KS OF SHROPSHIEE SHEEP. 431 

Ford & Stratton Hickory Corners, Mich 

Forester, Edward (iormley, Ont., Can. 

Forgey, H. C VVliitesville, Ind. 

Fort, D. 1... Viclisburg-, Mich. 

Fosdick, W. B Pontiac, Mich. 

Foster, A. H Allegan, Mich. 

Foster, J. E. & Son Prairie Home, 111. 

Foust, F. H Columbia, City, Ind. 

Fowler, H. A Heart Prairie, Wis. 

Fowler, John Warsaw, O. 

Fox, A. O Oi'egon, Wis. 

Fox, J. A Raymilton, Pa. 

Fox, Philip Madison, Wis. 

Francis, H. K Mendon, 111. 

Frank, Ed. S Clayton, 111. 

Erase, Orrin Doylestown, O. 

Eraser, Robt Bradford, Ont., Can. 

Eraser, Thomas Brucefield, Ont., Can. 

Eraser, William Wilton Grove, Ont., Can. 

Frazee, C. & W Green Valley, 111. 

Frazier, W. C Atlantic, la. 

Frederick, B. J Cold water, Mich. 

French, M. J Wenona, 111. 

Fritchman, W. O Muscatine, la. 

Fry, J. O LaHarpe, 111. 

Fuller, J. B BuflPalo, N. Y. 

Fulton, J. H Nashville, Tenn. 

Funk, J. S Singer's Glen, Va. 

Furry, Wm. & Son New Palestine, Ind. 

Gabrilson, C. L New Hampton, la. 

Gage, H. D Flint, Mich. 

Gage, W. J Flint, Mich. 

Gamber, L. D Fayette, O. 

Gammon, G. W Forest, Ont., Can. 

(Janton, D. G Saurin, Ontario, Can. 

Gardner & Kammerer Broadhead, Wis. 

Garlock, W. J Owen, Wyo. 

(iarnett, John Durgan's Creek, Mo. 

(Jarrett, J. M Fort Garrett, Ky. 

Garrison, R. E Brockport, N. Y. 

Gates, F Willimantic. Conn. 

Gaul, Geo Sumner, O. 

Gaylor, C. M (Est. of) Big Rapids, Mich. 

Geary Bros London, Ont., Can. 

Gentle, W. T Fairview, 111. 

German, Geo. H Franklin, Mich. 

Germann, H., Jr Frances, O. 

Germania Company Germania, Wis. 

Gesler, Rudolph Wapakoneta, O. 

Getty, S. W Chambersville, Pa. 

Gibson, Richard Delaware, Ont., Can. 

Gibson, Robert Momence, 111. 

(iifEord, Albert Valley Falls, N. Y. 



452 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 

Gilford, Geo South Easton, X. Y. 

Giles & Son Apalachian. N. Y. 

Gilkeson, M. F Folly Mills, Va. 

Gillet, S. B Carey, O. 

Gilliam & Hover Warsaw, Ind. 

Gillingham, Thos. & Son Gillingham, Wis. 

Gillogly, A. J Palermo, 111. 

Ginter, Lewis Richmond, Va. 

Glide, J. H., Jr Sacremento, Cal. 

Glover, J. E Hudson, Wis. 

Godeffroy, A. E Godeffroy, N. Y. 

Goldsberry, J. A Bloomingdale. Ind. 

Goldsmith. O. C Lafayette, Ind. 

Gonyeau, F. F West Milton, Vt. 

Good, I. R Svrac'use, Ind. 

Goodrich, F. W Farmingdale, S. D. 

Gore Bros Clayton, III. 

Gordon, Luther , Brockport, N. Y. 

Goudey, S. P Yarmouth. Nova Scotia. 

Gould, I. J Uxbridge, Ontario, Can. 

Goundry, John Naples, N. Y. 

Gourley, J. F Maple Creek, N. W. T. 

Graham Bros Fenimore, Wis. 

Graham, F. A Maumce, O. 

Graham & Williamson West Milgrove, O. 

Grant, C. B Detroit, Mich. 

Gray, E. F Republic, O. 

Grey, S. & Sons Albia, la. 

Grey, Wm Albia. la. 

Green, A. E Orchard Lake, Mich. 

Green, Fred Ashkum, 111. 

Green, Wm Orange C. H., Va. 

Greenshields, J.N Montreal, Can. 

Gregory, D. F Dowagiac, Mich. 

Gridley, C. F West Candor, N. Y. 

Griffin, D. C Ypsilanti, Mich. 

Griffin, F. E Oberlin, O. 

Griscom, C. A Haverford College, Pa. 

Grosvenor, A. M Sand Lake, Mich. 

Groves & Heighway Concord, Mich. 

Grove, W. F '. Bolivar, O. 

Gurney, C. W Paris, Ont., Can. 

Guthrie, E. L Paris, 111. 

Hager, A Plantagenet Mills, Ont. Can. 

Hager, A. J Vermont ville, Mich. 

Haight Bros Addison, Mich. 

Haines, J. N. & Sons Avilla, Ind. 

Hale, H. H Haverhill, Mass. 

Hales, T. F Mt. Sterling, la. 

Hall, Arthur N Ionia, Mich. 

Hall, C. R East Dixfield, Me. 

Hall, D. F Kilwinning, Mo. 

Hall, F. S Lewiston, N. Y. 



BREEDERS OP SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 453 

Hall, H. H..: Fredonia, N. Y. 

Hall, Thomas B Sacremento, Cal. 

Hallenbeck, D. H Seward, N. Y. 

Hamlin, Chester P Temple, Me. 

Hamilton, H. A. S Staunton, Va. 

Hammond, G. H., Jr Detroit, Mich. 

Hamrich, J. R. M Clreencastle, Ind. 

Hankins, Albert Hurlburt, Ind. 

Hanley, J. C Read, Ont.. Can. 

Hanmer, D. G. & Sons Mt. Vernon, Ont., Can. 

Hanna, S. A Unionvale, O. 

Hanson, Wm. H Luana, Iowa. 

Harbin, W. A Pleasantville, Ind. 

Harding-, F. R. & Son Buchanan, Mich. 

Harding-, L. T Laporte, Ind. 

Harding-, O. G Buchanan, Mich. 

Harkness, E. D Springtield, Pa. 

Harmon, G. B Brockport, N. Y. 

Harrington, Clark S Willow Lakes, S. Dakota. 

Harring-ton, F. O York Center, la. 

Harris, B. F West Liberty, O. 

Harris, J. L Eckford. Mich. 

Harris, L. B Lyndonville, Vt. 

Harrison, John Owen Sound, Ont., Can. 

Harrison, M. H Belgrave, Ont., Can. 

Harrod, T. H Newton, Miss. 

Harsh, D. D Minerva, O. 

Harshman, E. E West Middlesex, Pa. 

Hartley, L. M Salem, la. 

Hartshorn, A. E Owosso, Mich. 

Hartshorn, B, I Brockport, N. Y. 

Harvey, J. N. & Sons Kendallville, Ind. 

Haskins, C. A Lansing-ville, N. Y. 

Hatch, F. W '. English Prairie, 111. 

Hathaway & Shaw Bloomfield, la. 

Hatherly, Edwin Lapeer, Mich. 

Haverstoek, S. G Butler, Ind. 

Haviland, H. G Glen Falls. N. Y. 

Hawkins, J. W Rollin, Mich. 

Hawkshaw% W. S Glanworth. Ont.. Can. 

Hawley, E. F Pittsford, N. Y. 

Hawley, H. H Vernon. Mich. 

Hawley, J. B Coldwater, Mich. 

Hawthorne, C. L Maynard, Ohio. 

Hay & Baton New Lowell, Ont., Can. 

Hayden, E. C Wyoming, N. Y 

Hayes, Enos Cleves, O. 

Hajnes, C. A Trenton, Mo. 

Hays, J. L. & Son Mannington, W. Va. 

Healey, W. W South Danville. N. Y. 

Heaton Bros Fort Wayne, Ind. 

Heinbaugh, C. W Three Rivers, Mich. 

Helser, Eli Warsaw, Ind. 



454 BEEEDEES OF SHEOPSHIEE SHEEP. 

Hemphill, R. W Ypsilanti. Mich. 

Henders, Wesley & Bro Hamilton, Ont. 

Henderson, L'has MarshvilJe, Ontario, Canada. 

Henderson, J. H Elder's Ridge, Pa. 

Henderson, W. A & Son Waseca, Minn. 

Henn, John H Redmon, 111. 

Henry, N. C Geauga Lake, O. 

Henry, Eichard & Son North Benton, O. 

Herman, Wm Cleveland, N. Y. 

Hewitt, Wm New Albany', Pa. 

Hickox, W. C Wyoming, Wis. 

Hicks, J. D Altoona. Pa. 

Hiester, Henry Pennville, Ind. 

Higgins, J. T New Maysville, Ind. 

Hill, B. F Blooming-dale, Ind. 

Hill, Ed. S Peruville, Ind. 

Hill, Sam. H. & Son Gregg, Texas. 

Hill, W. E. & A. S Kalamazoo, Mich. 

Hills, C. & Son Delaware, O. 

Hilligoss, J. B Florida, Ind. 

Hilton, Bert Anson, Me. 

Hilton, James New Scotland, N. Y. 

Hilton, Joseph New Scotland, N. Y. 

Himrod, Elmer Burdett, N. Y, 

Hindman, James Franklin, Pa. 

Hindmarsh, George Ailsa Craig, Ont., Can. 

Hinds, H. H Stanton, Mich. 

Hinkley, C. L Alexandria, S. D. 

Hitch, H. G West Liberty, 111. 

Hitchcock, Don K Brimfield, Ind. 

Hitchcock, John Pecatonica, 111. 

Hodgens, T. D London, Ont., Can. 

Hogue, John Cadwallader, O. 

Holbrook, C. H Portland, Me. 

Holcomb, A. J Charlotte, Mich. 

Holmes, H. A Austin, Minn. 

Holmes, Milton Charleston, N. Y. 

Holmes, Robert, Jr Castile. N. Y. 

Hood, C. E. M Gallatin, Mo. 

Horn, B. H Tiffin, O. 

Horn, O. D Garland, Pa. 

Hosford, C. F Mexico, N. Y. 

Hough, Jas. M Clear Lake, S. D. 

Howard, O. N Woodstock, O. 

Howard, W. F Milford Center, 0. 

Howe, E. E Howell, Mich. 

Howell, W. S Thornyhurst, Ont., Can. 

Howick, D. S Celina, O. 

Hoy t, G. L Lafayette, N. Y. 

Hubbard, H. W Corydon, la. 

Huflf, O. A Kent, N. Y. 

Buffer, G. C Broad Run, Md. 

Buffer, J. M Broad Eun, Md.. 



BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 455 

Hug-hes, F. J East Claridon, O. 

Hughes, 1. F East Claridon, 0. 

Hulit, A. B Huron, S. D, 

Humm, J. S Haysville, O. 

Humphrey, J. V Mercer, Pa. 

Huner, H Ridgeville Corners, O. 

Hunter, George Elgin, 111. 

Hunter, James Alma, Ont., Can. 

Huntington, H. C Belvidere, 111. 

Huntley, C. S Elrov, Wis. 

Huntley, L. B Marlow, X. H. 

Huntsman, S. F Cairo, Mo. 

Hurst, Frank Libertyville, la. 

Hurst, J. T Wyandotte, Mich. 

Huston, J. E New Lisbon, O. 

Hutchins, Wm. H Freemont, Ind. 

Hutchinson, Charles White Pigeon, Mich. 

Hutson, Andrew Sparta, W^is. 

Ingersoll, A. A Lockport, 111. 

Ingersoll, B. F Lockport, 111. 

Ingersoll, Geo Fonda, X. Y. 

Innes, Alexander Clinton, Ont., Can. 

Ireton, W. H Crosstown, O. 

Irving, C. H New Market, Ont., Can. 

Jackson, Wm Hopkins Station, Mich. 

Jacobs, John Leon, Wis. 

Jennings, G. P Allegan, Mich. 

Jennings, Hudson Brantford. Ontario. Can. 

Jerue, S Sodus, Mich. 

Johnson, C. H Busti, N. Y. 

Johnson, E. E Compton, III, 

Johnson, H. H Keynoldsville, N. Y. 

Johnson, J. H North Pelham, Ont., Can. 

Johnson, J. W^ Flowerfield, Mich. 

Johnson, L. G Flowerheld, Mich. 

Johnston, W. Evans Ravenna, Ont., Caa 

Jones, Aaron, Jr South Bend. Ind. 

Jones Bros. & Co Radnor, O. 

Jones, C. E Carysbrook. Va. 

Jones, D. D Alexandria, O. 

Jones, E. O Radnor, O. 

Jones, F. W Dowagiac. Mich. 

Jones, J. L Leon, Wis. 

Jones, P. D Mt. Morris, N. Y. 

Jones, J. F. & Son West Salem. Wis. 

Jones. Samuel Flushing, Mich. 

Jones, W. L \'andalia. Mich. 

Jones & Miller Casey, 111. 

Jepson, John P (iranada, Minn. 

Jordan, Rufus Plymouth, Ind. 

Jordan, W. H Des Moines. la. 

Joy. Fred. Est. of Birmingham. Mich. 

Junkman, H. O Ellsworth, Wis. 



456 BEEEDEKS OF SHEOPSHIRE SHEEP. 

Kane, Alfred Goshen, Ind. 

Kantner, Benj Wapakoneta, O. 

Kates, Elmer Goblesville, Ind. 

Keenan, J Le Roy, 111. 

Keith & Bishop Millington, Mich. 

Keller, P. A Seymour, Iowa". 

Kelley, D. S Berlin, W. Va. 

Kelley, E. M Manning, la. 

Kelley, Merchant \Yoodstock, Mich. 

Kelly, R. D Ypsilanti, Mich. 

Kelly, Eli & Son Fairfield, la. 

Kelly, J. B Loda, 111. 

Kelly, Sherman Reynoldsville, N. Y. 

Kellogg, F. E Rich Hill, Mo. 

Kelso, W. C Hallock, Minn. 

Kemp Bros Greenville, Mich. 

Kempley, J. H. & C. H Packwaukee, Wis. 

Kendrick, J. K Denver, Col. 

Kennedy-, J. E Caledonia, Mich. 

Kennedy, Stiles St. Louis, Mich. 

Kennedy, W. W Martinsville, Ind. 

Kent, A. M Jamestown, N. Y". 

Kent, E. E Chagrin Falls, 0. 

Kerr, \Vm. Holme St. George, Ont.; Can. 

Kerr, John Brantford, Ont., Can. 

Kesling, Perry Pipe Creek, Ind. 

Ketcheson, D. H Menie, Ont., Can. 

Keyes, C. B Richland Centre, Wis. 

Keyes H. W North Haverhill, N. H. 

Kibler, Robt Rose Hill, 111. 

Kilmer & Meyers Waukarusa, Ind. 

Kimball, F. J Philadelphia, Pa. 

Kimmell, Orlando Kimmell, Ind. 

Kincaid, A. D Farmer City, 111. 

King, C. C Puckersbrush, Ind. 

King, Chas. L Grat, Neb. 

King, E. D Burlington, Kan. 

King, Geo. B Parma, Mich. 

King, T. H Trumansburgh, N. Y. 

Kingsbury- & Nelson ' Cassopolis, Mich. 

Kingman, R. T Hillsboro, N. D. 

Kinner, J. M Elberon, la. 

Kinny, C. H Leesburg, Ind. 

Kinsell, Z. T Mt. Ayr. la. 

Kipp, E. A Chilliwack, B. C. 

Kirkpatrick, E. S. & Son Wellsville, Kan. 

Kirkpatrick & Son Hoge, Kan. 

Kitchen, John & Co Delhi, Ontario, Canada. 

Kleckner, H. S Tyrone, Wis. 

Klingler, Henry Lebanon, Ind. 

Klein, Albert St. Killan, Wis. 

Klock, D. M East Hamlin, N. Y. 

Klose,' George Colon, Mich, 



BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 457 

Kneeland, Barney St. Johns. ]Mich. 

Knox, J. K .' Palmer, Mass. 

Koog-le, O Ohio City, O. 

Koons, Dr. P. A Mechanicsburg, Pa. 

Krass, J.J Fremont, O. 

Kregle Bros Monona, la. 

Kreis, Dan Cardington, O. 

Kuder, C. C Tontogany, O. 

Knudtson, H. H St. Ansgar, Iowa. 

Laborn, J. C Mumford, N. Y. 

Lackawanna Breeders' Association Waverly, Pa. 

Ladd, J. M Victor, N. Y. 

■Ladew, E. R Glen Cove, L. I. 

LaGrange, C. C Slingerland, N. Y. 

Lamb, T. R Carlos City, Ind. 

Lambkin, F. E. & C Lowell, Mich. 

I>ampman, J. C Hastings, Mich. 

Lander, John Taunton, Ont., Can. 

Landman, Paul Scotland. S. D. 

Lanehart, Albert Butler, O. 

Lantz, J. F Altoona, Pa. 

Laraway, H Emery, Mich. 

Larrabee, Chas., Jr Windham, Conn. 

Lasher, G. V. & Sons Rutland, O. 

Late, W. H Bridgeport, W. Va. 

Latham, F, H Corwith, la. 

Lathrop, G. W Oxford Junction, la. 

Latson, E. E Howell, Mich. 

Latta. Prof. W. C West LaFayette. Ind. 

Law, T. A Astor, W. Va. 

Lawrence, Chas Collingwood, Ont., Can. 

Law^rence, Chas Danville, Wis. 

Lawrence, H. H Columbia City, Ind. 

Lawrence, Jas Groton, Mass. 

Lawrence & Crosby Harrington, X. Y. 

Lay, Jacob Wayne, Wis. 

Laylin, T. C Norwalk, O. 

Leach, John Burlington, Wis. 

Lean, John Palmyra, Wis. 

Leask, James Taunton, Ont., Can. 

Ledger, Alfred , Burford. Ont., Can. 

Lee. O. W Painesville, O. 

Leland, E. E Emery, Mich. 

Lemen, Clare Hamburg, Mich. 

Leonard, H. J Beloit, Wis. 

Leonard, Mrs. S. A Roann. Ind. 

Leonard, S. F Washington, Minn. 

Lesh, D. W^ Markle. Ind. 

Lessiter, John Cole, Mich, 

Levens, C. W Albert Lea, Minn. 

Levering, Richmond M LaFayette, Ind. 

Levering, Mortimer LaFayette, Ind. 

Lewis, B. R Salem Center, Ind. 



458 BEEEDEES OF 9HE0PSHIEE SHEEP. 

Lewis, W. H Burford, Ont., Can. 

Lind, Xiels A Rolf e, la. 

Lindsey, Jos Otsego, Mich. 

Lindsey, V. S Farmer City, 111. 

Litherland, J. & Son Allendale, Ind. 

Littell, J. W. H. & Son Corydon, Ind. 

Livingston Bros Leonardsburg, 0. 

Lobdell, E. L Mukwango, Wis. 

Lobdell, J. M Schuyler Falls, N. Y. 

Lockhart, W. J ' Belleville, 0. 

Lockie, Collin J Elmdale, N. Y. 

Lockwood, A Marshall, Mich. 

Logan, David Pictou, Novia Scotia. 

Logan, W. J Mercer, Pa. 

Lones, J. H Warsaw, Ind. 

Longmuir, Gavin , Pontiac, Mich. 

Loomis, George D Tiffin, O. 

Lord, Mrs. B. B Sinclairville, N. Y. 

Lord, Jas. E Stonington, Conn. 

Lottridge, J. M Hamilton, Ont., Can. 

Lybrand, E. C • Richland Center, Wis. 

Lyon, F. H Worthington, Minn. 

Lyon, W. H Davenport, N. Y. 

Lyons, C. H. & Son Gageville, O. 

Lytle, N. P. & A. J Angelica, N. Y. 

MacDermaid, J Kansas City, Mo. (Hon. Mem.) 

Macdonald, Samuel Port Hood, N. S 

Mackenzie, J. H Pictou, Nova Scotia. 

Macmillan, J. A. S Brandon, Manitoba. 

Macomber & Ballard Keeler's Bay, Vt. 

Magee, Wm Janetville, Ont., Can. 

Main, S. C Delaware, O. 

Major, Wm. & Son Whitevale, Ont., Can. 

Makyes, E. L Onondaga, N. Y. 

Maltby, H. F Brighton, Mich. 

Manley, Patrick Youngstown, O. 

Mann, D. S Concord, Mich. 

Mann, S. J. & Son Lindenville, O. 

Mannan, E. E Quincey, Ind. 

Mansell, A -. Shrewsbury, Eng. (Hon. Mem.) 

Markel, Asa LaFayette, Ind. 

Mars, B. J Gresham, Pa, 

Marsh, T. A Caywood, N. Y. 

Marsh, W. C Farmer, N. Y'. 

Marshall, Alex Cass City, Mich, 

Marshall, John Cass City, Mich. 

Marshall, J. W. & Sons Zanesville, 0. 

Marshall, Eobt Flora, Ont., Can. 

Martin, N Chicago, 111. 

Martin, Wm Caledonia, Mich. 

Mascher, L. F Silverton, Ore. 

Mason, T. A Joliet, III. 



[BEEEDERS OF SHEOPSHIEE SHEEP. 459 

Mason, Mrs. W. B Marshall, Mich. 

Mathers, S. & Sons Belleville, N. Y. 

Matrau, M. W Bainbridge, Mich. 

Matson Bros Schodack Landing, N. Y. 

Matteson, O. C Westport, S. D. 

Mattice, W. F Ridgetown, Ont., Can. 

Maw, \Vm Brooklin, Ont., Can. 

Mead, Thos. G ^«. Tecnmseh, Mich. 

Meadows, A. E JHB Port Hope, Ont., Can. 

Meaker, M. E & Son Wr Danby, N. Y. 

Medcraft, T. H .7. Sparta, Ont., Can. 

Merkling, L. P Kendallville, Ind. 

Merrill & Fifield Bay City, Mich. 

Merritt & Roberts South Charleston, O. 

Meyer, J. H Somonauk, Ills. 

Michigan Agricultural College Lansing, Mich. 

Mickle, Z. & Sons Garland, Pa. 

Miebach, Henrj- Powhattan, Kan. 

Milham Bros Kalamazoo, Mich. 

Millard, Jas Knoxville, la. 

Miller, A. & Son Smithville Flats, N. Y. 

Millen, F. D Bath, Ont.. Can. 

Miller, Geo. N Ehinebeck, N. Y. 

Miller, J. H Huron, S. D. 

Miller, J. L Caledonia, Mich. 

Miller, John & Sons Brougham, Ont., Can. 

Miller, S. R Windsor, Ont., Can. 

Miller, Willard Anita, la. 

Miller, W. C South English, la. 

Miller, W. H Berrien Springs, Mich. 

Miller, W. J Keene, Ont., Can. 

Millett, Patrick Fowlerville, Mich. 

Milloy, D Paris, Ont., Can. 

Mills, H. A. & Son Wadsworth, 0. 

Mills, VV. S Creston, la. 

^lilton, John Marshall, Mich. 

Minckler, G. W Oshkosh. Wis. 

Mitchell, E. B Danvers, 111. 

Mitchell, G. J Newtonville, Ont., Can. 

Moe, Chas. I Jackson, Mich. 

Mohler, David Van Wert. O. 

Moir, J. J Glendenning, Man. 

Moody, Edward Humber, Ont., Can. 

Monier, C. W Sparland, 111. 

Monkman, E. C Castle Derg. Ont.. Can 

Monnier, Ed. W Elizabeth, 111. 

Montague, R. S Caro, Mich. 

Montgomery, W. R Hillsdale, Mich. 

Moody, Robt (iuelph, Ont., Can. 

Moore, H. M New Wilmington, Pa. 

Moore, I. N Ashmore, 111. 

Moorewood, A. P Gordonville. Va. 

Mores, J. H Lansing, Mich. 



460 BEEEDBRS OF SHEOPSHI-EE SHEEP. 

Morey, Thos. P Mountain View, Mo. 

Morley, I. W. & Son Alleman, Wis. 

Morgan, J. W Embarrass, Wis. 

Morgan, W. H Granville, Mo. 

Morris, J. H. & Son Warrenton, 111. 

Morris, J. R Chicago Heights, 111. 

Morrison, J. M Berlin, W. Va. 

Morrow, A. S Plumville, Pa. 

Morse, Chas A Vicksburg, Mich. 

Mottinger, AI. O Plainfield, 111. 

Mougey, Jacob Wooster, 0. 

Moutray, J. L Olney, 111. 

Moyer, D, H , Campden, Ont., Can. 

Moyer, H. A Syracuse, N. Y. 

Moyer, J. F Sheakley ville. Pa. 

Mulkin, M. C Friendship, N. Y. 

Munif ord, H. W Moscow, Mich. 

Munro, J. L Covington, Pa. 

Murdock, J. J Berne, Mich. 

Murley, John & Son Kendall, 111. 

Murpny , James Lapeer, Mich. 

Murrie Bros Russell, 111. 

Musick, C. E Hughesville, Mo. 

McBride, A. J Farmer City, 111. 

McBride, D. & Son Lewellville, O. 

McCaig, James Collingwood, Ont., Can. 

McCallum, J. A Martinstown, Ont., Can. 

McCann, J. M Bridgeport, W. Va. 

McCannell, Wm. A Washington, Vt. 

McCarthey, John Adelaide, Ont., Can. 

McCartney. Thos Longburn, Manitoba. 

McClelland, J. M Utica, O. 

McClelland, R. A Yorkville, 111. 

McCIintick, W. T Chillicothe, O. 

McClure, S. M Sumner, 111. 

McClure, T. W Carey, O. 

McCollum, W. D Auburn, O. 

McConnell, A. P London, Pa. 

McCormick, L. H. «fe R, H Chicago and Lake Forest, III. 

McCoy, Thos -. Plain Grove, Pa. 

McCrumb, L. A Jamestown, Pa. 

McCulloch, D Steubenville, O. 

McCurdy, W. A Warsaw, O. 

McDougald, A. P Melbourne, Ont., Can. 

McDowell, F. K Troy, O. 

McDowell, J. S Troy, O. 

McDowell, L. C New California, O. 

McDowell, W. H Bad Axe, Mich. 

McEachron Bros Argyle, Ont., Can. 

McEachron, R Williamsburg, la. 

McEachron, W Williamsburg, la. 

McEldowney, W. J Chicago Heights, 111. 

McEwen, Malcomb Clinton, Ont., Can. 



BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 461 

McFarlane. James Clinton, Ont., Can. 

McFee, J. T Lenox, la. 

McGehee, John Shawneetown, 111. 

McGinness, W. H Winterset, la. 

McGregor Bros Epsom, Ont., Can. 

McHenrv, Lewis Hornellsville, N. Y. 

Mcllroy,"^ H. T. & Bro Stark, Mo. 

Melntire, J. W Dayton, Pa. 

Mcintosh, J. A. & Son Ravenswood, VV. Va. 

McKee, J. H. & Son Crookston, Minn. 

McKelvey, J. O. & Bro Vallonia, O. 

McKelvey, Lowell Bryan, Ohio. 

McKenzie, James Baxter, la. 

McKerrow, Geo. M Sussex, Wis. 

McKillip, Wm JefPersonville, O. 

McKown, J. W Cannonsburgh, Pa. 

McLachlan, Luke Sioux Falls, S. D. 

McLaren, Duncan Dunmore, Ont., Can. 

McLaug'hlin, Duncan Brussels, Ont., Can. 

McLaughlin, W. J. & J. A Hornby, N. Y. 

McLouth, Willis DeWitt, Mich. 

.McMillan, A Lorneville, Ont., Can. 

McMillan, G. M Canton, 111. 

McMillen, B. F Newark, O. 

McNaull John Ashland, O. 

McNeal, F. B Alcony, O. 

McPherson, A. & A Forest, Ont., Can. 

McQuitty, D. W Hughesville, Mo. 

McRoberts, J. H Lucan, Ont., Can. 

McVittie, A Detroit, Mich. 

Nance, Harry Civil Bend, Mo. 

Napper, S. T. & Son Scales Mound, 111. 

Neely, J. xM. & W. W Greenfield, la. 

Nevins, H. B Perry, N. Y. 

Newberry, W". J Axtell, O. 

Newell, John & Sons West Liberty, O. 

Newton, J. T Hudson, O. 

Nichol, A. P Granville, O. 

Nichols, G. M Williamson, N. Y. 

Nichols, W. C. & Son Cresco, la. 

Nicholson, E Bracebridge, Ont., Can. 

Nickleson, J. W. & Son Hackleman, Ind. 

Nielson, T. B Sinking Creek, Va. 

Nolin, W. T Milford, 111. 

Noon, J. C Prairie Home, 111. 

North Dakota Agricultural College Fargo, N. D. 

.\orton, C. W Wilton, la. 

Norton, H. C Byron, N. Y. 

Norton, John Webster, S. Dak. 

Norton, S. M Friendship, N. Y. 

Norton, W. H Springwatei-, N. Y. 

Norton, W. H Allentown, N. Y. 

Noyes, A. F Beaver Dam, Wis. 



462 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 

IXoyes, H. H Pleasantville, Pa. 

Oakes, S. T Greenville, Pa. 

Obrecht, John F Mohican, O. 

O'Connor, Stephen Fayetteville, O. 

Ogilvie, R. B Madison, Wis. 

O'Hanlon, T. & Sou Bankers, Mich. 

O'Harra, C. W Galloway, O. 

Ohio xVgricultural Experiment Station Wooster, O. 

Olds, F. S York, Mich. 

Oles, Hiram Pleasantville, Pa. 

Oliver, E. P Flint, Mich. 

O'Neil, J. V Hoytville, Mich. 

Ontario Agricultural College Guelph, Ont., Can. 

OrmistoQ, G. W Enfield, Ont., Can. 

Ormsbv, J. Y Toronto, Ont.. Can. 

Orr, W. H Harrisville, Pa. 

Osborne, G. W Concord, Mich. 

Osborn, W. B Canandaigua, N. Y. 

Otto, D. G Canton, 111. 

Oughton, John Crystal City, Manitoba. 

Overholt, R. B Marshville, Ontario, Can. 

Overton, John 4th Nashville, Tenn. 

Owen, A. A. & Bro Bunker Hill, 111. 

Paddock, P. P Malone, N. Y. 

Page, A. W Berlin, Wis. 

Paine, W. H Nunda, N. Y. 

Paisley, S. W Lacombe, Alta, Can. 

Palmer, E. C Williston, N. D. 

Palmer, Jas. B Jewett City, Conn. 

Paradise, F. P Brookfield, Mo. 

Pardee, Mrs. J. S Three Oaks, Mich. 

Parish, D Waupaca, Wis. 

Parker, J. & M Stanford, Out.. Can. 

Parker, R. H Kinsman, O. 

Parker, Ward Reed's Ferry, N. H. 

Parks, J. W. & Co Bourbon, Ind. 

Parrish, W. S Canandaigua, N. Y. 

Parson, \\ . & K Komoka, Out., Can, 

Patteson, G. W Ash ton, la. 

Patteson, T. C '. Toronto, Can. 

Patiton. J. B Trenton, Mo. 

Patton, T. C. & Son Hanna City, 111. 

Patton, Thos Copley, O. 

Paul, Hugh Dundee, Minn. 

Payne, J. C Prairie-du-Sac, Wis. 

Payne, J. L. & Son Parshallville, Mich. 

Peak, Alex & Son Vera, 111. 

Pearshall, Mary A Easton, Mich. 

Peavey, Frank, Jr Newton, la. 

Peckham Bros Woodstock, Wis. 

Peckham, J. W Gillingham. Wis. 

P.entz, J. C Rabor, Ind. 

Perrin, W. A Rochester, N. Y. 



BREEDERS OF SHKOPSHIEE SHEEr. 46.'] 

Perry, E. R North Charleston, X. H. 

I'ersing", H. S. cVr Son Zone, O. 

Peters, \Vm. H Elmira, N. Y. 

Pettibone, J. J ^[anchester Centre, Vt. 

Pettit, W. G Freeman, Ont., Can. 

Phelps, C. A Newcastle, Ind. 

Phelps, E. A Dexter, Mich. 

Phelps, Rufns Dexter, Mich. 

Phillips, A., Ashdown, Ont., Can. 

Phillips, Joseph Maidstone, Ont., Can. 

Phillips & Knickerbocker Flint, Mich. 

Phillips & Son Snodes, O. 

I'hillips, W. II Frankford, Ontario, Can. 

Phin, Jas. P Hespeler, Ont., Can. 

Phin, John Hespeler, Ont., Can. 

Pickering-, P Mukwonago, Wis. 

Pickett, Jos Caledonia, Mich. 

Pier, W. H Richland Centre, Wis. 

Pierce, Irving & Sons I'nion City, Mich. 

Pierce, William '. Brinsley, Ont., Can. 

Pierson, Hiram Pittsburg-, }klich. 

Pitman, inarrison Hill Grove, Ind. 

Pitting-er, H. O Pavonia, O. 

Pittin-ger, J. A Warsaw, Ind. 

Pixley, Edward Roverton, Ind. 

Plant, L Milibank, S. D. 

Plessinger Bros. & Warvel Beamsville, O. 

I'lumly, J. L Waubeek, la. 

I'ollard, Arthur Burford, Ont., Can. 

I'omery, J. W Troy, Pa. 

Pond, John P North Clarendon, Vt. 

Porter, R. C Mt. \'ernon, Ontario, Canada. 

Porter, J. O Binghamton, N. Y. 

Porter, W. L Atwater, O. 

Portuondo, J. F Philadelphia, Pa. 

Postle, F. L Camp Chase, O. 

Poulter, C. J Big Mound, la. 

Powell, H. E Ionia, Mich. 

Powell, John Wabash, O. 

Powell, J. L Benton Ridge, O. 

Pratt, H. C Canandaigua, N. Y. 

Pray & Beis Bros White House, O. 

Pray, W. H Alvinston. Ont.. Can. 

Prestel, John W Sheridan, Mich. 

Prince. Polk Guthrie, Ky. 

Pringle. R. H Clay. la. 

Privett. V Greensburg, Ind. 

Pugh, Thos. & Son Whitevale, Ont., Can. 

Purdue University West Lafayette, Tnd. 

Purington. E. B." Mt. Sterling. Wis. 

Purinton, L. E Middle Falls. N. Y. 

Quick. S. R Brooklyn. Ind. 

Quick, AV. J Brooklyn, Ind. 



464 BREEDEES OF SHROPSHIEE SHEEP. 

Eaccoon Farm Association Bellowsville, Pa. 

Eager, Jacob Williams Center, O. 

Eaikes, George Barrie, Unt., Can. 

Eailsback, B. T Hopedale, 111. 

Eamsey, W. O Allendale, 111. 

Eandall, S. W Morton, N. V. 

Eankin, L. T Athens, 111. 

Eankin, Walter Musselshell, Mont. 

Eausc'h, Henry Madison, Ind. 

Eay, E. J Springvvater, N. Y. 

Eaydure, W. S Evansburgh, Pa. 

Eeed, H. E Uowell, Mich. 

Eeesor, W. D Markham, Ont., Can. 

Eeichenbach, C. W Apple Creek, O. 

Eeid, Mrs. E. J Souris, Manitoba. 

Eeid, Hector Brucefield, Ont., Can. 

Eeid, Samuel Varna, Ont., Can, 

Eeinbolt, Chas Titfiu, (). 

Eemington, W. A Geneseo, 111. 

Eendall, John Camperdown, Ont., Can. 

Eeplogel, O. E LaPorte, Ind. 

Eeynolds, P. B. & Son Owosso, Mich. 

Eeynolds, W. H Middle Falls, N. Y. 

Eice, C. C Chicago, 111. 

Eice, J . W. & Son Winchester, Va. 

Eichard, T. F Chubb's Corner, Mich. 

Eichardson, C. P & Son Clarksville, O. 

Eichey, E. E Sun Dale. O. 

Eicker, Clarence Black Creek, N. Y. 

Eider, T. M & Son Fairfield, la. 

Eigdon, Frank Wapakoneta, O. 

Eiggs, C. W Albuquerque. N. M. 

Einebolt, E. S Overton, Pa. 

Eingvvalt, William New Castle, O. 

Eigsby, J. P Blythe, Ont., Can. 

Eisley, C. M Ut. Carmel, 111. 

Eoadruck, Wm. A Colburn, Ind. 

Bobbins, O. B Edwardsburg, Mich. 

Bobbins, S. VV Wethersfield. Conn. 

Roberts, D. & Son Faulkton, S. D. 

Eoberts. Joe New Sharon, Iowa. 

Eoberts, T. E Detroit, Mich. 

Eobertson, John Wyoming, Ont., Can. 

Eobertson, J. A Eochester, Minn. 

Eobinson, H. L Edinburgh, Pa. 

Eobinson, H. N Ithaca, Mich. 

Eobinson, J. W St. Mary's, Ont., Can. 

Eobinson, Thos Kintore, Ont., Can. 

Eockwell. W. H Ulster, Pa. 

Eodgers, A. H Hammond, N. Y'. 

Eodgers, D. H Eose Point, Pa. 

Eogers, Smith Lennon, Mich. 

Eohm, H. C Waterloo, Ind. 



BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 465 

Kolason. H Howell, Mich. 

Roller, A.J Elgin, O. 

Rook, W Marshall, Mich. 

Itooke, E. M Ypsilanti, Mich. 

Hose, Morgan E Mansfield, Pa. 

Ivoss, John & Son Bucyrus, O. 

House, Eugene Cohocton, N. Y. 

Koush, G. L Springfield, O. 

Kowat, J. A. & M Hillsdale, Ont., Can. 

Iiowe, C. H Orillia, Ont., Can. 

Howe, John Brent Creek, Mich. 

Howe, J. H Flushing, Mich. 

Howell & Thorpe East Albany, Vt. 

Rowland, J. W Delaware, 0. 

Rowland, L Warren, Pa. 

Hovvntree, J. C Rochester, Wis. 

Hudd, Carl E Sheldon, N. D. 

Hudell, A Hespeler, Ont., Can. 

Rudy, Will Conlogue, 111. 

Huland, Acker Lockport, 111. 

Kumbaugh, G. F Fredericksburg, O. 

Rumbaugh, J. F Holmesville, O. 

Rumsey, L. D Lewiston, N. Y. 

Rundel, H. J Pontiac, Mich. 

Rundel, J. F. & Son Birmingham, Mich. 

Rupert Bros Mercer, Pa. 

Rush, A. S West Middleton. Pa. 

Rush, Elwood Shaw, Kan. 

Russell, Dwight Napoleon, Mich. 

Russell, E. T. Cherry Valley, O. 

Russell & Grant Markham, Ont., Can. 

Rutherford, J. & Son. Roseville, Out., Can. 

Rutherford, W. L. & W Waddington, N. Y. 

Ryder, Chas. & Son Barnerville, N. Y'. 

Sabin, E. D Hudson, Mich. 

Salkeld, John Goderich. Ont., Can. 

Salter, R. B Colby. Wis. 

Sanders, D. A Goshen, Ind. 

Sandy & McGinnis Cloverdale, Ind. 

Sawyer, A. J Hamburg, Mich. 

Schantz, W. H Hastings, Mich. 

Schmit, J. A Greenville, Wis. 

Schoonover, Tlios Moulton, O. 

Schreiber, W. C Allendale, Ont., Can. 

Schuessler, S. & C Iowa City, J;'. 

Schwark, Clias., Jr Erastus. O. 

Scott, F. E. & Son Hompo, Mich. 

.Scott, F. F Ross. O. 

Scott, Henry Melville Cross, Ont., Can. 

Scott, J. A Hagerstown, Ind. 

Scram, Wm. H Omro, Wis. 

Scudder, II Anson ia, O. 

Seabury, I. H Gahvay, N. Y. 



466 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 

Seale, John, Jr Hackleman, Ind. 

Seamans, H Factory ville, Pa. 

Seamster, J. H Lancaster, Mo. 

Searcy, S. J. & Sons Patriot, Ind. 

Searing, James , Pewamo, Mich. 

Sears, C. A Garden Prairie, 111. 

Secrist, Willard New Cumberland, Ind. 

Seeley, R. F Waterloo, N. Y. 

Sellers, J. M Palestine, Ind. 

Semple, R. E Shawano, Wis. 

Sexsmith, F. J Greenfield, Iowa. 

Shaffer, S Princeton, Pa. 

Shaner, A. R Saxon, 111. 

Shaw, Jos Houstonville, Pa. 

Shaw, Robt Millbrook, Ont., Can. 

Shaw, Prof. Thus St. Anthony Park, Minn. 

Shaw, Thos Arden, Pa. 

Sheets, C. H Maple wood, Ind. 

Sheets, G. R Cromwell. la. 

Sheldon, H. O Paw Paw, Mich. 

Slieldon, Henry O Kalamazoo, Mich. 

Shelton, V. tI Teegarden, O. 

Shepherd, R. D New Sheperdstown, W. Va. 

Sheppard, G. M Clear Lake, S. D. 

Sherer, Geo Magnolia, O. 

Sherman, Frank L Bath, N. Y. 

Sherman, H. E Norwalk, 0. 

Sherman, O. V Roseoe, 111. 

Sherman & Roeper Wyoming, N. Y. 

Sherman, W. D Shushan, N. Y. 

Sherrill, E. N Lexington, Neb. 

Sherrill, E. S Detroit, Mich. 

Shields, Albert Caistorville, Ont., Can. 

Shirley, Oscar Honlton, Me. 

Shirreffs, J. R Clarence, Ont., Can. 

Shook, Silas Youngstown, O. 

Shore, F. R White Oak. Ont., Can. 

Showman, J. A Union Station, 0. 

Shroyer, E. M Millgrove, Ind. 

Shutt, A. M McDonaldsville, O. 

Sickler, C. D Malta, N. Y. 

Sidle, J. C Blachleyville, 0. 

Silsby, Seth Orangeport, N. Y'. 

Simon, M. B Bloomdale, O. 

Simpson, John Xassagaweya, Ont., Can. 

Sims, H. H Thamesford, Ont., Can. 

Sinclair, C. E Bvron, Minn. 

Sisson, W. B Easton. N. Y. 

Skinner, Horace Maple Rapids, Mich. 

Skinner, Levi Tyrone, Ont., Can. 

Skrine, O. P .Vanconver. B. C. 

Skrine &- Tryon (^renfell, N. W. T. 

Slater. Amos West Andover, 0. 



BKEEDEES OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 46T 

Slater, P. F Hinckley, 111. 

Sloan, D. H Ashland, O. 

Smalley, J. A Vicksburg, Mich. 

Smead, C. D Logan, N. Y. 

Smellie, G. L., Mgv Binscarth, Manitoba. 

Smith, Albert Eau Clair, Wis. 

Smith, A. J Decatur, Ind. 

Smith, Arthur Eau C'laire, Wis. 

Smith Bros Athens, Mich. 

Smith Bros Middleburv, Ind. 

Smith, C. J. & Sons Stubblefield, 111. 

Smith, Sir D. A St. James, Manitoba. 

Smith, D. J Kendallville, Ind. 

Smith, D. S. & F Belleville, Wis. 

Smith, F. E Marshall, Mich. 

Smith, F. H Groton, S. D. 

Smith, F. J Andover, O. 

Smith, Harvey Sterling, N. D. 

Smith, H. D Compton, Quebec, Can. 

Smith, H. F Benson, Vt. 

Smith, J. A Clarksburg, W. Va. 

Smith, J. J. & Son West Branch, la. 

Smith, Jos. I* Saybrook, 111. 

Smith, Lyman F Keynoldsville, N. Y. 

Smith N. H \ . .P.araboo, Wis. 

Smith, Oliver H Brussels, Ont., Can. 

Smith, R. R Howell, Mich. 

Smith, Tom Beecher, 111. 

Smith. W. Frank Monticello, Mo. 

Smithson, Wm South Monaghan, Ont., Can. 

Smock, F. H Monroe, Wis. 

Snell, J. S Marshall, Mich. 

Snell, William Clinton. Ont., Can. 

Snoke, J A Delaware, O 

Snuff, John W Niles, Mich. 

Snyder, A Centre l*oint, la. 

Snyder, Jos. B Waterloo, Ont., Can. 

Snyder, W. G Sandy Lake, Pa. 

South Dakota Agricultural College Brookings, S, T). 

South worth, Myron Charlotte, ^Mich. 

South worth, T.' M Allen, Mich. 

Spaulding, A. R Lake City, Minn. 

Spaukiing, O. A Burdett, N. Y. 

Speedwell Farms Lyndonville Center, Vt. 

Spencer, H. H., Est of .Brooklin, Ont.. Can. 

Sprague, E. E. & Sons Yermontville, Mich. 

Sprague, Sidney Falconer, X. Y. 

Spratt, E. O Spring .\rbor, Mich. 

Springside Farm Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

Stalker, Dillon Oskaloosa. Ta. 

Stanley, F. W Boston, Mass. 

Stanley, J D Horton. Kan. 

Stannard, J. D Fort Collins, Col. 



468 BKEEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 

Staples, K Lifford, Out., Can.. 

Starin, J. H p-ultonville, N. Y. 

Stemmons, T. J Avilla, Mo. 

Steingrabe Brcs Kile, Pa. 

Stephens, L. E Robinson, 111. 

Stevens, H. C Greenwich, X. Y. 

Stewart, F. W Forrest, 111. 

Stewart, Hiram Lennon, Mich. 

Stewart. William Wevbridg-e, Ont., Can. 

Stewart, W. S .' (iolden. III. 

St. George, Hy, Est. of Quetton, Oakridge, Ont., Can. 

Stickle, C. H Pinckney, Mich. 

Stine, E. E Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. 

Stoddard, Orrin . Busti, N. Y. 

Stoddard, O. J. & Son Busti, Tn\ Y. 

Stokes, E. J Mitchell, la. 

Stone, J. B. & Son Richmond, 111. 

Stone, R. M. & Sons Marcellus, N. Y. 

Storms, J. Y. & Son Lebanon, 1 nd . 

Storrs, A. A Bogart, O. 

Stotlemyer, E. D Beaver Creek, .Md. 

Stowers, Chas. E Wheatland. N. D. 

Strange, J Arcana. Ind. 

Stratford, Jos Brantford, Ont., Can. 

Stratton, W. M Burlington, Wis. 

Streator, S. R Wolcott, Ind. 

Street, Wm. & Sons , London, O. 

Streetor, S. F Painesville, O. 

Streib, Jacob , Fox Station, Ind. 

Streib, William Pox Station, ind. 

Strong, T. D Tecumseh, Mich. 

Stuart, James Hamlin, N. Y, 

Sturdy, George O Goderich, Ont., Can. 

Sturdy, G. W Goderich, Ont., Can. 

Sturges, W. M Mansfield, O. 

Stuyvesant, R Allamuchy, N. J. 

Suliivan, M Welton, la. 

Summers, A. D Canaan, O. 

Sutherland, L. W Oxford, Mich. 

SutlifF, Jesse Cherry Valley, N. Y. 

Sutton, Chas '. Shortsville, N. Y. 

Sutton, D. R Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Swengle & Morrison Neoga, 111. 

Sutton, N. M Tecumseh, Mich. 

Sweet, A. L Kirby, Wis. 

Swartz, P. M Waukesha, Wis. 

Swickard, J. W New Albany, O. 

Swindler, II. H New Market, Ind. 

Swineford, H Richmond, Va. 

Switzer, H. A Woodham, Out., Can. 

Taft, Frank Ionia, Mich. 

Tainter, A Menomonie, Wis. 

Tait, S. W Montpelier, Ind 



BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 46^ 

Talcott. G. B Owego, N. Y. 

Taleott, J. B Rome, N. Y. 

Tallcot, G. M Skaneateles, N. Y. 

Tamblin, A Orono, Ont., Can. 

Taylor, H. C Koping, Mo. 

Taylor, Isaac S Grand Ledge, Mich. 

Taylor, J. W Yountsville, Ind. 

Taylor, O Earlham, la. 

Teegarden, C. M Atwood, Ind. 

Teel, H. G Rushville, III. 

Telfer, A. & Son Paris, Ont., Can. 

Telfer, Jas. A St. Paul's Station, Ont., Can. 

Templeton, J. Y Greenville, Pa. 

Terry & Steele Byron, N. Y. 

Thatcher, Jos , Valparaiso, Ind. 

Thayer, Chas. I Cooperstovvn, N. Y. 

Thomas, A. P Plymouth, Ind. 

Thomas, E. H Hornby. N. Y. 

Thomas, Henry & Son Wabash, Ind. 

Thomas, M. A. .Eden Mills, Ont., Can. 

Thomas, Owen & Sons Round Hill, Va. 

Thompson, J. L Gas City, Ind. 

Thompson & Trimble Swoope, Va. 

Thompson, W. O Frankfort, Ind. 

Thompson, John Blake, Ont., Can. 

Thorn, VV. G Skaneateles, N. Y. 

Thornbnrgh, W. H Oilman, Ind. 

Thorne, Oakleigh . .Millbrook, N. Y. 

Thorp, Henry Charlotte, Vt. 

Tibbals, A. U Miamisburg, O. 

Tilden, S. J West Lebanon, N. Y. 

Tilghman, C. H Tunis Mills, Md. 

Timmons, T. A. & Sons , Westtield, 111. 

Tink, E. & Sons Columbus, Ont., Can. 

Tobias, Mrs. E. J Lansing, Mich. 

Todd, S. H Wakeman, O. 

Tomlinson, A. R Neponset, 111. 

Townsend, Evan Waupaca, Wis. 

Tracy, D. Jj Denver, Col. 

Treat, D. & Son Talmadge, O. 

Treadway, William Highland Creek, Ont., Can. 

Trentield, A Darien, Wis. 

Trushell, A. T Dell Roy, O. 

Tucker, W. G Elm Valley. N. Y. 

Tucker, F. M Arkansas Citj% Kan. 

Turnbull, J. & Son Neponsett, lU. 

Turner, G. W Yale, la. 

Turner, H. S Elsah, 111. 

Turner, J. C Rising Sun, Ind. 

Turner, James M., Est. of Lansing, Mich. 

I urner, J. W Shelbyville, Mo. 

Turner, W. K Shelbyville, Mo. 

Tuttle, Chas. \ Hornellsville, N. Y. 



470 BKE'EDEKS OF SHROPSHIEE SHEEP. 

Twaniley, H. M. & Son Chelsea, Mich. 

Tweed & Whiteman Georgetown, O. 

Tyson & Dickinson Redwood Falls, Minn. 

Underhill, C. T Knoxville, la. 

Inderwood, \V. U Easton, Mich. 

l/re, John, Jr Badger Mills, Wis. 

I tah Agricultural Experiment^tation Logan, Utah. 

A'aleiitine Bros Dexter, Mich. 

A'alentine, C A Miliington, Mich. 

Van Aken. (i. W Coldwater, Mich. 

Van Allen, L. L Greenville, Mich. 

A'an Atten, J. & B Jernsalem, N. Y. 

A'an-de-Boe, Geo Claverack, N. Y. 

\andercook, W. C Cherry Valley, 111. 

Van Duzer, J. F Menlo, Iowa. 

Van Hees, A. C Allegan, Mich. 

^'an Lieu Bennington, Mich. 

\'an Meter, John Cranberry, O. 

\'an Raalte Holland, Mich. 

^'an Veer, J Qu" Appelle, Assa., Can. 

Van Vleet & Gulick Lodi, N. Y. 

Van Wagoner, Jas Kingsiton, Mich. 

^'enner & Smith Hartsville, Ind. 

Vincent, J. I Scott, N. Y. 

Vinson, J. D Centralia, Mo. 

Vivian Bros Forest, Ont., Can. 

Voorhees. G. M Ypsilanti, Mich. 

Vosburg, E. W Kalamazoo, Mich. 

Vosburgh. H. P Halsev Valley, N. Y. 

Wade, F. B Litchfield, Mich. 

Wadsworth, J. W Geneseo, N. Y. 

Waggoner, D. C Decatur, Ind. 

Wagoner. George Fleming-ton, N. J. 

Wait, Jas. A Otego, N. Y. 

Waite, H. & Son West Valley, N. Y. 

Waite, S. H Wellsbridge. N. Y. 

W^aldo, C. E. & F. D Grand Ledge, Mich. 

Walker, James & Son Jackson, Mich. 

\Vall, F. A Weyauwega. Wis. 

Wallace, R Delaware, O. 

W^allace, Wm '. Chillicothe. O. 

Wallace, W. &' .1 Niverville, ^fanitoba. Can. 

Walter, CM Oakbourne. Pa. 

^^'a1ter, J. G McKune, Kan. 

Walters, Frank Nappanee, Ind. 

Walton. John Calkinsville. Mich. 

Walton. R. C Rogers, Ark. 

Wanneniacher. D North .Tackson. O. 

Ward, C. Eugene Fort Atkinson, Wis. 

Ward, Frank D Batavia. N. Y. 

Ward, "W. C. & E. B Huttonsville. W. Va. 

Warner. Bert Elysian, Minn. 

Warner, Frederick Mabbetsville, N. Y. 



BEEEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 471 

Warner. Henry J Clarence, la. 

Warner, I. D Britigeport, Conn. 

Warren, W. W Union City, Mich. 

Warters Bros Allerton, 111. 

Waters, F. E ; West Liberty, la. 

Watkins, G. J Bath, X. \ . 

Watson, A. C Aihia, la. 

Watson, (jeo. C Caro, .Mieh. 

Watson, .los. E Marbledale, Conn. 

VVayland, E. J Swoope. Va. 

Weaver, E. B Highmore. S. D. 

Weaver, E. W Sussex, Wis. 

Weaver, J. F Sussex, Wis. 

Weaver, J. M Leip.sic, O. 

Weaver, V. W Schuyler Falls, X. Y 

Weaver, vV. R. . .^ '. Canton, 111. 

Webb, Isaac Rushville, Infl. 

Webb, O. L Teeg-arden, Ind. 

Webb, Wm. M. & Sons Cananoque. Ont.. Can. 

Webb, W. R Albany, WMs. 

Webb, W. S Shelburne. Vt. 

W' ebber, J. A Portland, Mich. 

Webber, W. H Lakelet, Ont., Can. 

Weber Bros Middleville, Mich. 

W'eigle, Louis Montpelier, O. 

Weitz. C. H Stockdale, Til. 

W^lch, G. J. & Bro Tekonsha, .Mich. 

Welch & Remington ■ Davis. Mich. 

Wells, A. M .- Oak Grove. Mich. 

WeHs, Jas Yirden. Manitolia. 

WVlsh, D. J Ionia. Mich. 

Welsh, James Bubona. Iowa. 

Wel.'^h & Palmer WMlliston. \. D. 

Westbrook. CM Eldorado. 111. 

WVstcott. E Iowa City. Ta. 

Wetherall. F. S Cookshire. Que.." Can. 

Wheatley. N. E. & Son Brookfield. Vt. 

W^iipps, John Carlisle. Ind. 

Whitbeck. C Craryville. X. V. 

Whitcher, E. T FaiTnington, Minn. 

'White. C. E '.Burton. O. 

W^hite, C. S Lenoxville. Que., Can. 

W'hite, W. P .Sheakleyville. Pa. 

W'hiteside. T. M Innerskip. Ont.. Can. 

Whitfield, Frank Pontiac. ^fich. 

Whitford, A. N Kendallville. Ind. 

Whitford. W\ H Kendallville. Ind. 

Whitney. G. G Horsehead. X. Y. 

Whitteker. X. L Canoe Camp. Pa. 

Whittum. E. .\ Charlotte. Mich. 

Wiard. M.. Jr Avon, X. Y. 

W^igginton, .lohn Clinton. Out.. Can. 

Wilbur, De Witt Ionia. Mich. 



472 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 

Wilcox, A. W. & J. P Bridgport, Vt. 

Wilcox, B. F East Glenville, N. V. 

Wilcox, Horace Wooastock, Mich. 

Wilhoit, R. O Kansas, 111. 

Wilkinson, H. C Birtle, Manitoba. 

Willard, J. A Mankato, Minn. 

Wilcox, R. M , Avery, O. 

Williams & Bucking-ham Kalamazoo, Mich. 

Williams & Edwards Knightstown, Ind. 

Williams, Ed Domestic, Ind. 

Williams, Henry C Union Grove, Wis. 

Williams, Isaac North Stonington, Conn. 

Williams, I. J Muncie, Ind. 

Williams, Jas & Sons OaKland, O. 

Williams, M Muncie, Ind. 

Williams, Mrs. M. E Fayette la. 

Williams, N. P Muncie, 'ind' 

Williams, S. A. & Co Mercer Pa. 

Williams, Wm. B ." "Lapeer, Midi. 

Williamson, Thos Almira, Ont., Can. 

Williamson, T. F Middle Falls, N. Y. 

Willis Bros Gary, S. D. 

Willits, W. J Three Rivers, Mich. 

Willows Bros Barney, la. 

Wilson, D. B Waterbury, Conn. 

Wilson, E. B Fancy Hill, Va. 

^Alison, L. W Solitude, Ind. 

Wilson, Paul C Menominee, Wis. 

^^'Ison, W. F Dover, Minn. 

^^ ilson & Tuttle Belding, Mich. 

Winchester, C. H Elkhart, Ind. 

Wmdiate, D. E Pontiac. Mich. 

Wineland, Ed Avoca Ja. 

Wingate, C. W '[]][ ! Avon, N. Y. 

Wisler, Samuel Nappanee, Ind. 

Woien, P. P Deer Creek, la. 

Wolcott. A. S Concord, Mich. 

Wolfe, J. N Domestic, Ind. 

\\ olfley. S. D. & Bro Delaware O 

Wood, A. D ^ Carroll, Ind. 

Wood, Howard Conshohocken, Pa. 

\\ ood S. R Xew Vienna. O. 

\\ ood, W m Chelsea. Mich. 

Woodbury, E. D Portland. Mich. 

Wooden, A. M Mosherville, Mich. 

Woodford, A. H West Candor, X. Y. 

Woodman, W. W Avon, Mich. 

Woodruff, J. B Hornellsville, N. Y. 

W oods & Newlove BrighHon, Mich. 

W oodworth, J. A Savre Pa 

Wood worth, ,7. 1*. & Son ' ... .Geneva O 

Woodyard. E. A .".'.'. Pa rkersburg. w'. Va! 

Woodyard, J. F Parkersburg. W. Va. 



BREEDERS OF HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP. 473; 

VV oodard, W Bloomer. Wis. 

Work & Collins Bardolph, 111. 

Workman, S. 1 Kuob Noster, Mo. 

Wormer, E. F Ciuilderland Center, \. Y. 

Worrell, A. H Clayton, Ind. 

Wren Christopher Uxbridge, Ont., Can. 

Wright, A. W Sandy Lake. Pa. 

Wright, W. E Glanworth Ont., Can. 

Wyler, J. E Monnt Hope, O. 

Wylie, R. D Washington. Pa. 

Wyman, W. W Sebewa, Mich. 

VVithycombe, James Hillsboro, Ore. 

Yantis, B. F Metea, Ind. 

Yearly, Georg-e Bracebridge, Ont., Can. 

Yeiser, F. C Avilla, Ind. 

Yonng-, L. H Mineral Ridg-e, O. 

Yonng-, R. C Orwell, Vt. 

Young-, W. P Monnt Pleasant. la. 

Yuill. Jos Carlton Place, Ont., Can. 

Zeigler & Weldon Clinton, 111. 

Zimmerman, J Fayette. O. 



Breeders of Rampsbire Down Sheep. 

Anderson, A. A New Bedford, Pa. 

Armstrong- Bros .Deal. Ind. 

Allison, J. H Mercer, Pa. 

Adams, H. E Montgomery, Mich. 

Andrews, Edward E Nottawa, Mich. 

Bowditeh, E. F., Est Framing-ham, Mass. 

Benham, E. M Hopewell Center, N. Y. 

Bradley, L. C Farmer, N. Y, 

Bowditeh, N. I Framingham, Mass. 

Benson, C. J West Groton, N. Y. 

Beahan, James Watkins, N. Y. 

Becker, F. L Fenton, Mich. 

Butler, Wm Eckford, Mich. 

Bassette, W. A Farmer, N. Y. 

Brig-g-s, Cassius Vick.sburg-, ;Mich. 

Burch, Col Chicag-o, 111. 

Bentley, E. A Wellsville, N. Y. 

Burdick, Frank. Franklin, N. Y. 

Baker Bros Lakeville. Mich. 

Ruche, Chas & Sons T-ake Odessa, Mich. 

Crawford, E. R.. Est Reading-, Mich. 

Cline. M. B Riverside, Iowa. 

Chamberlain, Henry • • .Pontiac. Mieh. 

Childs. Fred Milford. Mich. 

Court, J. & Son Marshall. Mich. 

Clark Bros Austerlitz, ^[ich. 

Conine, F. B Kanona, X. Y. 



474 BREEDERS OF HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP. 

Corbett, Herman Farmington, Me. 

Cole, John G Tyrone, N. Y. 

Chilton, Hon. W. T Campbellsburg, Ky. 

Cochrane, Jas A Hillhurst Sta (P. Q.) Can. 

Doolittle, C. 11. & Son Streetsboro, Ohio. 

Dawson, George S Ronnd Top, Pa. 

Dennis. Martin Stillwater, X. J. 

Daneaster, H. J Kenoma, Mo. 

Davis, C. H Fairdale, 111. 

Egbert, S. L Sandy Lake, Pa. 

England, Joseph Four Towns, Mich. 

Foster, Hiram Deputy, Ind. 

Frost, C. L Catharme, X. Y. 

Font, John .) North's Mills, Pa. 

Frederick, (Jeo. B Lewisburg, Pa. 

Filley, A. F Fairbury, 111. 

Fisher, Robt. B Cambridge, N. \. 

Fisher, W. T Viroqua, Wis. 

Farnum, F. H Hartland, Me. 

Flint, J. W Scio, X. Y. 

Fletcher, W. G Chelsea, Mich. 

Gordon, Jno. I Mercer, Pa. 

Ganes, J. VV Reeseville, Wis. 

Ghormley, Hugh. Greenfield, Ohio. 

Gladding, C. E Altus, Pa. 

Goble, Roy Fredon. X. J. 

Greer, James M Four Towns, Mich. 

Grim, Geo. W Fremont, Ind. 

Gernert, C. H Columbia X Roads, Pa. 

Griffin, E. J Clifton, N. Y. 

Killer, I. J West Bay City, Mich. 

Ham, Eugene YeVbank, X. Y. 

Holmes, Thomas & Son Lamont, N. Y. 

Hedges, Jos. B Iowa City, Iowa. 

Huston & Spears Yassar, Mich. 

Hoag, J. & Son Tomhannock, N. Y. 

Hilton, T. G Anson, Me. 

Howe, J. H Tioga. Pa. 

Heidelbaugh, P. F ^ Delphos, Ohio. 

Harner, C. B Xenia. Ohio. 

Junkin, Joseph Mercer, Pa. 

Kelly. John Shakespeare, Ont, 

Krouskop, A. H Richland Center, Wis. 

Lent, L Lent, N. Y. 

Lautz, Charles Buffalo, N. Y. 

Lesnet, J. C Montpelier, Ohio 

Lawson, R. M Burkes Garden, Va. 

McMillan, James Dertoit. Mich. 

McKee, E. L Pardoe. Pa. 

McGregor, James St. Clair, Mich. 

Moriarty, John Hudson, Mich. 

Maharg Bros Maharg, Pa. 



BREEDERS OF HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP. 475- 

Mead, H. D Busti, N. Y. 

Michigan Agricultural College Agricultural College, Mich. 

Matttinson, Thos., Jr South Charleston, Ohio. 

Manning, J. E. & Son Booze, S. Dak. 

Nickuin & Miller Mercer, Pa. 

Niver, Charles W West Copake, N. Y. 

National Shire and Hackney Horse Co Neillsville, Wis. 

Newconi, E. P Dean, Ohio. 

Osterhout, J. H Melrose, N. Y. 

Ontario Agricultural College (luelph. Out. 

Porter Bros Three River.s, Mich. 

Pierce, John Troy, Ohio. 

Parke, J. J. & Son Svvar twood, N. Y. 

Pettigrew, E. G Flandreau, S. Dak. 

Peck, Charles Elsie, Mich. 

Pratt, C. B Chatham. N. Y. 

Potter, A. H Mendon, Mich. 

Kutherfcrd, John Roseville, Ont. 

Roberts, Horace Moorestown, X. J. 

Ruland, A Lockport, 111. 

Richey, N. B. & Sons Lone Tree, Iowa. 

Richardson, M Commerce, Mich. 

Reynolds, I. G South Brooks, Me. 

Ranger, C. D Hornellsville, N. ^ . 

Rockwell, A. R Mason City, Iowa. 

Reid, Hon. Whitelaw New York City. 

Richardson, J. A. & E. W Flandreau. S. Dak. 

Scarflf & Artz New Carlisle, Ohio. 

Sheep, James Milton, Pa. 

Squires, W. J Alainesburg, Pa. 

Schell, J. P Iowa City, Iowa. 

Smith, Wm. C Washington, Mich. 

Standard Meat and Live Stock Co Rawlins, Wyo. 

Strough, L. T . Vicksburg, Mich. 

Springer, W. K . . Jeromeville, Ohio. 

Simpson Stock Farm Saxonviile, Mass. 

Smallwood, W. W Warsaw, N. Y. 

South Dakota Agricultural College Brooking, S. D. 

Seribner, W. L..' Schoharie, N. Y. 

Seeley, I. C, Agent Minneapolis, Minn. 

Thompson, S. F Mercer, Pa. 

Taft, J. H., E.St , . .Mendon, Mich. 

Tucker, :Mrs. X. B Alfred, N. Y. 

Turner, Warren Franklinton, N. Y. 

Taylor, Geo. W Rock City FalLs, N. Y. 

Taylor, Robert Abbott, Neb. 

Thompson, L. E Cherry Flats, Pa. 

Tyler, C. A Nottowa, Mich. 

Terpening. Geo. W Reading. Mich. 

Thomas, D. C Canisteo. N. Y. 

Taylor, H. B Fairbury, 111. 

I'aggart, J. L Yesta", Ind. 

Unsicker, D. K Wright. Iowa. 



476 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 

Welch, G. J. & Bro Tekonsha. Mich. 

Wood. James ]\lt. Kisco, JN. Y. 

Wykes, John Gaines, Mich. 

Woodward & Jaqiies Wright's Corners, N. Y. 

Wright, Wm Hamilton, HI. 

Williamson Bros Balm, Pa. 

Wilson, L. Banks Creston, Iowa. 

Wise, A. M Oval City, Ohio. 

White Bros Hornellsville, N. Y. 

Walters, Edward West Chester, Pa. 

White, Eben Hornellsville. N. Y. 

Whitney, S. R Chesterfield, Mass. 

Watson, Wm. & Son Youngstown, Ohio. 

Worman, J. H Westport, N. Y. 

Witter, M. J Friendship, N. Y. 

Wilson, L. F Slate Lick, Pa. 



Breeders of Oxford Down Sheep. 

Aburn, David Ligonier, Ind. 

Adams, H. T Huntington, ind. 

Agricultural College Ames, Iowa 

Agricultural College Guelph, Ont. 

Agricultural College Mich. 

Alderman, Chas Manning, N. Y. 

Allen, A. H Dushville, Mich. 

Alvord, Z. C Menomonie, Wis. 

Amest, T. M Hague, Va. 

Anderson, R Eden Mills, Ont. 

Anderson, James O Decorra, 111. 

Anderson, J. R Xenia, 111. 

Arkell, Henry Arkell, Ont. 

Arkell, Henry Teeswater, Ont. 

Arkell, Peter Teeswater, Ont. 

Arnold, Albert Watrousville, Mich. 

Archleman Bros Stryker, O. 

Atherton, W. P Hollovvell, Me. 

Atwood, W. A Flint, Mich. 

Aylor, John H .' Gunpowder, Ky. 

Baber, B Blue Ridge, Mo. 

Bailie, James Nile, Ont. 

Baird, W F Orchard, Kan. 

Baker, F. D Flint, Mich. 

Bakes, J Center Square, Ind. 

Bales, O. H. . . . Knightstown, Ind 

Ballard Joseph Georgia, Vt. 

Banks, Luther Bourbon, Ind. 

Barbaree, Stephen Nassagaweya, Ont. 

Barclay, G. A .,Sebewa, Mich. 

Barnes, D. N Leavenworth, Kan. 

Barney, M. C Flint, Mich. 

Barthelme, Ferd St. Lucas, la. 



BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 477 

Rates. John Moltke. Out. 

IJates, W. C Parsippan.v, N. .1. 

Beach, Eaten Cleveland. N. Y. 

Bean, Abraham Bright, Ont. 

Beard, Edward Monlpelier, O 

Heattie, W. H Wilton Grove, Ont. 

Beckett, Wm Hewitt. Ont. 

Beebe, E. P Holly, N. Y. 

Beeler, C. C. & Son Liberty. Ind. 

Begole, Chas Flint, Mich. 

Belden, Jos Care, Mich. 

Bell, W. J Angus, Ont. 

IJerkhart Bros Kalida, Ohio 

Bewley, Chas Troy, O 

Biddel, F. C Chadds Ford, Pa. 

Bidlake, D. W Chardon. O. 

Billings, E Brockville, Ont. 

Bingham, Lile Edinburg, O. 

Birdsall, F. <& Son Birdsall, Ont. 

Black, Capt. Hugh Xetley Creek, :Man. 

Black. Fred Amhnrst, N. S. 

Black, Robert Cor whin, Ont. 

Bonham, Geo. D Osceola, Pa. 

Bordwell, A P'argo, IS'. Y. 

Bovyer, F. G Georgetown, P. E. I. 

Bowen, C. B .Vttioa, N. Y. 

Bowen, R Attica, N. Y. 

Bowman, W. E Medina, O. 

Boyack, Chas. E Independence, la. 

Bradford, Mrs. E. G Wilniinglon, Del. 

Branch, F. A Medina, O. 

Brosseau, E. C Brosseau Sta., Que. 

Brathen, Newton Clifford, Ont. 

Bray, Jas Longburn. Manitoba 

Bricker, A. L Primrose, O. 

Brien, Wm Ridgetown, Out. 

Briges, H. R Houston, Minn. 

Brigham, Henry Allan Park, Ont. 

i-trillinger, John Maple Hill, Ont. 

Brocknay, A. C 15 .Mile Grove, la. 

Brooks, Fred Decatur, Hi. 

Brown, Chas. E Maineville, O. 

Brown, Geo. & Stanley Green Center, Ind. 

Brown, Homer J Harford, N. Y. 

Brown John M Beecher City, HI. 

Brown, Nemiah Huntington, Ind. 

Bruders, T Hoard. Wis. 

Bryant. Henry Roland, 111. 

Brydon, Donald Mosborough, Ont. 

Buchannon, Albert Corunna, Ind. 

Buckenbush, W. H Russia ville, Ind. 

i?udge, Wm. P Granton, Wis. 

Burk. John Ney. O. 



47S BKEEDEES OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 

Burrington, John R Grand Blanc, Mich. 

Burr, J. U East Tovvnsen, O. 

Buskirk Bros Wayland, Mich. 

Butler, Thomas Woodson, 111. 

Cady, Seward A Brookfield, Pa. 

Cady, S. A Troopsburg-, N. Y. 

Cain, O. B Mainevilie, O. 

Calhoun, E. \V Landers, B. C. 

Cammidge, Robert Wiarton, Ont. 

Campbell, Archibald Clachan, Ont. 

Campbell, Donald .Corvvhin, Ont. 

Campbell, G. J Pittsfield, O. 

Campbell. J. S Butler, Pa. 

Campbell, O. P -. . .Tipton, Ind. 

Campbell, P Kevvaskum, Wis. 

Campbell, T. M Franklin, Tenn. 

Cargill, H Cargill, Ont. 

Cargill, H. & Sons .Cargill, Ont. 

Carter, Alfred Flat Kock, Mich 

Carton, John J Flint, Mich. 

Cass, Wm Butler, 111. 

('ation, IMathew Brampton, Ont. 

Cauft'man, J. E South Bend, Ind. 

Cauffman, R. M Buchanan, Mich. 

Chamberan, Jacob Huntington, Ind. 

Chambers, E. M Ferris, Mich, 

Chandler, W. E Fairtield. la. 

Chapman, W. H Bloomingdale, Ind. 

Cleary, E. W Owaneco, 111. 

Cleaver, H. H Florida, Mo. 

Clendenen, R. R Raymore, Mo. 

Cochran, Peter Almonte, Out. 

Coggshall, Eugene Cambridge, la, 

Colby, F. W Laconia, N. H. 

Cole, Martin E Creston, O, 

Cole & Wright Bad Axe, Mich. 

Concannon, Patrick Mertensia, N. Y. 

Conger, Sid Flat Rock, Ind. 

Conger, Sid Hope, Ind. 

Cook, Chas Cyrus, Neb. 

Cook, Edmund Wilniot, South Dak. 

Cook. Jos Maple Hill, Ont. 

Cook, J. W Goshen, Ind. 

Cooper, J. V Picton, Ont. 

Corbett, Kyron Bryan, O. 

Cormick, Andrew Paisly, Ont. 

Corvvhin, Bros Rushsylvania, O. 

Coulson, J Hornby, Ont. 

Cousins, John & Son Harriston, Ont. 

Cousins. John Harriston, Ont. 

Creighton, J. R Malvern, 0. 

Cribbs, Geo Heshbon, Pa. 

Crone, John W West Lebanon, Ind. 



BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 479 

Cunningham, Wm. & Son Antioch, Ind. 

Curtis, Prof Ames, Iowa 

Dallner, Fred. S Salina, la. 

Davis, J. T Chestervilie, Ind. 

Davisson, F. M West JMancliester, O. 

Davy, W. H Siloam Springs, Ark. 

Dean, Clias. E Marble Hill, Ind. 

Deft'enbaugh, G. G Madisonburg, O. 

DeGarmo, H. J Highland, Mich. 

Denby, Wm. A Carlinville. 111. 

Denky, Jos Mt. Vernon, Out. 

Dexter, Foster M Roseway, McNulta Island, N. S. 

Dickison, Mary Mildway, Ont. 

Dickison, Wm Mildway, Ont. 

Dilsaver, G. W Delphos. O. 

Dixon, Wm Brandon, Wis. 

Donaldson, James Teeswater, Ont. 

Donner, G. A Edenburg, Ind. 

Doron, A. J Celina, O. 

Doty, E. E Geneseo, N. Y. 

Dunlap, US Truro, Novia Scotia 

Dunn, F. W Walton, N. Y. 

Dunwell, J. A Shelbyville, Mich. 

Dupont, Mrs. Eugene Wilmington, Del. 

Duvall & Taylor Alliance, O. 

Duvall & Taylor Marlboro, O. 

Eby, Amos Floradale, Ont. 

Edwards, Edwin North Wiltshire, P. E. I. 

Eernisse, Isaac Hingham, Wis. 

Eldred, Alva Tekonsha, Mich. 

Eldridge, Ihomas Canadice, N. Y. 

Elliott, A Pond Mills, Ont. 

Elliott, Andrew Kelso, Ont. 

Elliott, W. R Hespeler, Ont. 

Empie, Wm Minaville, N. Y. 

Eno, John W Cass City, Mich. 

Eshback, Jes Warsaw, Ind. 

Evans Bros Muskoda, Minn. 

Evens, M. L .South Butler, Mich. 

Evans, Smith Gourock. Ont. 

Everett, W. W 

Faber, J. A Pulaki, O. 

Farmer, W. H Franklin, Tenn. 

Father! ngham, P Ernington, 111. 

Faucett, G. W Palo, Mich. 

Fellows, C. L Winnebago, Wis. 

Ferguson, H. D Bloomfield, Iowa 

Finlay.son, K Campbellton. Ont. 

Fisher, John H ^finerva, O. 

Fisher, Frank Orleans, Ind. 

Fisher. S. W Sidney. 111. 

Fisher, W. R Medina, O. 

Fleener, John W Leisure, Ind. 



480 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 

Fletcher, Duncan Newbury, Ont. 

Fletcher, Jos Menclon, 111. 

Foster & Guthrie Deputy, Ind. 

Foster, Joseph Fair Grove, Mich. 

Foster, J Walkerton, Ont. 

Fowids, ri. M Hastings. Ont. 

Frazer, Douglas Glenf arrow, Ont. 

Fred'eriek, Henry Meadowdale, N. V. 

Friedline, W. L Knights, Pa. 

Fry, S. M (iinghanisburg, O. 

Ganyarth, G. M Granger, O. 

Ganz, J. A Wapmandee. Wis. 

Garwood, Ezekiel South Bend, Ind. 

Gasskill, Wm .- 

Gearhart, J. J North Robinson. O. 

George, F. H Cabery, 111. 

Gerkin, Fred Napoleon, O. 

Gillett, S. E Ravenna. O. 

(libson, J. David Bomanville, Ont. 

Gillies, Duncan Moffatt, Ont. 

Gillson, Wm Lis, 111. 

Glass, I. J. & Son Sharpsburg, 111. 

Goddard, L. G Ravenna, O. 

Goldsborough, F. C Easton, Md. 

Gordon, Judge Gyrus .Clearfield, Pa. 

Gottshall, E . . . . .■ Flint, Mich. 

Gottshall, J. H Flint, Mich. 

Gourley, J. P Cornell, 111. 

Graham, Robert Brandon, Wis. 

Graham, John Eldora, la. 

Green, Arthur Caistorville, Ont. 

Green, John S Caistorville, Ont. 

Griffin, George Burgessville, Ont. 

Griggs, Richard Orangeville, Ont. 

Grimes. Truman Denver. Ind. 

Groob. Moses Beamsville, Ont. 

Gunn & Barclay Rosina, Mich. 

(Junn, J. S Rosina, Mich. 

Guthrie, C. R Prospect, Wis. 

Hagen, Wm Elba, N. Y. 

Hagerty, H ' Hagerty, la. 

Haines, George 

Hall, R. E Center Square, Ind. 

Harcourt, John ....St. Ann's, Ont. 

Hargrave, Wilkes W '. Seney, Mich. 

Harrrison, E. B " Viola, Idaho 

Harshbarger, John 1 ', Atwood, 111. 

Barter, S. K ' ". Troy, O. 

Harter, Will Mexico, Ind. 

Harvey Bros Kincardine, Ont. 

Harvey, B. W "^loomingdale, la. 

Haslett Bros '.'.". Jarvis, Ont. 

Hathaway, A. B " .',". .Mertensia, N. Y. 



BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 481 

Henry, John Montpelier, 0. 

Henson, Veii Huntinf>ton, Ind. 

Hesskett Bros Fulton. 0. 

Higle.y, Leverett G Butler, Ind. 

Hill, L. A , South Danbv, N. Y. 

Hill, L. D Hingham, Wis. 

Hilton, C. W A nson. Me. 

Himmel, Henry Kadcliffe. la. 

Hine & Finlayson Dutton, Out. 

Hine, R. J. . .' Dutton. Out. 

Hint, Wm Indian Falls, N. V. 

Hitchcock, Mrs. L. J Flint, Mich. 

Hitchcock, VV. P Newark, N. V. 

Hobbs, D. C. & Sons Hobbs. Ind. 

Hollingsworth, H. S Colfax, Wash. 

Hoodelnier, W. L Auburn. Ind. 

Howard, G. F Utica, la. 

Huber, F. B Gerard, 111. 

Huges, J. L Hartford City, Ind. 

Huges, W. R Boltonville, Wis. 

Hull & Harvey Salem, Til. 

Hume, David Arkell, Out. 

Humphries, H Hastings, Ont. 

Hunter, Jas Walkerton, Ont. 

Hunter, John Salem, Ont. 

Hutchins, M. C Flint, Mich. 

Huxford, John 

lonson, Anthony Jarvis, Ont. 

lonson, Walter Jarvis, Ont. 

Jackson, T. H South Bend. Ind. 

Jefferv, John G Kingston, Mich. 

Jenks^ J. & Co Sand Beach, Mich. 

Jewell, W. F Dodgeville, Wis. 

Jickling, Jos. B Carman, Man. 

.lohnson, A Rowlins, Wye. 

Johnson, C. D Dixon, Wis. 

Johnson, Edmond H Kines. Mich. 

Johnson, O. A Leon, N. Y. 

Johnson, S. IN Reeds Corners, N. Y. 

Johnson, Wm Benton City, Mo. 

Jones, Frank Claverack, X. Y. 

Jones, Robert ■. Fort Steele, Wy o. 

Jones, Sam Hustisford, Wis. 

Jones, Thomas Delaware, O. 

Jull, J. E Burford, Ont. 

Jul], J. H Mt. Vernon. Ont. 

Kapp, Geo Monument City, Ind. 

Keeler, P. J Clyde, Mo. 

Kellv, S. B River Herbert, X. S. 

Kellv, Eli Fairfield, la. 

Kellv, Lola E Fairfield, la. 

Kerfin, W. F Rockfield, Ind. 

Ketzler, H. C Flint, Mich. 

I 



482 BKEEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 

Kincaid, R. Y Athens, 111. 

Kinch, T. L Covert, Pa. 

King, Rich. W Grand Valley, Ont. 

King, T. A. & Son Parma, Mich. 

Kirk, John Fair Grove, Mich. 

Kirkpatrick, G. W Kirksville, la. 

Knollin, A. J Pomeroy, Kan. 

Knox, A. G ' Pulaski, Pa. 

Korn, Frank South Bend, Ind. 

Kreider & Karpum Sterling, 111. 

Kuder, L Greenville, Pa. 

Lahring, Louis Linden, Mich. 

Laing, Andrev\' ^ Arkell, Ont. 

Lamb. James A Walkerton, Ont. 

Langdon, H. A Mesopotamia, O. 

Large, (i. V> Taylorville, III. 

Leahy, D Chilton. Wis. 

Leavalley, C Fair Grove, Mich. 

Lee & Aitkeii Flint. Mich. 

Lemon, Milton Crooked Creek, Ind. 

Lemon. Simon Kettleby, Ont. 

Leonard, J. I Warren, Ind. 

Lining, jG. B Hamersville, 0. 

Lewis, Benson Salem. Ind. 

Lewis, C. C Point Pleasant, W. Va. 

Lewis, F. M ]\radelia, Minn. 

Lind, Wm Arkwright, Ont. 

Lindsay, David Haggersville, Ont. 

Lines, P. A Treaty, Ind. 

Little, Wm Walkerton, Ont. 

Long, T. F Cascade, Wis. 

Love, L Port Sandfield, Ont. 

Lovejoy, A. J. & Son Roscoe, 111. 

Lowery, W. D Senecaville, O. 

Ludwig. S. R Sheridan, Pa. 

Lvon. L. A Latimer, Ont. 

Malloy. W. J Yatton, Ont. 

Manewald, Christian Plymouth. Ind. 

Mann, W. H Hicksvilie. O. 

Manning. John Adell, Wis. 

Marin, W. A Meloin, Minn. 

Martens, John Lake City, Minn. 

Mason, O. W Mason. Ind. 

]\Iassee, H. S Menomonie, Wis. 

Matchett, Mrs. F. A Poinceton, Ind. 

IMathews, J. B Blue Mounds, 111. 

Maxwell. J. H Columbia. Mo. 

Mc Adams, Martin Rushlyvania, O. 

McBeth, L. P ^ Hamersville. O. 

McCarthy. John Madelia. Minn. 

McClelland, Hiram Beachburg. Ont. 

McClelland. Perrv Odin, 111. 

McCormick, E. &"Sons Mt. Hope, Wis. 



BREEDEHS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 483 

McCrackeu, F. S Kerrmoor, Pa. 

McCracken, J. B Muskegon, Mich. 

McDonald, A. VV St. Mary's, Ont. 

xVIeDonald, John Millbi'ook, N. S. 

McEwen Bros Bluevale, Ont. 

McFarlane, Alex Flint, Mich. 

McGill, VV. D Sussex, Wis. 

McGranaham, J. P Atlantic, Pa. 

Mcintosh, J. B Windsor, O. 

Mclntyre, Alex Wallacetown, Ont. 

McKay, A. M Edina, Mo. 

McKay & McKeen Gays River, N. S. 

McKecknie, O. B North Fairfield, Me. 

McKee, Alex Teeswater, Ont. 

McKenzie, Alex Canipbellville, Ont. 

McKenzie, A. & D. Corwhin, Ont. 

McKerrovv, Geo Sussex, Wis. 

McLaren, P. B . *. Clearwater, Man, 

McLean, Andrew Walkerton, Ont. 

McLoid, Alex Paisley, Ont. 

McNaug-hton, Peter Gourock, Ont. 

McNeil, N. D Grand Blanc. Mich. 

Meikle, Jas. & Son Myron, la. 

Middleton, C. G Clinton, Ont. 

Miller, Chas. W Hillsboro, 111. 

Miller, Dr. B. F Flint, Mich. 

Miller. Geo Elmira, Ont. 

Miller, H. P Sunbury, O. 

Miller, J. W Palmer, 111. 

Miller, W. T Mexico, Ind. 

Minnesota University Experiment Farm. 

Mitchell, D. W Caistorville, Ont. 

Mitchell. Robert Caistorville, Ont. 

Moffat, John Eden, Wis. 

Montgomery, K Tiverton, Ont. 

Moody, G. B Richmond, Me. 

Morden, David Walkerton, Ont. 

Morgan, Ben Franklin, O. 

Morgan, H Kipton, O. 

Morgan, L. M Albion, N. Y. 

Morne, Pat Marden, Ont. 

Morrill, B. B ; Stantead, Que. 

Morris, E. G Mesopotamia, O. 

Morris, E. G North Bloomfield, O. 

Morrish, S Flint, Mich. 

Moss, P. B Billings, Mont. 

Moulton, H. L Rootstown, O. 

Moulton, W. A Cicero, N. Y. 

Mowers, J. H ii'"iggsville. Wis. 

Mowry Henry Owensville, Ind. 

IMnhlhauson, Wm Walkerton. Ont. 

Muir, J. E Hatton, Mo. 



484 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 

Murphy, Chris Sanilac Center. Mich. 

Murphy, J. VV Cass City, Mich. 

Myers, John S Larue, O. 

Nash, VV. T Cassville, O. 

Nave, A. P Attica, N. Y. 

Neal, John W Quanicassee City, Mich. 

Neely. Wilson J Brooklyn, Mich. 

Neeson, Peter Formosa, Ont. 

Nepham, V\ m Banks, Ont. 

Nessei Robert Rush City, Minn. 

Neville, C. W Newburg, Ont. 

Newcomb, R Alvordton, O. 

Newkirk. Geo West Middleton, Ind. 

Newton, W'm Pontiac, Mich. 

Nicolas, EJi Mexico, Ind. 

Noll, C. W Mira Creek, Neb. 

Ohio Experiment Station Wooster, O. 

Olmsted, Jay Muir, Mich. 

Olmstead, L N Muir, Mich. 

Orchard, N Glen Orchard, Ont. 

Osborn, Cyrus Danville, 111. 

Palmer, M. P Thorndike, Me. 

Palmer & Smith Newark, N. Y. 

Park, Benjamin Camden. Mich. 

Parker. G. VV Clyde, 

Parkinson, Lazarus Greenock, Can 

Parnell, R. M Wyevale. Ont 

Parsell, G. T Saiem Center, Ind 

Paterson, W, A Flint, Mich 

Patterson, -James Almonte, Onl 

Petterman, Ed Peru, Ind. 

Pelletier, L. Conrad Montreal, Que. 

Peiton, (leo. & Sons Reedsburg, Wis. 

Pendexter. J. L Intervale. N. H. 

Pennington. Jabez Teeswater, Ont. 

Perry, H. R. & Son Ellington, Mich. 

Peters, F. S Flat Rock, Mich. 

Peters. S. W. M Berkley Springs, W. Va. 

Petty Rufus 

Pickering, i . E Middletown, Ind. 

Pitkle, Wesley Springlake, O. 

Pierce Bros Creston, 111. 

Plue, C. D iS'orth Pembroke, N. Y. 

I'ollock. J. T Atkinsons Mills, Pa. 

Polly, W. A Alamo, Mich. 

Porter, J. A Haynie, Wash. 

Pounds, .loseph Crete, Pa. 

Powell, John Wabash, O. 

Pratt, Mrs. E Ionia, Mich. 

Preston, Chas Andover, N. Y. 

Price, S. F Nevrark, Zv" . Y. 

Pritcliard, F. G Belden, O. 



BREEDER6 OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 485 

Privett. Uriah & Co Greensburg-, Ind. 

Purviance, James M Hunting-ton, Ind. 

Kandel, Clarence Brick Chapel, Ind. 

Reed. Chas Douglas, Wyo. 

Reed, Paul Belfast, Ont. 

Rennie. ('has Eden Alills, Ont. 

Richardson, Jennie Indianapolis, Ind. 

Rife, John Clyde, O. 

Riley, Geo Lakefive. Wis. 

Rinear Bros Brecksville, O. 

Rinear, C. C Brecksville, O. 

Ritter, Jacob Vandalia, 111. 

Roach, Thomas Byron, N. Y. 

Roach, Thomas Elba, N. Y. 

Robertson, David Fergus, Ont. 

Rogers, John L Yantisville, 111. 

Jiogers, J Red Key, Ind. 

Rohrer, S. B Leroy, Kan. 

Ross Alex Westvilie, N. S. 

Ross, I. M (Jerman, O. 

Ross, John Mt. Forest, Ont. 

Roush, Jacob Montpelier, O. 

Roux, Fred Stryker, O. 

Rowell, S. J Goshen, Ind. 

Rowland, O, A Coral. Mich. 

Roxburgh, John Norwood, Ont. 

Ruby, Asa Treaty, Ind. 

Rutherford, J Roseville, Unt. 

Ryan, John 

Saal. A. O Huntington, Ind. 

Sandick, Wm Folden Corner, Out. 

Schaf, P. J St. Paul, Ind. 

Schenck, VVm Frankfort, ]nd. 

Sehnebly , L. R Fairvie w, Md. 

Schrock, C Shipshewana, Jnd. 

Schroeder. F. C. & C. C Bourbor, Ind. 

Scott. John Bryan, O. 

Seaver, VV. S Highland Station, Mich. 

Selby, C. G New California, O. 

Selle, A Mequon, Wis. 

Service, Chas Hartland, Wis. 

Seymour, G. & Son Rootstown, O. 

Sbafor, W. A Middletown, O. 

Shaw, A Walkerton, Ont. 

Shearman, Albert H Kennedy, N. Y. 

Sheldon, J. ii Flint, Mich. 

Sherwic, Allen E Fennella, Ont. 

Shields, O Montpelier, Ind. 

Shook, H. V Marshfield, Mo. 

Shores, F. M Waterville, Me. 

Short, C. P 

Sharntz, Sylvester Stoniugton, ill. 



486 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 

Simpson Stock Farm Saxonville, Mass. 

Singrey, J. F Avilla, Ind. 

Skinner, L. B Denver, Ind. 

Slayton, Walter C Avoca, xN. Y. 

Sly, R. D West Clarksfield. O. 

Smith, Chas Plum Tree, Ind. 

Smith. Flint F Flint, Mich. 

Smith. Francis G Blanchard, Mich. 

Smith, Henry Azalia, Mich. 

Smith, James Clachen, Ont. 

Smith, J ames Dutton, Ont. 

Smith. L. W. B Norwich, A\ V, 

Smith, Thomas Newry, Ont. 

Smith. VV. W^ Plumtree, Ind. 

Snively. Joseph A Greencastle, Pa. 

Snyder, Omer Pleasant Hill, O. 

Soper, Aiex. '. . .Hayden, Ont. 

Sorby. I). <y. O Gonrock, Ont. 

Spencer, H. C Flint, Mich. 

Spicer, J ohn Yeovil, Ont. 

Stacy, Leslie Bowling- Green, O. 

Starkey, James Arkell, Ont. 

Steddom. M. P Oregonia. O. 

Steele, Ed. V Sandy ville, O. 

Stemen, J. D Groverhill, O. 

feteuer. Christian Medina. O. 

Stewart, Alex Living Springs, Ont. 

Stewart. W. F Flint, Mich. 

Stiver Bros Fincastle, O. 

Stone, James A. & Son Bradfordton, 111. 

Stone, James A. Bradfordton. 111. 

Stone, John E Harris, Mo. 

Stone, Levi Mallet Creek. O. 

Stone, R. J Stonington. 111. 

Stone * Harris Stonington, 111. 

Strange, D Grand Ledge, Mich. 

Stratton, II Otsego. :Mich. 

Strock, L C Madison, O. 

Studyhaker, S Etna Green, Ind. 

Summers, James Cardinal, Ont. 

Sundbero-. B. E Kennedy, Minn. 

Sweney,^H. T Salem, 111. 

Switzer, A Edinburgh. O. 

Tayior, John Ancaster, Ont. 

Templin, J. C Fergus, Ont. 

TeTii, A Wooler, Ont. 

Thomas. A. A Flint. Mich. 

Thomas. J. A = Wisner. Mich. 

Thomas, John J Rockville, Tnd. 

Thompson, Arthur Terminus, Ont. 

Thompson, Chas A Evart, Mich. 

O'hompson. James Hartsville. Tnd 



BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 487 

Thompson, J. M Berlin, la. 

Tibbitts. G. A Warsaw, Ind. 

Todd. Theodore Warsaw, [nii. 

Todd, S. R , Hillview, Man. 

Tolton, S. & A Walkerton, One. 

Tolton, Jas. L Walkerton, Ont. 

Tolton, Jas *. Walkerton, Ont. 

Towner, R. R 

Tucker, Melhille LuceVn, Ind'. 

Turner, E Burford, Ont. 

Trexler. Jackson Wheeler, 111. 

Tripp, H. F Millers, N. Y. 

Trout, S 

Tubbs, Edward R Osceola, Pa. 

Turner, J. M. & Bro Lebanon, Ind. 

Turner, T. E Kirklin, Ind. 

Turner, Wm Shelbyville, Mo. 

\'an Der Yolgen, A Newton, Ind. 

Vauosdol, John Cross Plains, Ind. 

Volner, Jacob Bremen, Ind. 

Wade, C Jamestown, N. D. 

Wadsworth, Wm Maniy, la.. 

Wahl. Philip Adamsvil'le, O.. 

Waid, Geo Sand Beach, Mich. 

Waldo, Alex Acton, Ont. 

Walker, Chas Alderly, Wis. 

Wallick, Jerry Knoxville, 111. 

Wallis, E. B.\ Stirling- Falls, Ont. 

Ward. L. N Delaware, O. 

Warden, O. D Leonidas, Mich. 

Warley, VV Claypool, Ind. 

Warner, S. K Wellington, O. 

Warren, Hugh Hartford, Mich. 

Wash, I. S Sharpsburg. 111. 

Waterbury, I. R Highland Station, Mich. 

Waterson, J. W Dakota City, South Dakota. 

Watson, Jas R Sussex, Wis. 

A\ eaver, A Logan, Mich. 

Weaver, Geo Ambleside, Ont, 

Weaver, Thomas » Cargill. Ont. 

Weiss, Chas. C Seybert, Ind. 

Wertz, Albert TIartsville. Ind. 

Whaley, R. J Flint, Mich. 

Wheeler, S. J Kennedy, X. Y. 

Whitaker. F. B Hillsboro. Ta. 

Whitcomb, B. Howard Terre Haute, Ind. 

Whitcomb, Chas Terre Haute, Ind. 

AYhite, R. E East Groveland, N. Y. 

Whitehead, G Walkerton, Ont. 

Wholsworth, T. B 

Wickens, E. T ^lacksburg. O. 

Wickens, James Grove Citv, 111. 

Widdefield. J. W Uxbridge," Ont. 



488 BEEEDEKS OF DORSET SHEEP. 

Wilcox, J. P. & A. W Bridport, Vt. 

VViJJiams, John Doug-las, Wyo. 

Williamson, A. M Millville, Wis, 

Williamson, J. C Xenia, 0. 

vVillis. Mark Allan Park, Ont. 

Wilmot, F. A Claridon, O. 

Wilson, Amos Hewitt, Ont. 

AVilson, Jerry Muncie. Ind 

Wilson, Ii. Banks Creston, la. 

Wilson, L. J Nashville. Mich. 

Wilson. S. C Olnev, 111. 

Wilton, F. J Walkerton, Ont. 

Wineland, Kd , . . Avoca, Ja. 

Wise, Dan Viroqua, Wis. 

Wise, L Belden. O. 

Wood, Alex 

Wood, E. O Flint, Mich. 

Wood, Geo. I Stantontown, O. 

Wood, Geo. W Raymond, HI. 

Worden. O. D Leonidas. Mich. 

Wright, A. L Bad Axe, Mich. 

Wright. A. S Winchester, Va. 

Wrig-ht, Herbert Guelph. Ont. 

Wrig-ht, AI. M. & Sons Oanisons. N. Y. 

Wright, W. E Glanwortli, Ont. 

Wyman, F. E 

Yeast, J. L Goodhope. 111. 

Yeaton, F. M Iceboro. Me. 

Yoder, B. C New Bedford. O. 

York. W. F Elk Grove, Wis. 

Young, 0. E Ansonia. O. 

^'oung. O. E Union City, Ind. 

Young, Peter Gould, Que. 

Breeders of Dorset Sheep. 

Allison, Dr. T. H Kittanning, Pa. 

Allen, Chas. I Terryville, Conn. 

Ambler, Henry S Cha'tham, N. Y. 

Armstrong, Harvard Lautz Mills, Va. 

Arbuckle, Howard B.' Decatur, Ga. 

I'arton, E. M Hinsdale, 111. 

Baldwin, Geo. H Mendon. 111. 

Baldwin, W. J Thorndale, Pa. 

Bailey, Chas. L Harrisburg, Pa. 

Barnes & Dotson Pierre. S. D. 

Barnett. Oliver New Concord, O. 

Barr, L. W Fairmount, W. Va. 

Baxter, C. S Nelson. Pa. 

Benninghoft', F. W Greenville. Pa. 

Bill. Jas. A Bill Hill, Conn. 

Birnie, Wm. P. & Alfred Springfield, Mass. 



BEEEDERS OF DORSET SHEEP. 489 

Blair, Joseph A 80 Broadway, New York City. 

Blessing-, H. J Jelfersonville, O. 

Blowen, J. D Barnesville, 0. 

Brisben, John \V ^Madison, Ind. 

Brig-gs, Samuel 4S Cedar Ave., Cleveland. O. 

Booth, J. B Lindleys Mills, Pa. 

Bowditch, PJ. F Framins'ham, Mass. 

lUichanan, J. L. & Son Hickory, Pa. 

Buell, J. L Holconib. N. Y. 

Jiurkey, M. H Youngstown, O. 

Button, A. T H2 Major St., Toronto, Canada. 

Bush, Geo. W., Jr Claymont, Del. 

Calgate, J. C Bennington, Vt. 

Campbell, George J Pittstield, O. 

Carr, J. S Durham, N. C. 

Chamberlain, W. C University of Virginia, Va. 

Chase, A. C Syracuse, X. Y. 

Cheston, Galloway Harwood, Md. 

Chick, Thomas Stratton, Dorchester, England. 

Christie, P. H Clove, X. Y. 

Clark, W. S Granby, [Mass. 

Clemens, Fred. . . Meehanics'burg, O. 

Clifford, Frank Wellington, O. 

Clyde, B. F Bry n Mawr, Pa. 

Cochrane, M. H Hillhurst Station, Canada. 

Cochrane, Jas. A Hillhurst Station, Canada. 

Codd, H. S. G Lewiston, la. 

Cordwell, S. J Shelby ville, Ky. 

Cogswell, Doane Bradfoi-d, Mass. 

Courtright, A. V Greencastle, O. 

Cooper, T. S Coopersburg, Pa. 

Coleman. B. Dawson Lebanon, Pa. 

Coopei-, Wm Van Buren, Pa. 

Cooper, M. A Washington, Pa. 

Cooper, James R Houghton, Mich. 

Crocker, H. D Columbia Station, O. 

Croxton, E. S Angola, Ind. 

Cundall, W. G Tavlorstown. Pa. 

Curtis, .Mrs. D. C Charlton, N. Y. 

Daiy, William Lockport, N. Y^. 

Davis, Fitch M Livonia Station. N. Y. 

Day, Henry S Prosperity, Pa. 

Doe, Chas. C South .Newbury, Vt. 

DeArman, S. S Franklin, Pa. 

Dodge, Arthur M 15 Courtlandt St., New Y'ork City. 

Dennington, Frank Meadville, Pa. 

Denton, E. O Somerset, N. Y'. 

Eagleson, A. S Washington, Pa. 

Emery, Frank E Kaleigh, N. C. 

Empey, M. X Xapanee, Ont. 

Faekenthal, B. F Kiegelsville, Pa. 

Floyd, Porter B Wintersville, O. 

Francis, W. M . . Ouaquaga, X. Y. 

Frost, J. O Boston, Mass. 



490 BREEDERS OF DORSET SHEEP. 

Finnell. James P. Georgetown, Ky. 

Fletcher, H. E Minneapolis, Minn. 

Earle, Icichard T Centreville, Md. 

Fletcher Bros .315 Third Ave., North Minneapolis. 

Ensor, Fred Dorchester, England. 

Gates,' John J. <i- Co Yorkville, 111. 

GifEen, K. K Wheeling, W. Va. 

Griflfin, 8. B Canton, Pa. 

Gifford & Nash Tiplin, Ind. 

Glendening, Buius Geneva, Ind. 

Grant, John B Douglassville, Pa. 

Gray, C. Stephen Elmira, N. Y. 

HaiB, Eugene Verbank, N. Y. 

Ham, J. M Washingtown H9II0W, N. Y. 

Hath'awav, B. C Ayre, N. Y. 

Howard, \V. D Venango, Pa. 

Hunt, Thos. E Greenwich, N. J. 

Harding, K. H Thorndale, Ontario, Canada. 

Hargrave. Joseph Madrid, N. Y. 

Hay ward, Giles Pine Island, Minn. 

Hnnter. John Wyoming, Ont., Canada. 

Heath, J. F White Heath, 111. 

Hector. Thos. W Springfield-on-the-Credit, Canada. 

Henderson, J. B Washington, Pa. 

Hendersor., J. L Washington, Pa. 

Henderson. Wni Sabina, O. 

Huston, W. D 347 West First St., Dayton, O. 

Hubbard. Frank Gladstone. New Mexico. 

Humbert, J. I University of Virginia, Va. 

Hodgen, Thos., J .'.Lewensville, Va. 

Jones, (i. E Litchfield, Conn. 

Jones, T. G Sugar Grove, Pa. 

Johnson, Hugh M Van Deusen, Mass. 

Kimsey, William K Angola, Ind. 

Kent, Samuel C West Grove, Pa. 

Kime, W. C Watei-loo, N. Y. 

Kotz, Charles L South Bend, Ind. 

Larue, R. H Greenville, Pa. 

Lapping, K. B Amsterdam, N. Y. 

Lav,', Walter W Whitsons P. O., Sing Sing, N. Y. 

Leigh. Geo. & Co Aurora, 111. 

Leonard, Austin Troy, Pa. 

Lindenkahl, G. S Keswick, Va. 

Lyman, Chas. E Middlefield, Conn. 

Love, Lewis Anderson, Mich. 

Marsh, Chas. E New Milford, Conn. 

Martin, Geo. & Son Princeton, Pa. 

Martz. John H Greenville. O. 

Marshall & McGillivrav Edgerton, Minn. 

McCarthy, Mrs. Edith" W .Plainfield, N. J. 

McClaskey, James J Chattanooga, Tenn. 

McCleary, Wm. L Washington. Pa. 

McClelland & Lyle Richmond, O, 

McGillivray, John A Uxbridge, Ont., Canada.. 



BREEDERS OF DORSET SHEEP. 491 

McHarg-. John VV Albany, N. Y. 

McKay, E. \ . D Geneva, N. Y. 

Miller. H. P Sunbury, O. 

Meekin, Fred H Fon du Lac, Wis. 

Nourse, Prof. D. O Va. Agl. College, Blacksburg-, Va. 

Orendoff, Misses L. L. & M. A Hopedale, Tazewell Co.. 111. 

Oronhyatekha. Dr Deseronto, Canada. 

Ohio Experiment Station Wooster, O. 

Omstead, Albert H Alverado, Ind. 

Palmer, Henry Avondale, Pa. 

Palmer, James B Jewett City, Conn. 

Peele, John B Bloomington, O. 

Peters, David R Maiden Creek, Pa. 

Pratt, H. C Canandaig-iia, N. Y. 

Price, Hugh H Black River Falls, Wis. 

Priest, S. C Greersville, O. 

Pierce, H. A Castile, N. Y. 

Pomeroy, C. B Willimantic, Conn. 

Portuenda, J. F 3223 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Quay, J. A Penn. Reform School, Morganza, Pa. 

Scott, Richard Milwaukee, Ore. 

Shattuck. J. H 26th and Parade Sts., Erie, Pa. 

Sheldon, B. H West Oeonta, N. Y. 

Shyrock, Chas. U Zainesville, 0. 

Small, M. M Cooperstown, Pa. 

Smith, W. D 197 and 199 Adams St., Chicago, 111. 

Spencer, A Cambridgeboro. Pa. 

Snyder, Jacob Sherwood, O. 

Speedwell Farms Lyndon Center, Yt. 

Spencer, C. R Chardon, O. 

Spooner, M. L Milo Centre, N. Y. 

StanclifP. G. S Chasm Falls, N. Y. 

Starin, John H Fultonville, X. Y. 

Strickler. D York, Pa. 

Strong, E. L Durham, X. Y. 

Simpson Stock Farms Saxonville. Mass. 

Stuyvesant, R Allamuchy, X. J. 

Teller, A. M Morrison, 111. 

Thompson. L. E Las Animas, Col. 

Threlkeld. V. H. & J. P Uniontown, Ky. 

Tremain. Mrs. Henry Lake George, X. Y. 

Tripp. Edwin W ' Albion. X. Y. 

Turkington, F. H East Morris. Conn. 

Van Valkenburgh, J. D., .Tr Greene, X. Y. 

Yickerv, Alvin W Cazenovia, X. Y. 

Ward, W. A Elmira, X. Y. 

Watson, H. D Kearney. X'eb. 

Watson, Walter Salem, Va. 

Wayman, Warrick P Wheeling, W.^Va. 

Wayman. W. P. * Son Box 11, Wheeling. W. Va. 

Wetmore. Albin Litchfield. Conn. 

Westcott. R. E 19 Park Place, Xew York Citv. X. Y. 

White. W. G Cross Creek. Pa. 

Whitman, H. H. & H. B South Turner. Me. 



492 BEEEDERS OF BLACK TOP MEEINO SHEEP. 

Wilson, U. 13 VVaterbury, Conn. 

Willingmyre & Jackson Middleport, N. Y. 

Wing-, H. H Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 

Wing, Joseph E Alechanicsburg, O. 

Woodman, Geo. C Manistee. Mich. 

Woodward & Jaques Weight's Corners, N. Y. 

Wylie, James B Washington, Pa. 

Young, J. W Oxfoid Depot, N. Y 

Breeders of Improved Black li^op Merino Sheep. 

L. L. Harsh Union City, Michigan. 

M. I\. Winans Union City, Michigan. 

C. O. Upton Genesee, Michigan. 

Alva Tovvnsend Metamora, Michigan. 

S. H. Sanford Onondaga, Michigan. 

James Turner & Son Sturges, Michigan. 

H. P. Sessions Perrinton, Michigan. 

Charles Shelhart Sherwood, Michigan. 

C. E. Sawyer Danville, Michigan. 

E. A. Sawyer Danville, Michigan. 

H. Sawyer Danville, Michigan. 

E. C. Russell Mason, Michigan. 

li. J. Wilson Nashville, Michigan. 

J. C. Hogoboom Eaton Rapids, Michigan. 

O. M. Robertson Eaton Rapids, Michigan. 

R. Johnson &, Son Canonsburg, Pa. 

Geo. Black Washington, Pa. 

M. B. Kelso Canonsburg, Pa. 

E. W. Crothers & Sons Taylorstown, Pa. 

Crothers, L. M Crothers, Pa. 

Reed, John K ISarnsville, O. 

Tinkey, J. E r.elleville, O. 

Williams, T. C Salesville, O. 

Pullman, A. D Union City, Mich. 

Gould, A. G Union City, Mich. 

Pope, J. S East Springport, Mich. 

Fosdick, Marvin Williams, Mich. 

Backus, V. A Potterville, Mich. 

Cowan, J. E Grattan, Mich. 

Dewey, A. M Olivet. Mich. 

Harmon, Henry Charlotte, Mich. 

French Bros Burlington, Mich. 

Noble, H. W Quincy, Mich. 

Hagelshaw, W. J l^nion City, Mich. 

Morrison, S Utica, Mich. 

Edmonds, C. U Highbank, Mich. 

Breeders of RambouiUet Sheep. 

Bard Co., The J. E Slippery Rock. Pa. 

Bates, A. A Trwin. O. 

Bingham, Chas Franklin, Mich. 

Bothwell, Jas. B Breckenridge, Mo. 

Burnham Bros W^oodstock, O. 



BEEEDERS OF RAMBOUILLET SHEEP. 493 

Burnham, \V. i' Woodstock, (J. 

Bush, John Eyota, Minn. 

Chapmtui, Max New California. O. 

Chubb Bros Howell, Mich. 

Clark. 8 North Lewisburg, O. 

Cole Bros , Spring Grove. 111. 

Cook, Chas Pine Bluffs, Wyo. 

Davis Bros Davisburg, Mich. 

Eager, Francis E Howell, Mich. 

Evans, Thor, Taylor, N. D. 

Fetters, V. S Arlington. O. 

Fletcher, Herman Chelsea, Mich. 

Fletcher, Thos. & Son Chelsea, Mich. 

Green, A. E Orchard Lake, ^iich. 

Grinnell, H Franklin, Mich. 

Harding, Frank VV Waukesha, Wis. 

Harris, B. F West Liberty, O. 

Higby, Henry Franklin, Mich. 

Halladay, C. L Sebewa, Mich. 

Hogue Bros Wilkesville, O. 

Howard, A. P Woodstock, O. 

Holt, Lafayette Burlington. X. C. 

Hunter, J. G Grand Rapids, O. 

Hudson, E. C Fountain Park, O. 

J. Q. A. Cook & D. D. Morrice Morrice, Mich. 

Kimball, C. P Woodstock, O. 

Kennedy, W. W Horrs, O. 

bidder, Levi <Sr Co Woodstock, O. 

i ingsley, Lewis Mechanicsburg, O. 

I isher,'G. V. & Son Rutland, O. 

Lincoln, O. E. & Son Milford Center, O. 

Markham & Ray Avon, N. Y. 

Marsh, Morris Bennington, Mich. 

McMullan, J. H Woodstock, O. 

Mead, Wm Ionia, Mich. 

Moore. W. J Ionia, Mich. 

Moran Bros Woodstock, O. 

Morse, Chas. F Breckenridge. Mo. 

Moulton, R. C. & Co ' Woodstock, O. 

Hansen, W. S Collinston, Utah. 

Noe, J. A Marengo, O. 

Palmer Bros Columbus Grove, O. 

Peabody, C. E Shiloh, Mich. 

Pierce, James G Norvell, Mich. 

Powell, Theodore Arlington, O. 

Pratt, Miss Willura Woodstock, O. 

Ranney, A. S Bellecenter, O. 

Riegle, P. A Arlington, O. 

Shaw & Bader Marits, O. 

Sibley, W. D North Lewisburg, O. 

Strode & Dorsey Whitlash, Mont. 

Strong & Lake Nashville, Mich. 

Townsend, L. R Ionia, Mich. 

Townsend, L. G Ionia. Mich. 



494 BEEEDERS OF BELAINE MERINO SHEEP. 

The National Sheep & Land Co Lusk, Wyo. 

Van Meter, J. R Horrs, O. 

Waltrous, J. F Chelsea, Mich. 

Watson, Frjank J Bronson, Mich. 

Webb, J. E. & Co Southport, Ind. 

Wickes. J. L. & Co Colby, Mich. 

Wilmans Bros Newman, Cal. 

Wilson, Cole & Rikerd Williamston, Mich. 

Wickham, P. B Glen Ullin, N. D. 

Wood, J. M Hepburn, O. 

Wyckoff , Thos Orchard Lake, Mich. 



Breeders of Delaine Merino 8beep 

Beall, .Tames & Bro Independence, Washington County, Pa. 

Beyer, George Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

Brandt, H. G Kilgore, Carroll County, O. 

Carpenter, John W Batesville, Noble County, O. 

Carson, James Smithtield, Jefferson County, 0. 

Ciothers, E. W Taylorstown, Washington County, Pa. 

Drake, Henry L Dowagiac, Mich. 

Edgerton, Joseph Nassau, Keokuk County, la. 

GitKn, M. N Cadiz, Harrison County, O. 

Giffin, W. G Cadiz, Harrison County, O. 

Hamilton, John H Houstonville, Washington County, Pa, 

Hamilton, R. D Houstonville, Washington County, Pa. 

Howarth, H. E Palo, Ionia County, Mich. 

Ishell, S. M Jackson, Mich. 

Johnson, J. B. & Sons Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. 

Kimble, P. P Raymilton, Venango County, Pa. 

Long, W. C Urbana. Champaign County, 0. 

McClelland, E. B Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. 

McDowell, John Washington, Washington County, Pa. 

McNary, James S Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. 

McClelland, James Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. 

McFadden, Elzy Cadiz, Harrison County, O. 

McMaster, H. S Dowagiac, Cass County, Mich. 

McNarj', John C Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. 

Mulkin, M. C Friendship, Allegany County, N. Y. 

Pollock Bros Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. 

Reese, C. E Bucyrus, Crawford County, O. 

Russell, L. A McConnells Mills, Washington County, Pa. 

Shepherd Bros New Concord. Muskingum County, O. 

Shaw, Richmond Novi, Oak County, Mich. 

Sutton, J. V Glencoe, Belmont County, O. 

Sutton, R. D Glencoe, Belmont County, O. 

Stewart, John Stewartsville, Belmont County, O. 

Tannehill, N. R Canonsburg. W^ashington County, Pa. 

Trimble, Samuel F Vallonia, Belmont County, O. 

Waddell, George Rix Mills, Muskingum County, O. 

Welch, G. J. & Bro Tekonsha, Mich. 

Williams, C. H Church Corners, Hillsdale County, Mich. 

Wylie, Robert & Son Washington, Washington County, Pa. 



BEEBDEES OF MEEESTO SHEEP. 495 

Breeders of JMenno Sheep. 

Ashley, Geo. Belding-, Mich. 

Anderson, D. B Romeo, Mich. 

Arms, E. I South Lyon, Mich. 

Allen, J. O. & A Almont, Mich, 

Barnes, L. W Bj-ron, Mich. 

Beahan, Chas Palo, Mich, 

Boyden, W, E Delhi Mills, Mich, 

Ball, VVm. & E. N Hamburg, Mich. 

Brouse & Son Kendallville, Ind. 

Cilley, E, F Chandler, Mich. 

Chappelle, C. A Moline, Mich. 

Corbin, F. L Lansing-, Mich. 

Cannon, S. B Washington, Mich. 

Caruss, E. B St. Johns, Mich. 

Cole & Wright Bad Axe, Mich. 

Diehl, Adam Milf ord, Mich. 

Donelson, P. D Swartz Creek, Mich, 

Doane, N. L South Lyon, Mich, 

Dewey, D. P , Grand Blanc, Mich. , 

Dewey, H. R Grand Blanc, Mich. 

Fisk, W. H Gaskell, Mich. 

Freeman, S, A Eaton Rapids, Mich, 

Field, D. S Kalamazoo, Mich, 

Fellows, CM Saline, Mich, 

Gamble, John Milford, Mich. 

Hart, R. G Lapeer, Mich, 

Hady E. J. & E, W Howell, Mich, 

Hoyt, G, L Saline, Mich, 

Harrington, E, J Paw Paw, Mich, 

Inman, Jas North Branch, Mich. 

Jenkins, Frank Tipton, Mich. 

Kellogg, E Howell, Mich, 

Lockwood, C. E Washington, Mich, 

Lovell, E. T Climax, Mich, 

Moon, M. C Waterf ord, Mich. 

Maring, A. W Mendon, Mich. 

Moore, H. E North Farmington, Mich. 

McCousey, J. F Union City, Mich. 

Mann, C. M Rockford, Mich. 

Parsons, C. R Saline, Mich, 

Putney, G, A Oshtemo, Mich 

Pearce, Perry Battle Creek, Mich, 

Parman, John Fitchburg, Mich. 

Pacey & Smith ; Dexter, Mich. 

Quackenbush, T. V Plymouth, Mich. 

Rich, J. T ' . .Elba, Mich. 

Rowe, L. S Camden, Mich. 

Stephens, R. D Flint, Mich. 

Southwell, C. E Marshall, Mich. 

Stickney, W. W. & Sons Lapeer, Mich. 

Stowe, A. A Pinckney, Mich. 

Southworth, T. M Allen, Mich. 



496 



BEEEDEES OE CHEVIOT SHEEP. O^^^-^^Cf Of^ "- 



^,0 



Spalding-, T. E , Clinton, Mich. 

Stone, John Hillsdale, Mich. 

Stow, E. H Grand Blanc, iSlich. 

Smith, J. E Ypsilante, Mich. 

Smith, J. E Ypsilanti, Mich. 

Vorhees, P Pontiac, MicTi. 

Van Gieson Bros Clinton, Mich. 

Van Gieson, Thos. & Son Clinton, Mich. 

Wilbur E. C Adrian, Mich. 

Winship, N Elba, Mich. 

Wood, A. A Saline, Mich. 

Welch, E. B Paw Paw, Mich. 

Welch, G. J. & Bro Tekonsha, Mich. 

Witherell, W. C Tecumseh, ]\Iich. 

Breeders of Cheviot Sheep, 

INDIAN 

W. S. Crodian Fincastle. 

J. W. Brothers Estate Morton. 

Wm. Hartman Fincastle. 

J. A. Guilliams Fincastle. 

P. P. Noel Rockville. 

Isaac Lloyd & Son Eussellville. 

Jessie D. Eonk Ladoga. 

Howard H. Keim Ladoga. 

T. E. Lockridge Mace. 

Prof. C. S. Plumb LaFayette. 

Hon. D. W. Heagy Columbus. 

J. Clayton Mahoney. .Ladoga. 

S. M. Dunbar Bowers. 

Luther Gardner Fincastle. 

Grant Williams Fincastle. 

NEW YOEK. 

Wm. Curry & Son Hartwick. 

T. N. Curry Hartwick. 

E. L. Ainslie Hartwick. 

John Bowmaker Hartwick. 

John E. Parr .Hartwick. 

A. H. Elliott Garrattsville. 

John Lunn Edmeston. 

Lee B. Webb Sugar Hill. 

C. H. Ward Starkville. 

Thos. Ainslie & Son Hartwick. 

IOWA. 

U. S. Miller .• • • -Pnlaski. 

Jeremiah Miller Stiles. 

J. C. Miller • • -Stilec. 

VEEMONT 

L. A. Webster Whiting. 

C. H. Marshall Vergennes. 

TENNESSEE 
H. C. Davidson Elbridge. 



